The aim of this dissertation is to analyse two notions which inform contemporary evolutionary psychology. In Part I Tooby and Cosmides' (1992) Standard Model thesis of the history of twentieth century social science is examined with regard to social psychology. In Part II the practical and theoretical fecundity of the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness is examined, again with regard to social psychology. The analysis of the Standard Model thesis yields the result that it is not reliable as an intellectual history of social psychology. A principal reason for this is the failure of the thesis to acknowledge the instinct debate of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Further consideration of the instinct debate leads to the conclusion that evolutionary psychology may be in the process of repeating the history of social psychology rather than making substantive advances. The analysis of the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness concept yields two results. Firstly, in use it fails to accommodate the findings of palaeontology. Secondly, it promotes a view of mental capacity and functioning that is at odds with that of modern humans. Further consideration of the natural history of the human lineage leads to the conclusion that the past was not, in some sense, ontogenetically prior to the present and that it will not furnish social psychology with an adaptation that functions in a predictable manner. In Part III it is recommended that an evolutionary approach to social psychology should dispense with the concept of adaptation as proposed by evolutionary psychology.

Family is a work of creative fiction concerning four women and their relationships with each other. It is threaded with scenes from their past lives which hint at their previous connections with each other. These images of the past start to intrude into and affect their present lives. The central character, and storyteller of the present,is Margaret, a married woman who is finding that the 'comfort' of stereotypical behaviour and a prescribed marital relationship is a fiction. For Margaret, the intrusions of these past memories reveal to her traits in her character, aiding an understanding of herself, and eventually gives her freedom from her present situation. / Master of Arts (Hons) (Writing)

