Les ingénieurs sont constamment mis au défi de concevoir des avions plus légers et moins polluants. En même temps, ils se doivent de respecter un certain nombre de critères de dimensionnement établis pour assurer l'intégrité des structures aéronautiques. Pour répondre à ce double défi, les chercheurs du milieu industriel et académique travaillent à l'unisson pour constamment repousser les limites du savoir scientifique. Ces collaborations aboutissent notamment au développement de nouveaux outils mathématiques, numériques, expérimentaux et de production.On trouve de nombreuses pièces métalliques parmi les composants aéronautiques les plus critiques, comme les trains d’atterrissages, les arbres moteurs ou les chapes. Ces structures subissent des chargements extrêmes de par leur environnement thermique ou leur intense sollicitation mécanique ponctuelle ou cyclique. Pour ces structures élastoplastiques, la ruine peut généralement être causée par l'apparition et la propagation de fissures, ou l'émergence d'instabilités locales, comme la localisation de la déformation plastique, ou d'instabilités globales, comme le flambement.Dans les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit, nous nous sommes intéressés à la détection d’instabilités locales et globales dans des structures élastoplatiques en grandes déformations. Alors qu'elles sont classiquement considérées indépendamment, nous avons fait le choix d'étudier les deux types d'instabilités simultanément pour mieux comprendre la compétition entre ces deux phénomènes. Pour ce faire, plusieurs développements analytiques sont présentés et fondés sur le critère de stabilité de Hill (1958) et le critère de localisation de la déformation de Rice (1976), ainsi que la proposition d'une nouvelle méthode d'"analyses de stabilité affaiblie" permettant d'investiguer la sensibilité aux types de conditions limites imposées. Tous ces critères ont été implémentés dans le code de calcul par éléments finis Zset, ce qui nous a permis, entre autres, d'analyser l’apparition d'instabilités élastoplastiques dans différentes éprouvettes de traction/torsion, des tubes en torsion et une chape en traction. / Aeronautical engineers are constantly challenged to provide lighter structures in order to reduce fuel consumption, and thus the environmental impact and flight costs. At the same time, the design of aeronautical structures is subjected to strict regulation aimed at ensuring the integrity of the aircraft and the safety of the passengers. To tackle this challenge, the limits of structural and material mechanics are consistently explored which in turn leads to the development of new, mathematical, numerical, experimental and manufacturing tools.There are numerous metallic parts in the most critical aeronautical structures, like landing gears, engine shafts, or mechanical lugs. These parts are subjected to extreme loading conditions due to the thermal environment or to the intense mechanical ultimate or cyclic loading. The failure of these elastoplastic structures is generally caused by the initiation and propagation of cracks or by the emergence of local instabilities, such as plastic strain localization, or global instabilities, such as buckling.In the present work, we focus on the detection of local and global elastoplastic instabilities in a finite deformation framework. While they are generally studied separately, it was chosen to study both phenomena together in order to analyze and better understand the competition between localization and buckling in elastoplastic structures. For this purpose, multiple analytical developments are presented founded on Hill's global stability criterion (1958) and Rice's strain localization criterion (1976). The new "weakened stability analysis" has been introduced in order to analyze the sensitivity to the type of prescribed boundary conditions. All these criteria have been implemented in the finite element software Zset, which allowed us to analyze the emergence of elastoplastic instabilities in various experimental samples, tubes loaded in torsion, and a lug loaded in tension.

