Recent episodes of financial instability have motivated researchers as well as policy makers to intensify research on financial stability. This thesis contributes to current research and policy discussion by elaborating and empirically testing methodologies, which can be used to measure financial sector vulnerabilities and identify potential risks for financial stability. It further focuses on the link between real and the financial sector as well as possible implications of household financial distress on the aggregate economy. Together with the proposed framework we provide the survey of the current literature on these topics as well as the empirical results. We argue in favour of stress testing methodologies covering the key risks on banks' balance sheets. These frameworks can also be used for emerging markets where data availability is typically limited. It is shown that due to high volatility of credit growth in emerging economies, the static approach assuming constant balance sheet items is not very appropriate. Furthermore, the feedback effect between the financial sector and the real economy might play an important role under certain assumptions, and therefore it should be taken into account by policy makers. This effect can also emerge in the real sector itself as potential instability can...

Le traitement des difficultés économiques des entreprises était originellement orienté vers leur liquidation en raison de sa conception traditionnellement moraliste puisque la faillite revêtait, alors, un caractère nécessairement fautif. Sous l’impulsion des différentes crises économiques ainsi que du chômage de masse qu’elles ont provoqué, il est apparu au législateur qu’une telle approche de la défaillance économique devait évoluer. C’est ainsi que, depuis plusieurs décennies maintenant, l’accent est mis sur la prévention des difficultés. Dans cette nouvelle donne, le législateur entend s’appuyer sur la caution, personne physique, comme levier d’anticipation. Il exploite ainsi la qualité de débiteur secondaire de celle-ci, en espérant que sa crainte d’être appelée à la suite du dépôt de bilan, l’amènera à orienter le débiteur principal vers les procédures préventives. C’est à cette fin qu’il lui étend, sous certaines conditions, le bénéfice des mesures protectrices édictées en faveur du débiteur principal dans le cadre de telles procédures. Ces mesures traduisent, ce faisant, un régime dérogatoire du cautionnement dans le cadre des procédures collectives lequel devrait inciter les créanciers, qui cherchent avant tout le règlement de leurs créances, à envisager comme garanties d’insolvabilité du débiteur principal d’autres mécanismes dont ce n’est pas pourtant la fonction première. A son tour, la caution, afin de conjurer le risque de contribution définitive pesant sur elle dans le cas où les procédures envisagées n’ont pas permis de solutionner les difficultés économiques du débiteur principal, devra explorer différentes pistes qui lui permettront de diluer ce risque. / The treatment of the economic difficulties of companies was originally oriented towards liquidation because of its traditionally moralistic approach, since bankruptcy was then necessarily faulty. Driven by the various economic crises and mass unemployment that they provoked, it became clear to the legislator that such an approach to economic failure had to evolve.Thus, for several decades now, the emphasis has been on preventing difficulties. In this new context, the legislator intends to rely on the guarantee, a natural person, as a lever of anticipation. It thus exploits the status of secondary debtor of the latter, hoping that its fear of being called after the bankruptcy, will lead it to direct the principal debtor towards the preventive procedures. It is for this purpose that it extends, under certain conditions, the benefit of the protective measures enacted in favor of the principal debtor in the context of such proceedings. In so doing, these measures constitute a derogation from the guarantee in the context of collective proceedings, which should encourage creditors, who seek above all the settlement of their claims, to consider other mechanisms of this type as collateral for the insolvency of the principal debtor is not the primary function. In turn, the guarantor, in order to ward off the risk of a definitive contribution burdening it in the event that the procedures envisaged have not resolved the economic difficulties of the principal debtor, will have to explore different avenues which will allow it to dilute this risk.

