Introdução: As principais operações para correção da anomalia de Ebstein baseiam-se na reconstrução da valva atrioventricular direita (AVD) em formato monovalvular, tendo resultados comprometidos pela necessidade de substituição ou alta reincidência de insuficiência valvar. Uma nova técnica foi desenvolvida, diferenciado-se das anteriores, pela correção anatômica da valva AVD, resultando na coaptação plena das válvulas no fechamento valvar. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a aplicabilidade dessa técnica, estudando os seus efeitos na evolução clínica, função da valva, restauração do ventrículo direito funcional e remodelamento reverso do coração no pós-operatório imediato (POI) e no pós-operatório em longo prazo (POL). Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de 52 pacientes consecutivos, com idade média de 18,5±13,8anos, submetidos técnica do cone para correção da anomalia de Ebstein, entre novembro 1993 e dezembro de 2006, cujos principais detalhes cirúrgicos são: as válvulas anterior e posterior da valva AV direita são mobilizadas das suas implantações anômalas no ventrículo direito (VD), a borda livre desse conjunto é rodada no sentido horário para ser suturada à, previamente mobilizada, borda septal da válvula anterior, formando um cone cujo vértice permanece fixo ao ápice do VD e a base é suturada no nível do anel atrioventricular verdadeiro, reduzido ao mesmo tamanho da base do cone. A válvula septal, sempre que possível, é incorporada à parede do cone. A porção atrializada do VD é reduzida por plicatura longitudinal. Os dados clínicos, ecocardiográficos e os índices cardiotorácicos, obtidos nos períodos pré-operatório (PREOP) e pós-operatório, foram analisados. Resultados: Houve dois óbitos hospitalares (3,8 %) e dois óbitos no seguimento em longo prazo A melhora clínica foi significante, sendo a distribuição dos pacientes em classes funcionais de insuficiência cardíaca (NYHA), IV = 4, III = 27, II = 11 e I = 5 no PREOP, modificada para IV = 0, III = 1, II = 2 e I = 44 no pós-operatório em longo prazo (POL) (p<0,0001), com seguimento médio de 57 meses. Quatro pacientes foram reoperados, sendo realizada nova plastia valvar. O índice cardiotorácico de 0,66±0,09 no PREOP diminuiu para 0,54±0,06 no POL (p<0,0001). Os ecocardiogramas mostraram redução dos graus de insuficiência da valva AV direita (p<0,001), sendo a distribuição dos pacientes no pré-operatório, grau 1 = 0, grau 2 = 1, grau 3 = 15, grau 4 = 24, modificada para grau 1 = 19, grau 2 = 17, grau 3 = 4, grau 4 = 0 no POI, com pequena alteração no POL (grau 1 = 11, grau 2 = 22, grau 3 = 7, grau 4 = 0). A cavidade funcional do VD foi restaurada pela operação, ocorrendo aumento da área do VD funcional indexada de 8,53± 7,02 cm2/m2 no PREOP para 21,01±6,87 cm2/m2 no POI (p<0,001), e ficando inalterada em 20,28±5,26 cm2/m2 no POL (p>0,05). Conclusões: Esta técnica foi aplicável com baixa mortalidade hospitalar e sem necessidade de substituição valvar. Houve melhora clínica pós-operatória e baixa incidência de reoperações em longo prazo. A correção da insuficiência valvar foi eficaz e duradoura na maioria dos pacientes. Houve restauração da área funcional do VD e remodelamento reverso do coração. / Background: The main operations for Ebsteins anomaly repair are conceived to reconstruct the tricuspid valve (TV) in a monocusp format, but their results are restricted either by the need for valve replacement or by high incidence of postoperative valve regurgitation. A new surgical technique was developed, that performs an anatomical reconstruction of the tricuspid valve, realizing a leaflet-to-leaflet coaptation at the TV closure. The objective of this study is to access the feasibility of this technique, evaluating its effects in clinical outcome, tricuspid valve function, right ventricle (RV) morphology and reverse remodeling of the heart.Methods: Retrospective study on 52 consecutive patients, mean age of 18,5+- 13,8 years, treated with a new surgical technique for Ebsteins anomaly repair (the cone technique), between November 1993 and December 2006, which principal details are: a) the anterior and posterior tricuspid valve leaflets re mobilizedfrom their anomalous attachments in the RV, the free edge of this complex is rotated