The dynamics of A + B → C reaction fronts is studied under modulated gravitational acceleration by means of a combination of parabolic flight experiments and numerical simulations. During modulated gravity the front position undergoes periodic modulation with an accelerated front propagation under hyper-gravity together with a slowing down under low gravity. The underlying reason for this is an amplification and a decay, respectively, of the buoyancy-driven double vortex associated with the front propagation under standard gravitational acceleration, as explained by reaction–diffusion–convection simulations of convection around an A + B → C front. Deeper insights into the correlation between grey-value changes in the experimental shadowgraph images and characteristic changes in the concentration profiles are obtained by a numerical simulation of the imaging process. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

The limitations lying behind the applications of EN-1991-1-4, Eurocode1, actions on structures-general actions-wind load-part 1-4, lead the structural designers to a great confusion. This may be due to the fact that EC1 only provides the guidance for bridges whose fundamental modes of vibration have a constant sign (e.g. simply supported structures) or a simple linear sign (e.g. cantilever structures) and these modes are the governing modes of vibration of the structure. EC1 analyzes only the along-wind response of the structure and does not deal with the cross wind response. The simplified methods that are recommended in this code can be used to analyze structures with simple geometrical configurations. In this report, the analytical methods which are used to describe the fluctuating wind behavior and predict the relative static and dynamic response of the structure are studied and presented. The criteria used to judge the acceptability of the wind load and the corresponding structural responses along with the serviceability considerations are also presented. Then based on the given methods the wind forces acting on a continuous bridge whose main span is larger than the 50 meters (i.e. > 50 meter requires dynamic assessment) is studied and compared with the results which could be obtained from the simplified methods recommended in the EC1.

The first part of the thesis focuses on developing a numerical methodology to simulate the acoustic properties of a hybrid liner consisting of a perforated plate, a porous layer and a Helmholtz cavity. Liners are always a standard way to reduce noise in today’s aeroengines, e.g. the fan noise can be reduced effectively through the installation of acoustic liners as wall treatments in the ducts. In order to optimize a liner in the design phase, an accurate and efficient prediction tool is of interests. Hence, a unified Linearized Navier-Stokes equations(LNSE) approach has been implemented in the thesis, combining the LNSE in frequency domain with the fluid equivalent model. The LNSE is applied in the vicinity of the perforated plate to simulate sound propagation including viscous damping effect, and the fluid equivalent model is used to model the sound propagation in the porous material including absorption. The second part of the thesis focuses on the prediction of thermoacoustic instabilities. Thermoacoustic instabilities arise when positive coupling occurs between the flame and the acoustics in the feedback loop, i.e. the flame acts as an amplifier of the disturbances (acoustic or fluid) at a natural frequency of the combustion system. Once the thermoacoustic instabilities occur, it will lead to extremely high noise levels within a relatively narrow frequency range, resulting in a huge damage to the structure of the combustors. Hence, a solution must be found, which breaks the link between the combustion process and the structural acoustics. The numerical prediction of thermoacoustic instabilities in the thesis is performed by two different numerical methodologies. One solves the Helmholtz equation in combination of the flame n − tau model with the low Mach number assumptions, and the other solves the Linearized Navier-Stokes equations in frequency domain with mean flow. The result show that the mean flow has a significant effect on the thermoacoustic instabilities, which is non-negligible when the Mach number reaches to 0.15. / <p>QC 20151221</p> / TANGO