Les objectifs du droit de la faillite sont divers. Ils évoluent dans le temps et dans l’espace. Vouloir éliminer le mauvais débiteur qui ne paie pas ses dettes et le punir, garantir le règlement des créanciers, tels sont les objectifs traditionnels. Assurer la survie de l'entreprise et prévenir les difficultés, tels sont les objectifs modernes. La diversité entraîne la hiérarchie des objectifs. L’étude comparative oppose les systèmes pro-débiteur et pro-créancier en fonction de la finalité prioritaire retenue. Elle montre que les objectifs des législations convergent vers le sauvetage des entreprises. Le droit fédéral des Etats-Unis, fondé sur la philosophie du nouveau départ, inspire les législateurs européens. L’analyse économique du droit, renouvelle la question des objectifs du droit de la faillite au regard de l’efficience, critère de légalité. Elle explique la convergence. La recherche de l’efficacité procédurale et substantielle guide l’orientation de la Commission européenne dans l’optique de promouvoir le marché unique. Ainsi, le consensus sur l’objectif de sauvegarde de l’entreprise rend possible l’harmonisation des règles substantielles au niveau européen. La révision du règlement (CE) n°1346/2000 relatif aux procédures d’insolvabilité confirme l’adhésion générale à l’idée de seconde chance. L’opposition entre systèmes pro-débiteur et pro-créancier s’estompe et laisse place à un système mixte. Chaque législation essaye de tendre vers la conciliation des intérêts contradictoires, ce qui entraîne le déplacement de la valeur du respect de la parole donnée, vers le concept plus difficile à cerner, mais qui fonde la force obligatoire des obligations: la confiance. / The objectives of bankruptcy law are varied and evolve over time and situation. Eradicating and punishing bad debtors and guaranteeing payment to creditors are traditional goals. Ensuring the survival of the company and preventing difficulties are modern goals. This diversity leads to a hierarchy of objectives. A comparative study contrasts pro-debtor and pro-creditor systems according to the priority of their identified objectives. It shows that the objective of legislations tends towards the salvaging of companies. Federal US law, founded on the principle of fresh start, inspires laws in Europe. Economic analysis of law reiterates the question of the objectives of bankruptcy law from the perspective of an efficient legal standard, explaining this tendency. The search for procedural and substantial efficiency guides the European Commission in the promotion of a single market. Therefore, consensus on the objective of salvaging the company makes harmonization of the substantive rules at the European level possible. The revision of Regulation (EC) N°1346/2000 on insolvency proceedings confirms the general acceptance of the idea of a second chance. The opposition between pro-debtor and pro-creditor systems diminishes, giving way to a mixed system. Each law attempts to move towards the reconciliation of conflicting interests, leading to the displacement of the value of respect for the word towards the concept, more difficult to define, but which founds binding obligation: trust.

Cette thèse cherche à intégrer une conception riche de l'information à l'étude des ruées bancaires et de la contagion informationnelle. Elle s'intéresse à la détection de l'insolvabilité bancaire et à l'initiation des procédures de résolution. Le premier chapitre est une revue de la littérature sur les ruées bancaires s'intéressant du modèle "canonique" de Diamond & Dybvig (1983, J Pol Econ 91 (3): 401-19) et ses alternatives. Le second chapitre traite des théories de la contagion financière. Puis, la thèse propose une réinterprétation de ces deux littératures s'intéressant aux propriétés qualitatives de l'information produite par l'apprentissage endogène. La seconde partie est consacrée aux conséquences de cette réinterprétation pour le droit bancaire. D'abord, des parallèles sont tracés entre les ruées bancaires et le modèle de la "négociation des créanciers" de la théorie de l'insolvabilité. L'analyse positive suggère qu'il satisfait mieux la littérature empirique, et l'analyse normative que les "négociations des créanciers" sont mieux gérées par les institutions de la faillite d'entreprise plutôt que par les résolutions administratives. Ensuite, ces apports sont utilisés pour une analyse comparative institutionnelle des régimes de faillite des grandes institutions financières non bancaires américaines s'appuyant sur les principes de la Robust Political Economy. La thèse présente deux résultats principaux. Les crises informationnelles bancaires produisent l'information nécessaire à leurs résolutions. L'initiation des procédures de résolution de l'insolvabilité par le débiteur peut être un mécanisme robuste dans certains des cas étudiés. / This dissertation seeks to integrate a rich conception of information in the study of bank runs and informational contagion. In particular, it is interested in the detection of bank insolvency and the initiation of insolvency resolution procedures.The first chapter is a review of the literature on bank runs focused on the "canonical" model of Diamond & Dybvig (1983, J Pol Econ 91 (3): 401-19) and its alternatives. The second chapter deals with the theories of financial contagion. Then the dissertation proposes a reinterpretation of these two literatures focusing on the qualitative properties of the information produced by endogenous learning.The second part deals with the consequences of this reinterpretation for banking law. First, parallels are drawn between bank runs and the "creditors' bargain" model of bankruptcy theory. The positive analysis suggests that it better satisfies the empirical literature, and normative analysis that "creditor bargains" are better managed by the institutions of corporate bankruptcy than administrative resolutions. Then, these contributions are used for a comparative institutional analysis of bankruptcy regimes large US non-bank financial institutions based on the principles of Robust Political Economy.The thesis has two main results. Informational banking crises produce the information necessary for their own resolutions. The initiation of insolvency resolution procedures by the debtor can be a robust mechanism in some of the cases studied.