« La femme mal accueillie et sa pulsion de mort » est un titre qui interroge au préalable un lieu tant externe qu’interne puis la corrélation des deux espaces. Questionner en quoi l’intérieur psychique individuel se retrouve pris dans une négociation de survie avec un contexte et un environnement extérieurs seul miroir de l’inconscient collectif. En se référant, par cette formulation du titre, aux travaux de S. Ferenczi, la problématique principale sera celle de penser les réverbérations entre l’environnement et l’infantile, entre l’inconscient singulier et celui du social. La mise à l’épreuve des interrogations du genre et de l’universalisme de l’inconscient sera la boussole heuristique par laquelle s’orientera l’écoute analytique des voix des femmes en souffrance, d’où ressortent les résonances contemporaines de l’héritage culturel du Maroc ; un pays qui se démarque par une diversité tout aussi historique, culturelle, que linguistique. Le survol de la terre marocaine permet un retour rétrospectif sur les périodes, califale et coloniale, puis dans le même sillage aiguille la pensée psychanalytique sur ce qui s’exprimerait, jusqu’à ce jour, dans la parole individuelle à travers le lien transférentiel. Cette parole sera donnée aux femmes sur le sol marocain. Leurs voix seront portées par ce travail de recherche afin d’y déceler, dans la chaîne signifiante, les soubassements inconscients de leurs romans familiaux intriqués dans le langage culturel. Des histoires singulières, des femmes de différents milieux sociaux et d’âges distincts, décryptent le rébus socioculturel et religieux par lequel se transportent leurs histoires personnelles et la souffrance psychique qui en découle. L’intersectionnalité qui émerge de l’observation sur le terrain clinique – analphabétisme, seuil de pauvreté accru, favoritisme social ou encore multiplicité des langues autochtones – converge vers un carrefour central où les tentatives de survie prennent une seule voie, une seule langue, à savoir celle du fantasme. Si la psychanalyse s’étend universellement par l’expression de l’inconscient, ce dernier négocie intelligemment dans un mode ubiquitaire d’un lieu à un autre, d’une culture à une autre, spécifiquement quand celle-ci s’enracine dans un passé arabo-musulman archaïque, qui par son interprétation instrumentalisée, réveille au quotidien l’irreprésentable menace du féminin et du sexuel et ravive ce qui relève du traumatisme. De ces faits, l’évolution psychoaffective, de plusieurs femmes rencontrées, se distingue dans une inquiétante étrangeté et réinterroge le lien maternel, la relation au père, aussi bien que des échanges fantasmatiques mettraient en péril une maturité psychique dénoncée en séance par le refus du féminin, la pulsion de mort, le masochisme ou encore des régressions sexuelles infantiles comme l’« envie du pénis ». Autant de résistances défensives qui aiguiseront l’écoute psychanalytique dont la pratique elle-même, au Maroc, sera retravaillée, réexplorée dépendamment d’une articulation entre le psychisme et le social. / « The unwelcomed woman and her death instincts» is a title that questions beforehand a place that is both external and internal, then the correlation of the two spaces. Questioning how the individual psychic interior finds itself caught up in a negotiation for survival, with an external context and environment, only mirror of the collective unconscious. Referring, by this formulation of the title, to the work of S. Ferenczi, the main problematic will be that of thinking the reverberations between the environment and the infantile, between the singular unconscious and that of the social. Putting to the test such questions of the gender and the universalism of the unconscious will be the heuristic compass that will guide the analytical listening of the suffering women’s voices, from which emerge the contemporary resonances of the Moroccan cultural heritage; a country that stands out for its historical, cultural and linguistic diversity. The overflight of the Moroccan land allows a retrospective return on the periods, both califal and colonial, as much as it guides the psychoanalytic thought on what would be expressed, to this day, in the individual speech through the transferential link. Moroccan women will be granted this ability to speak. Their voices will be carried out by this research in order to detect, in the signifying chain, the unconscious bases of their family novels intricated in the cultural language. Singular stories, women of different social backgrounds and distinct ages, decipher the socio-cultural and religious rebus transporting their personal stories, and the psychic suffering ensuing. The intersectionality that emerges from the clinical observations - illiteracy, the increased poverty line, social favoritism or the multiplicity of indigenous languages - converges to a central crossroads where survival attempts take a single path, a single language, that of fantasy. If psychoanalysis extends universally by the expression of the unconscious, the latter negotiates intelligently in a ubiquitous mode, from one place to another, from one culture to another, specifically when this culture is rooted in an archaic Arab-Muslim past, which through its instrumentalized interpretation, awakens every day the irrepresentable threat of the feminine and the sexual, and revives what is traumatic. Of these facts, the psycho-affective evolution of several women encountered is distinguished in a disturbing strangeness and re-questions the maternal connection, the relationship with the father, as many fantasy exchanges that would put in danger a mental maturity denounced in session by the refusal of the feminine, by the death drive, the masochism or the infantile sexual regressions like the "envy of the penis". So many defensive resistances that will sharpen the psychoanalytic listening whose practice itself, in Morocco, will be reworked, re-explored depending on an articulation between the psyche and the social.