Dans cette thèse nous présentons une description théorique et numérique détaillée des instabilités et des dynamiques observées dans des systèmes quasi-unidimensionnels de particules en interaction répulsive soumises à un bain thermique. Lorsque le confinement transverse décroît, ces systèmes présentent une transition structurelle les faisant passer d'une configuration en ligne à une configuration en zigzag, homogène ou inhomogène. Nous avons mis en évidence et expliqué le changement de caractère de cette bifurcation qui passe de sur-critique à sous-critique. La description quantitative de configurations d'équilibre stables, appelées " bulles ", a été réalisée, celles-ci correspondent à une coexistence de domaines en ligne et en zigzag.La dynamique des " bulles " a été ensuite étudiée à l'aide d'un modèle de particule effective diffusant dans un potentiel périodique induit par le caractère discret du système. Lorsque plusieurs " bulles " coexistent, elles interagissent et se réorganisent pour former une configuration stable à une seule " bulle " selon des mécanismes de coalescence ou de collapse. Nous avons montré que la topologie de la configuration peut induire des effets de frustration conduisant à une interaction attractive ou répulsive selon les cas.Enfin, nous avons montré que les fluctuations transverses des particules divergent à l'approche des seuils de transition et expliqué ces comportements par l'apparition de modes mous dans le spectre de vibration. Cette description en modes propres nous a permis par ailleurs de comprendre l'augmentation observée de la diffusion d'une chaîne de particules dans un potentiel périodique asymétrique par rapport à une chaîne libre. / In this thesis, we provide a detailed theoretical and numerical study of instabilities and dynamics in quasi-one-dimensional systems of repulsively interacting particles in a thermal bath.When the transverse confinement decreases, theses systems display a structural transition from a line to an homogeneous or inhomogeneous staggered row configuration. We have exhibited and explained the supercritical or subcritical character of the bifurcation according to the particles interaction and to the system geometry. The quantitative description of stable equilibrium configurations called "bubbles" has been done, their shapes consist in coexistence of line and zigzag phases.The "bubble" dynamics has been modelized by considering an effective particle that diffuses in a periodic potential induced by the discrete character of the system. When several "bubbles" coexist, they interact and evolve towards a single stable "bubble" through coalescence and collapse mechanisms. We have shown that the configuration topology has to be taken into account and exhibited frustration effects leading to either an attractive or repulsive interaction between "bubbles". Then we have shown the divergence of the mean squared transverse displacements of the particles near the transition thresholds and analytically explained these critical behaviors by the existence of a soft mode in the configuration vibrational spectrum. With this eigenmodes description, we have also interpreted a diffusion enhancement of a particle file moving on an asymmetrical periodic potential with respect to the free file diffusion.

Les instabilités plastiques désignent une famille de comportements non-linéaires que l’on rencontre dans plusieurs matériaux solides. Elles correspondent à une évolution hétérogène de la déformation sous un chargement homogène, et se manifestent par un écrouissage irrégulier accompagné de bandes de localisation d’épaisseur millimétrique dont la cinétique est sensible, entre autres, à la température et à la vitesse de chargement. Ce phénomène freine considérablement l’usage des tôles d’aluminium-magnésium dans l’industrie. En effet, il a des conséquences esthétiques et mécaniques néfastes dont il est difficile de prédire l'évolution à l'étape de conception. Des modèles de comportement dédiés peuvent reproduire les bandes de localisation mais peinent à estimer précisément leur cinématique. De plus, ils sont sujets à des complications comme la sensibilité à la discrétisation, un coût de calcul considérable ou encore l’identification expérimentale délicate de leurs paramètres. L’objectif de ces travaux est donc de proposer un cadre dans lequel la cinématique des bandes de localisation est prédite de façon fidèle. Dans un premier temps, l’alliage d’étude est caractérisé par des essais de traction où la cinétique de bandes individuelles est traquée à l'aide de la corrélation d'images numériques. Les quantités d'intérêt sont identifiées à l'échelle non-locale des bandes de déformation : leur géométrie, leur distribution spatio-temporelle, la déformation qu'elles portent et l'énergie qu'elles échangent. S'appuyant sur ces résultats expérimentaux, un modèle de comportement est formulé à l'échelle des bandes de localisation. Il encapsule toutes les conséquences macroscopiques des instabilités plastiques et s’émancipe donc des complications évoquées plus tôt. Finalement, une stratégie numérique est proposée pour la simulation unidimensionnelle des essais, avec pour objectif de démontrer la faisabilité de l'approche. Ce travail constitue une première contribution à la simulation des bandes de localisation au travers d'une modélisation directe de leur cinétique. Les perspectives suggérées portent en particulier sur trois aspects. D'abord, la caractérisation de la cinétique des bandes de déformation à l'échelle inférieure à la nucléation. Aussi, le déploiement en 2D et l'amélioration du modèle proposé pour le traitement robuste de cas industriels. Enfin, l'utilisation du cadre développé pour la prise en charge d'autres physiques non-locales. / Plastic instabilities refer to a wide family of material nonlinearities met in several solid materials. They correspond to a heterogeneous strain response under homogeneous loading conditions, and manifest as an erratic workhardening accompanied by strain localization bands that kinetics are sensitive to temperature and loading rate, among other material properties. This phenomenon hinders the industrial use of aluminium-magnesium alloys. It involves harmful mechanical and aesthetic consequences that can hardly be predicted at the design step. Constitutive models can recreate localization bands but they fail to accurately predict their kinematics. Moreover, they are subjected to several issues such as mesh sensitivity, a high computational cost or a complex parameters identification. The purpose of this work is to build a framework in which bands kinematics can be reliably predicted. First, the studied alloy is characterized by means of tensile tests in which the kinetics of individual bands are tracked using digital image correlation. Quantities of interest are then identified at the non-local scale of bands: their morphology, spatiotemporal distribution, the strain they carry and the energy they exchange. Based on these experimental results, a constitutive model is derived at the scale of localization bands. It embeds all the aforementioned macroscopic consequences of plastic instabilities. A numerical strategy is then proposed to tackle unidimensional simulations, with the purpose of justifying the feasibility of the approach. This work constitutes a first contribution to the simulation of localization bands through a direct modeling of their kinetics. The considered outlooks focus on three main aspects. First, the experimental characterization of instabilities beneath the bands scale. Also, the twodimensional deployment and the improvement of the model to fit concrete and industrial applications. Lastly, the use of the proposed framework for a greater variety of non-local behaviors.