clockwise to be sutured to the septal border of anterior leaflet, creatind a cone which vertex remains fixed at RV apex and whose base is the sutured to a true tricuspid annulus, plicated to match it to base of said cone. The septal leaflet is incorporated into the cone wall ewhenever possible. The atrialized chamber is reduced by longitudinal placation. The clinical and echocardiographic data and the patients cardiothoracic ratios, collected at the preoperative, early and late postoperative periods, were analyzed. Results: There were two hospital deaths (3.8 %) and two more deaths in the long term followup. The significant clinical improvement was evident by the change of patients functional class of heart failure (NYHA) from IV=4, III=27, II=11 and I=5, in the preoperative to IV =0, III = 1, II = 2 e I = 44 at 57 months mean long term follow-up (p<0,0001). Four patients required late TV re-repair. Atrioventricular block did not occur and there was no need for tricuspid valve replacement at any time. The cardiothoracic ratio decreased from 0,66+-0,09, preoperatively, to 0,54+-0,06 in long term follow-up (p<0,001). Echocardiographic studies showed significant TV insufficiency reduction from the preoperative patient distribution of: grade 1 = 0, grade 2 = 1, grade 3 = 15, grade 4 = 24, modified to: grade 1 = 19, grade 2 = 17, grade 3 = 4, grade 4 = 0 on early postoperative period (p<0.001), with little change afterwards (grade 1 = 11, grade 2 = 22, grade 3 = 7, grade 4 = 0). The normal RV morphology was surgically restored, indicated by the enlargement of RV indexed area from 8.53+-7.02 cm2/m2, preoperatively to 21.01+-6.87 cm2/m2 in the early perioperative period (p<0.001), remaining unchanged, 20.28+-5.26 cm2/m2 in long term echocardiogram (p>0,05). Conclusions: This operative technique was feasible with low hospital mortality and no need for TV replacement. There was improvement in the patients clinical status and low incidence of reoperations in long term follow-up. The TV repair was efficacious and durable for the great marjority of patients and there was immediate RV morphology restoration and reverse remodeling of heart in long term follow-up

Introdução: Embora a avaliação perceptivo-auditiva seja reconhecida como padrão ouro na avaliação clínica da fala de pacientes com fissura palatina e/ou disfunção velofaríngea (DVF), ela pode ser influenciada por inúmeros fatores, dada a sua subjetividade. A avaliação instrumental, como a técnica fluxo-pressão, pode complementar os achados de fala e da função velofaríngea em indivíduos que utilizam prótese de palato com obturador faríngeo para o tratamento da DVF. Objetivos: Descrever e comparar os resultados das medidas da área velofaríngea, por meio da técnica fluxo-pressão, e do julgamento da ocorrência do EAN durante a repetição de palavras com a consoante p e da emissão da palavra papai, durante a realização do Teste de Emissão de Ar Nasal (TEAN), nas condições com e sem prótese de palato e verificar a relação entre a ocorrência do EAN e a classificação da função velofaríngea, nas condições com (CP) e sem (SP) prótese de palato. Material e Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo observacional transversal de uma amostra de conveniência de 94 pacientes com diagnóstico de insuficiência velofaríngea que utilizavam prótese de palato com obturador faríngeo. A classificação do tipo de função velofaríngea (adequada, adequada-marginal, marginal-inadequada e inadequada) foi realizada a partir da medida da área velofaríngea obtida pela técnica fluxo-pressão, durante a produção da consoante p inserida na sílaba pa. Foram coletados dos prontuários dos pacientes os resultados do julgamento da ocorrência (presença/ausência) do EAN durante a repetição de palavras com p e da emissão da palavra papai do TEAN, nas condições sem e com prótese de palato. Resultados: A medida da área velofaríngea e o julgamento da ocorrência do EAN mostraram-se significativamente menores na condição CP. Entretanto, a prótese conseguiu eliminar o EAN em 63,9% dos pacientes, quando se toma a emissão de palavras com a consoante p na avaliação articulatória para comparação, e eliminá-lo em 50% deles quando se toma a emissão da palavra papai do TEAN. Com a prótese, 56,4% pacientes apresentaram