Se tuer, se punir, se laisser tomber, ce sont autant de manières de traduire en actes ce que le sujet ne peut pas dire. Sous l’emprise de son héritage et des énoncés qui l’ont fait exister et l’ont laissé tomber dans ce monde, ce sujet est en quête de son histoire, voire de son destin, cette puissance parentale si encombrante qui donne le sens tragique et d’anticipation à l’existence. Bien que la mort ait ce caractère négatif, vide de contenu, elle n’en implique pas moins la disparition du sujet : l’énonciation de la mort dénonce. Le suicide constitue un paradoxe existentiel caractérisé par cette économie unique entre jouissance et auto-punition. Notre relation au destin est un travail d'écriture qui engage le sujet, l’acte de commencement et la hâte de sa fin. Voici l’un des constats cliniques : l’individu meurt de ses conflits internes. Cette thèse propose une réflexion théorique à travers différentes études cliniques qui ont surgi d’une pratique aux urgences psychiatriques avec une approche trans-nosographique. Le sadisme originaire montre cette tendance cruelle et agressive envers nous-mêmes. Les fantasmes masochistes expriment le sentiment de culpabilité, comme si le sujet avait commis un crime qui devait être expié par la douleur ; par la culpabilité inconsciente nous identifions ce besoin de punition. Cependant, il n’y a pas d’impulsion suicidaire sans impulsion meurtrière. L’injonction de mort travaille comme un mot d’ordre qui oblige le sujet à sortir de la scène sans oublier la complexité de ce qui d’un point de vue économique implique la satisfaction libidinale d’un suicide. Cette part d’énigme demeure un réel défi pour la psychanalyse, toutefois le sujet peut compter sur elle pour une autre écriture de son histoire. Comme une valse à mille temps, qui s'offre encore le temps, de s'offrir des détours du côté de l'amour, nous avons la conviction que le destin est muable et la subversion du sujet toujours possible. / Suicide, self-punishment, and giving up on oneself, are all acts that translate the ineffable. Controlled by one’s heritage and the discourse that bring the subject into existence or abandonment, a search is launched for one’s history or even destiny, the burdening parental authority which leads to a tragic anticipation of existence. If death has a texture of dull emptiness, it nonetheless strikingly denounces the end of a life. Suicide signals an extraordinary paradox, a unique blend of satisfaction and self-punishment. Destiny forces the subject to act out his beginning and expedite his end. Here is one of our clinical perceptions: the individual dies from his internal conflicts. This dissertation is a transnosographic analysis of case studies drawn from an emergency psychiatric unit. Primary sadism reveals cruel and aggressive treatment of oneself. Masochistic fantasies express guilt, as if the subject could only atone for his “crimes” through pain: unconscious guilt gives us this need for punishment. However, suicide always implies a wish to murder others. Death wish implies libidinal satisfaction. This enigmatic aspect remains a real challenge for psychoanalysis. Still, we believe that there is always time for the treatment to re-write one’s destiny and reverse suicidal tendencies.

Dangerous Instincts is a collection of poems unified thematically by recurring and interstitial questions of the wilderness, the natural sciences - particularly astrophysics - the occult, and the mythic universe. These poems explore the mystical implications of the natural world and its meaning in the aesthetic consciousness, particularly in a highly secular century. Implied is the poet’s selfdiscovery and search for the divine. The collection emerges, not simply as interpretation, but a means of coming to terms with the fear of and compulsion to question the universe, and through those questions find illumination in the ordinariness of lived life and in the mystery and magic of complex phenomena. As a whole, the work is largely lyrical; occasionally it calls upon forms such as the villanelle and ekphrasis as deliberate formal poetic experiments. Sometimes the images are familiar recreations of creation myths and forest fires, and sometimes they range into as private and esoteric a realm as occult rituals, Scottish fairytale, and quantum entanglement. Dangerous Instincts is divided into five sections that explore the physical realm in terms of distances: from outward to inward, from heights to depths, and from beyond the speaker’s understanding to intrinsically self-reflexive poems written to amplify my notion that at the heart of poetry is myth.

Title: Swedish consumers say – ”Subliminal marketing is smart marketing!” Authors: Vickie Hedgren and Angelica Persson Adviser: Klaus Solberg Søilen Level: Dissertation in Marketing, 15 ECTS, Spring 2015 Keywords: Subliminal, Messages, Advertising, Advertisement, Neuromarketing, Psychology, Subconscious, Primal instincts, Subliminal techniques, Ethics, Acceptance, Emotional Connection Purpose: The purpose of this dissertation is to find out what Swedish consumers think about marketing that is meant to influence their subconscious in their decision making, with a focus on subliminal messages, and whether it is ethically acceptable. This will be carried out by examining the two following research questions: 1. What marketing methods aimed at building a psychological connection with the consumer are ethically acceptable and in what areas of marketing or situations? 2. Is it ethical to use subliminal marketing for a cause-related brand, a luxury brand or aimed at a specific income group? We will further examine theories and studies done over the years as well as carry out our own to come up with our conclusions. Frame of Reference: We start of by presenting overall theories regarding subliminal advertising which leads us to various breakdowns such as psychology, primal instincts, subliminal techniques, ethics, causerelated marketing, high- and low end consumers. Methodology: The dissertation is based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative studies. We conducted one survey with 200 respondents and two interviews with marketers. We bring up the importance of validity, reliability, generalizability, carefulness and criticism. Empirical Framework: We will present the collected data from the performed online survey as well as the information from the two personal interviews. Conclusion: Swedish consumers have a high level of ethical acceptance when it comes to marketing that is meant to create a psychological connection. The conclusions made are that 1. Out of the 14 methods we chose to include in our dissertation, 12 of them had a high level of ethical acceptance; subliminal messages in fashion advertising and in an active situation is ethical 2. It is more unethical if a good-cause company uses subliminal marketing than if a luxury brand uses it.