<p>Heat dissipation requirements of next-generation power electronics in electric vehicles, high-performance computing, and radar systems will far exceed the capabilities of conventional heat sink technologies such as single-phase liquid cold plates and air-cooled heat sinks. The leading candidate technology that promises to meet these needs is microchannel flow boiling. Compared to conventional heat sink technologies, flow boiling provides some of the highest heat transfer coefficients available and can dissipate heat at a lower pumping power and with more uniform surface temperatures. However, there are unique challenges associated with flow boiling that currently prevent practical implementation of the technology, including limited modeling capabilities, inherent critical heat flux (CHF) limitations, and the presence of two-phase flow instabilities. This thesis is targeted primarily at addressing the impact of dynamic two-phase flow instabilities on heat transfer and CHF in microchannel heat sinks, in contrast with earlier literature that has focused on prediction and characterization of the flow dynamics.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Two dynamic instabilities of importance in microchannel heat sinks are pressure drop oscillations (PDO) and parallel channel instabilities, both resulting from an interaction between the inertia of a two-phase mixture within a heated channel and a source of compressibility outside of the channel. However, the individual impact of these instabilities on heat transfer performance has not been quantified. In this thesis, an experimental facility is developed to isolate the individual and combined impact of PDOs and parallel channel instabilities on surface temperature and CHF in single- and parallel-microchannels. This is achieved by introducing a measurable compressible volume directly upstream of the test section and isolating the test section from any unwanted compressibility within components throughout the rest of the system. Experiments are first performed targeting the investigation of PDOs in single channels and then targeting PDOs and parallel channel instabilities in multi-channel heat sinks. In the case of parallel channels, inlet restrictors are introduced to suppress channel-to-channel interactions and provide a baseline case of stable boiling. Throughout these experiments, only moderate increases in time-average surface temperature are observed (6 °C) and reduction of CHF is negligible, despite drastically different flow pattern observations when instabilities are present. These observations are in stark contrast with other cases in the literature, for which significant deterioration of surface temperatures and CHF have been attributed to the presence of PDOs. For example, significant temperature oscillations have been observed in the literature studying silicon-etched microchannel heat sinks experiencing PDOs. A predictive model is clearly required to understand and detect the conditions when dynamic instabilities should be considered in heat sink design.</p> <p><br></p> <p>To better understand the conditions when PDOs might have significant impact on heat transfer performance, an investigation of thermal capacitance is performed using a dynamic two-phase model and a targeted experimental approach in heat sinks having different thermal masses. The model reveals that, if thermal capacitance is low, PDOs become more severe, and the amplitude of temperature oscillations increase. These predictions are confirmed by experimental observations, and, in addition, premature CHF is observed in the heat sink with lower thermal mass. With sufficient thermal capacitance, the system recovers before triggering CHF, preventing deterioration of performance due to PDOs. Among the wide range of flow conditions considered in this thesis, the reduction of thermal mass resulted in the greatest impact on transient response of a heat sink during flow boiling instabilities. This reveals thermal capacitance as a critical parameter when determining if dynamic instabilities will deteriorate performance in a microchannel heat sink application. This allows engineers to make an informed judgement on whether adding features to suppress instabilities, at the cost of increased pumping power, is warranted. In order for the practical implementation of two-phase heat sinks to be realized, further development of dynamic modeling capabilities is required, and these models should be backed by systematic experimental investigations into conditions where instabilities should be considered.</p>