função velofaríngea adequada e 43,6% função velofaríngea diferente da adequada (adequada-marginal = 5,3%, marginal-inadequada = 5,3%, inadequada = 33%). Conclusões: As medidas da área velofaríngea obtidas por meio da técnica fluxopressão diminuem significativamente quando o paciente faz uso da prótese (condição com prótese), revelando que a prótese pode melhorar a função velofaríngea para a fala; embora a ocorrência do escape de ar nasal (EAN) na produção da consoante p demonstre ser menor com a prótese, tanto no julgamento pela modalidade auditiva quanto pela visual, a modalidade visual parece ser mais sensível para identificar a ocorrência do escape;o EAN demonstrou ter relação direta com a função velofaríngea, uma vez que apresentou-se ausente em uma função velofaríngea adequada (condição com prótese) e presente em uma função velofaríngea inadequada (condição sem prótese). Contudo, esta relação pode estar susceptível à interferência de muitos fatores que podem influenciar positivamente ou negativamente a ocorrência do EAN na função velofaríngea. / Introduction: Although perceptual judgement is recognized to be the gold standard for clinical speech evaluation of cleft palate and/or velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) patients, it can be influenced by a number of factors due to its subjectivity. Instrumental assessment such as pressure-flow technique can provide additional information related to speech and velopharyngeal dysfunction findings in individuals adapted to palatal speech device with obturator pharyngeal bulb for treatment of VPD Objectives: Describe and compare the results of velopharyngeal area measurements by using pressure-flow technique and the judgment of the occurrence of air nasal emission (NAE) during repetition of words containing the p consonant and utterance of the word papai in the Test of Nasal Air Emission (TNAE), in conditions with and without palatal speech device as well as to analyze the relation between NAE and velopharyngeal dysfunction ratings in conditions with and without palatal speech device.Method: A retrospective study of samples including 94 patients with diagnosis of velopharyngeal insufficiency wearing palatal prostheses with pharyngeal bulb was performed. Velopharyngeal function was rated (adequate, marginal-adequate, marginal-inadequate and inadequate) in according to velopharyngeal measurements obtained from aerodynamic evaluation during the production of p consonant in the segment pa. The results of NAE occurrence judgement (present/absent) during the repetition of words with p and utterance of papai in the TNAE were collected from the patients´s recordings, in the conditions with and without prosthesis. Results: Velopharyngeal area measurements and NAE occurrence judgement were significantly lower in the with-prosthesis condition. However, speech prosthesis was able to eliminate NAE in 63.9% of the patients, when considering utterances of words with p in articulatory evaluation as comparison, and managed to eliminate it by 50% of them with regard to the word papai in the TEAN. With the speech device, 56.4% of patients demonstrated adequate velopharyngeal function and 43.6% showed velopharyngeal ratings different of the adequate one (marginal adequate = 5.3%, marginal inadequate = 5.3% and inadequate = 33%).Conclusions: The measures of velopharyngeal area obtained byusing pressure-flow technique decreased significantly when the patient uses prosthesis (condition with prosthesis), revealing that the prosthetic device can improve velopharyngeal function for the speech. Although the occurrence of nasal air flow (EAN) in the production of the consonant p presents to be lower with prosthesis, either in the hearing judgement as in the visual one, the latter seems to be more sensible to identify the occurrence of flow. Nasal air flow (EAN) demonstrated to have a direct relation with the velopharyngeal function for it was absent in an adequate velopharyngeal function (condition with prosthesis) and present in an inadequate velopharyngeal function (condition without prosthesis). Nevertheless, this relation may be susceptible to the interference of many factors that may positively or negatively influence the occurrence of EAN in the velopharyngeal function.