The purpose of this research is to explore individual behaviour towards authority. The psychodynamic and phenomenological paradigms are used. Unstructured interviews, conducted on five female consultants, produced themes that provide possible insight into individual behaviour towards authority. These themes were; 'daddy and mommy's little girl', need for attention, approval, to not disappoint and sibling rivalry; anxiety and the use of defense mechanisms; conditions for acceptance and/or comfort; dependency for support; clear and/or rigid boundaries; split in experience towards authority; fear of authority; power struggle; and counterdependency. These themes suggest that individual's project and transfer feelings, fantasies, expectations and wishes of their experiences with their parents, their earliest authority figures, onto other authority figures, for example, their managers. The hypothesis generated was "past experiences with authority figures influences individual experiences and hence behaviour towards present authority figures". / Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

The purpose of this research is to explore individual behaviour towards authority. The psychodynamic and phenomenological paradigms are used. Unstructured interviews, conducted on five female consultants, produced themes that provide possible insight into individual behaviour towards authority. These themes were; 'daddy and mommy's little girl', need for attention, approval, to not disappoint and sibling rivalry; anxiety and the use of defense mechanisms; conditions for acceptance and/or comfort; dependency for support; clear and/or rigid boundaries; split in experience towards authority; fear of authority; power struggle; and counterdependency. These themes suggest that individual's project and transfer feelings, fantasies, expectations and wishes of their experiences with their parents, their earliest authority figures, onto other authority figures, for example, their managers. The hypothesis generated was "past experiences with authority figures influences individual experiences and hence behaviour towards present authority figures". / Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

In the first chapter of my doctoral thesis, entitled The Political Implications of Nietzsche's Perspectivism, I argue that due to conflicting passages present throughout his oeuvre, Nietzsche is best understood as a twofold metaphysical sceptic. That is, a sceptic about the existence of the external world, and consequently, as a sceptic about such a world's correspondence to our perspectives. Nietzsche presents a threefold conceptualization of 'nihilism' and a twofold one of the 'will to power.' Neutral nihilism is humanity's inescapable condition of having no non-humanly created meanings and values. This state can be interpreted positively as an opportunity to create one's own meanings and values, or negatively as a terrifying incentive to return to dogmatism. The will to power is life before and as it becomes life, the unqualified will to power, and all the realities in it, the qualifiable will to power. The combination of these ontological concepts brings me to my second chapter and to the determination of Nietzsche's general epistemology: perspectivism. Perspectivism is an admittedly created, ontologically derived interpretation of knowledge, which both entails and goes beyond relativism. Nietzsche's perspectivism is constructed to support any norm that allows for univocal evaluations, not just Nietzsche's. Moreover, it can be derived from any ontology that conceptualizes life as a unit of growth and decay and human beings as creators of all their perspectives. These two elastic concepts allow me to propose, in my third chapter, that, although his texts disavow an all-inclusive democracy in favour of a new spiritual aristocracy, on the one hand, the proper political implications of perspectivism allow for democracy, while on the other hand, Nietzsche can be read as disapproving of an all inclusive or representative democracy, yet as approving of the direct democracy that arises naturally among elite peers.