This thesis deals with takeovers in the Czech environment according to the Insolvency Act No. 182/2006 Coll., which passed an amendment to the 1. 1. 2008. There are methods of resolving insolvency of the debtor and principles of insolvency proceedings which should be followed during the insolvency process. Work distinguishes friendly and hostile takeover. The theoretical part provides an overview of possible ways of takeover, the reasons that motivate new owners to think about a possible takeover and globally applicable defense strategies. Another theoretical starting point is consideration of the reorganization of the company, which may be conducted by both the debtor and of the creditor(s). The practical part describes the hostile takeover of SAZKA from its history, through description of the key moments of crisis to insolvency proceedings which resulted in the bankruptcy of the debtor. Subsequent hostile takeover was directed by PPF and KKCG, which bought up commitment wagers and therefore became important creditors (controlling the betting and lottery activities) and later winner of the tender for the sale of the entire company. This case is a textbook example of takeover of the company, which had fallen into financial distress. The battle for the largest lottery company in the country was very hard, long and eventually resulted in a very profitable business, which fell into the arms of a single owner.

This diploma work considers financial strategy of a company on financial analysis basis. Financial analysis evaluates past, present and expected future of the financial economy of the company. On the basis of these issues solutions for an improvement of the financial situation of the company as whole are suggested as well as in specific investment project.

The doctoral thesis deals with bankruptcy and its possible solution from the point of view of expert activities. Valuation of the company in distress may be required at different stages of the business life cycle. While sometimes the valuation is requested directly by the shareholders or the managing partners facing bankruptcy (or preventing crisis) sometimes assessment is requested in insolvency proceedings by the insolvency administrator. Whether it is the intention to find out it is more beneficial for creditors to reorganise or liquidate the assets, in all these cases it is the work of experts in the insolvency proceedings who play a decisive role. The practical part of the thesis, therefore, focuses on the selection of appropriate methodologies which can be used at any given moment of crisis management.

Forskning om entreprenörskap fokuserar på framgång som ignorerar den höga felfrekvensen av Nya företag. Många nya företag misslyckas så hur entreprenörer hantera det när deras företag misslyckas? Framgångsrika entreprenörer prisar fördelarna med misslyckande som en värdefull lärare. Resultatet av misslyckande regelbundet fylld med ekonomiska, sociala, psykologiska och fysiska hälsoproblem. Syftet med denna forskning är att bedöma företagets misslyckande upplevelser för företagare, från det ögonblick resultatet genom att  återhämtningen för att hantera företagande fel och avsluta för påverkan av den slutna företag.  I denna forskning aspekter av livet som påverka av entreprenörs fel undersöka ekonomiskt, socialt och psykologiskt att belysa faktorer som kan påverka mängden av kostnaderna för ett misslyckande. Därefter beskriver forskningen hur entreprenörer lära av misslyckanden. Den presenterar på resultaten av företagets misslyckande, inklusive hantera fel och återhämtning tillsammans med kognitiva och beteendemässiga utfall. / Research on entrepreneurship focuses on success which ignores the high failure rate of new ventures. Many new ventures fail so how entrepreneurs deal with it when their venture    fails? Successful entrepreneurs praising the advantages of failure as a valuable teacher. The result of failure is regularly filled with economic, social, psychological, and physical health disorder. The aim of this research is to assessment venture failure experiences for entrepreneurs, from the instant result through to recovery for coping with entrepreneurial failure and exit for impact of the closed venture. In this research, aspects of life affected by entrepreneurial failure examine economically, socially and psychologically in highlighting factors that may influence the amount of costs of failure. Next, the research describes how entrepreneurs learn from failure. It presents on the outcomes of venture failure, including coping with failure and recovery together with cognitive and behavioral outcomes. The main objective of the research study is to understand the failure from entrepreneurs    who have experienced it and also to make a theoretical framework of failure based on entrepreneurial venture failure experiences. Every entrepreneur starts up a venture with high expectations of achieving success. Failure can be emotionally disturbing, devastating,  painful, distressing and costly for the entrepreneur who may have to aspect the stigma of failure and the loss of reputation. The entrepreneur can get involved in grief, heartache, anxiety, depression, shame, rejection and discouragement (Politis & Gabrielsson, 2009). The purpose of the research is to investigate how entrepreneurs realize and react to venture  failure. Moreover, entrepreneurs are looking for positive aspects of failure as enhancing experiences that help their coping with entrepreneurial failure, learning from failure, the willingness to begin a new venture and also trigger changes in upcoming decision-making. The purpose of the research is to take a view of the existed experience of failure, taking into consideration impact from the entrepreneurship.