Lean flame blowout is investigated experimentally within a high-speed combustor to analyze the temporal extinction dynamics of turbulent premixed bluff body stabilized flames. The lean blowout process is induced through fuel flow reduction and captured temporally using simultaneous high-speed particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) and CH* chemiluminescence. The evolution of the flame structure, flow field, and the resulting strain rate along the flame are analyzed throughout extinction to distinguish the physical mechanisms of blowout. Flame-vortex dynamics are found to be the main driving mechanism of flame extinction; namely, a reduction of flame-generated vorticity coupled with an increase of downstream shear layer vorticity. The vorticity dynamics are linked to hydrodynamic instabilities that vary as a function of the decreasing equivalence ratio. Frequency analysis is performed to characterize the dynamical changes of the hydrodynamic instability modes during flame extinction. Additionally, various bluff body inflow velocity regimes are investigated to further characterize the extinction instability modes. Both equivalence ratio and flow-driven instabilities are captured through a universal definition of the Strouhal number for the reacting bluff body flow. Finally, a Karlovitz number-based criterion is developed to consistently predict the onset of global extinction for different inflow velocity regimes.

In nature, microscopic surface textures impact useful function, such as the drag reduction of shark skin (Dean & Bhushan, 2010) and superhydrophobicity of the lotus leaf(Pan, Kota, Mabry, & Tuteja, 2013). In this study, we explore these phenomena by re-creating microscopic surface textures via the method of interfacial flow instability in drying polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) acetone solutions. In general, PVDF films can be made using either spin coating or electrospray deposition with various weight concentrations in acetone. In order to study the morphology of the porous structure of PVDF films, wet deposition samples were fabricated by spin coating or near-field electrospray. Possible theories are discussed and examined to explain the formation of these porous structures resulting in development of a well-controlled method to create porous PVDF films with various pore sizes and pore densities. All samples are characterized and found to exhibit superhydrophobicity and drag reduction. To connect porous PVDF film morphology to the established field of dry particle fabrication, PVDF particle synthesis by far-field electrospray is also reviewed and discussed. An established method to generate polymer particles of different morphologies in other polymers (Almeria-Diez, 2012) by electrospray drying is confirmed using PVDF as well. Due to the ability of scalable and re-configurable electrospray, the microscopic surface textures can be applied to areas of any size to reduce drag or impart water-repelling properties.

No / The effect of side stream channel height on flow stability in 30 degrees coextrusion geometries was investigated. The studies were conducted on a Dow LD150R low density polyethylene melt using a single extruder to feed a flow cell in which the delivered melt stream was split before, and rejoined after, a divider plate in a slit die. Wave type interfacial instability occurred at critical stream thickness ratios. Reducing the side stream channel height broadened the layer ratio operating range before the onset of interfacial instability, therefore improving process stability. Stress fields were quantified and used to validate principal stress differences of numerically modelled flow. Stress field features promoting interfacial instability in each of the die geometries were identified. Interfacial instability resulted when the stress gradient across the interface was asymmetric and accompanied by a non-monotonic decay in the stress along the interface from its inception.