Obwohl der Konzern eine hohe praktische Relevanz im europäischen Binnenmarkt aufweist, besteht kein einheitliches europäisches Konzernrecht. Die Arbeit entwickelt einen Regelungsvorschlag für ein europäisches Konzernleitungsrecht und schließt damit diese Lücke. Zunächst werden die rechtlichen Grundlagen des Konzerns dargestellt. Anschließend werden die Akteure des Konzerns und deren Eigeninteressen beschrieben. Die wirtschaftlichen Anreize und Risiken der Konzernierung werden diskutiert. Die ökonomische Analyse des grenzüberschreitenden Konzerns gibt die optimale Konzernstruktur vor, die rechtlich abgesichert werden muss. Das sekundärrechtlich zu gewährleistende Weisungsrecht muss sich nahtlos in die Rechtsordnungen der einzelnen Mitgliedstaaten einfügen. Es werden die bestehenden Möglichkeiten einer einheitlichen Konzernleitung und deren Grenzen aufgezeigt. Letztere sind die Haftungsrisiken für die Geschäftsführer der Mutter- und der Tochtergesellschaft und die Rechte der Minderheitsgesellschafter. Als Beispiele dienen die deutsche sowie die französische Rechtsordnung. Anschließend wird untersucht, ob und inwieweit die Grenzen der einheitlichen Leitung durch die Anerkennung des Gruppeninteresses überwunden werden können. Das französische und das deutsche Recht halten unterschiedliche Antworten bereit, so dass die Begriffskonturierung nicht den nationalen Rechtsordnungen überlassen werden sollte, sondern auf der Grundlage von binnenmarktorientierten Effizienzerwägungen autonom bestimmt werden sollte. Diese Überwindung durch die Anerkennung des Gruppeninteresses wird ihrerseits durch das Insolvenzrecht begrenzt. / Although the corporate group is of great practical importance in the European internal market, there is no uniform European corporate group law. The thesis develops a regulatory proposal for a European group management law and thus remedies this absence. First, the legal basis of the corporate group is presented. Then, the actors of the group and their own interests are demonstrated. The economic incentives and risks of integration into a group are discussed. The economic analysis of the cross-border group prescribes the optimal group structure, which must be legally secured. The right to issue instructions, which is to be guaranteed by secondary legislation, must fit smoothly into the legal systems of the individual Member States. The existing possibilities of uniform group management and the limits are highlighted. The latter are the liability risks for the managers of the parent and the subsidiary and the rights of minority shareholders. The German and French systems serve as examples. It is then examined whether and to what extent the limitations of uniform management can be overcome by the recognition of the group interest. French and German law provide different answers, so that the contours of the concept should not be left to the national legal systems but should be determined autonomously based on efficiency considerations oriented towards the internal market. This overcoming by the recognition of the group interest does not apply without limitations in insolvency law.

A real security right improves a creditor’s chances of recovering a debt owed to him by the debtor. In the case of an ordinary pledge, the pledgor delivers physical control of his movable property to his creditor to serve as security for the repayment of the principal debt. The increasing value and use of movable property as an object of security coupled with technological advancement have resulted in many countries calling for legal reform of real security rights over movable property. In South Africa this led to the introduction of the Security by Means of Movable Property Act 57 of 1993 which makes provision for a pledge without possession. The Act regulates only special notarial bonds and does not apply to general notarial bonds. The real security right vests in the bondholder upon registration of the bond, provided that the movable property encumbered is described in a notarial bond in a way that makes it readily recognisable. The Act has substituted delivery with registration in the Deeds Registry. Registration of the notarial bond in the Deeds Registry is questioned as to whether it complies with the publicity principle. This is because movable property can be shifted from one place to another without any knowledge on the part of the creditor due to the inaccessible and costly registration system. The third party then receives the property subject to the real security right of the creditor. The substitution of delivery with registration is the controversial feature in this study. Linked to the legal problems regarding compliance with the publicity principle, is the description and identification requirement as provided for under the Act, the exclusion of general notarial bonds from the application of the Act, and the question of whether it is appropriate to regard special notarial bonds as pledges without possession. This study questions whether the current land registry system should be used for the registration of notarial bonds and suggests that a new system designed specifically for the registration of real security rights over movables be considered. I compare the position in the Belgian legal system as regards developments in real security rights over movables to identify possible solutions and recommendations for the South African approach. / Private Law / LL. M.