INTRODUÇÃO: a albumina sérica reduzida em pacientes em diálise peritoneal (DP) é associada à aterosclerose, causa de morte mais comum entre esses pacientes. Semelhantemente à síndrome nefrótica, supõe-se que a perda de proteínas conjuntamente a de fatores de regulação da hemostasia leva ao estímulo da síntese hepática de fatores pró-coagulantes, como o fibrinogênio, deslocando o equilíbrio hemostático em direção ao estado pró-trombótico. Pacientes em DP apresentam valores séricos elevados de marcadores da ativação endotelial e fatores pró-coagulantes, quando comparados a pacientes em hemodiálise (HD). A tromboelastografia (TEG) é um método que avalia propriedades do sangue global e dinâmica da coagulação, fornecendo, por meio de um traçado, valores absolutos do tempo de formação de fibrina (K), a agregação plaquetária (amplitude máxima - AM), a firmeza do coágulo (G), entre outros dados. Por final, classifica a coagulação em normal, hipocoagulante ou hipercoagulante segundo o índice de coagulação (IC) apresentado, sendo assim útil no diagnóstico precoce de coagulopatias. Por ser pouco utilizado em pacientes com DRC, utilizou-se o TEG na avaliação da hemostasia dos pacientes em diálise peritoneal automatizada (DPA) e investigou-se a relação com a perda de proteínas, bem como outras condições clínicas inerentes ao tratamento dialítico. MÉTODOS: este estudo foi do tipo transversal que incluiu pacientes estáveis em DPA. Foram obtidos dados demográficos, clínicos e bioquímicos de rotina do prontuário médico eletrônico. Adicionalmente, foram avaliados a coagulometria, a hemostasia primária [antitrombina (AT), proteína S, fator VIII (FVIII), fator IX (FIX), fator V (FV), fibrinogênio e dímero-D] e o TEG. Os pacientes foram submetidos ao teste de equilíbrio peritoneal (PET), a avaliação da perda de proteínas para a solução de diálise (PSD) e a absorção de glicose. O estado nutricional dos pacientes foi avaliado por meio de métodos objetivos e subjetivos. RESULTADOS: vinte pacientes (38±16 anos de idade, 55% mulheres, 22,4±14,8 meses em DPA, 40% de glomerulopatia, 70% transportadores médio lento/lento e em bom estado nutricional) foram incluídos no estudo. O FVIII e FIX elevados em 85% e 50% da amostra, respectivamente. O fibrinogênio (553,8±100,5 mg/dL) e o dímero-D (720 (520-1940) ug/L) foram elevados em mais da metade dos pacientes. O TEG revelou 55% dos pacientes hipercoagulantes, 45%, normais, e nenhum era hipocoagulante. Os pacientes hipercoagulantes foram caracterizados por um tempo K menor (1,3±0,4 vs. 1,8±0,3 minutos, p=0,007); AM (72,1±2,4 vs. 64,7±3,6 mm, p=0,000) e G (13,1±1,6 vs. 9,3±1,5 K, p= p=0,000) elevados, também alterados em 78% e 33%, respectivamente, nos pacientes com coagulação normal. Pacientes hipercoagulantes também apresentaram maiores valores de plaquetas (251±28 vs. 214±51 mil/mm³, p=0,038), que se correlacionou positivamente com AM/G (r=0,594, p=0,006), enquanto a proteína C foi menor (108±12 vs. 117±20 %, p=0,034) e a AT se correlacionou positivamente com o tempo K (r=0,635, p=0,011). Não houve diferença de albumina sérica, PSD, cinética de creatinina e estado nutricional entre os grupos normal e hipercoagulante. Os pacientes hipercoagulantes, entretanto, apresentaram menores valores de hemoglobina (10,3±1,4 g/dL vs. 12,0±1,1 g/dL; p=0,007), que se correlacionou negativamente com AM/G (r=-0,673, p=0,001), bem como o hematócrito (31±4 % vs. 36±3 %; p=0,010), que também se correlacionou negativamente com AM/G (r=-0,640; p=0,002). CONCLUSÃO: demonstramos que pacientes em DPA estáveis apresentaram uma tendência pró-trombótica caracterizada pela hiperfunção plaquetária e maior força de coágulo. Mesmo não havendo linearidade na relação com a hemostasia a perda de proteínas pode ter contribuído para a hipercoagulabilidade nesses pacientes. Entretanto, os eritrócitos reduzidos representaram um fator de confusão para o resultado do / INTRODUCTION: reduced serum albumin in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) is associated to atherosclerosis that is the leading cause of death. Similarly to nephrotic syndrome they lose protein; it is assumed that together with regulating factors of haemostasis this loss leads to liver synthesizes of procoagulants factors, such as fibrinogen, shifting the hemostatic equilibrium to a prothrombotic state. Patients on PD present elevated serum markers of endothelial activation and coagulant factors when compared with hemodialysis (HD) patients. Thromboelastography (TEG) is a method that evaluate blood properties through coagulation\'s global and dynamic perspectives, providing through a trace absolute values of fibrin\'s time formation (K), platelet aggregation (maximum amplitude - MA), clot strength (G), among other data. Finally it classifies the coagulation in normal, hypocoagulant or hypercoagulant according to the coagulation index (CI), so that it is useful in the early diagnosis of coagulopathies. TEG is not often used in patients with CKD, because of this we chose to use TEG for hemostatic evaluation in patients on APD and investigated its relation with protein loss as well as other clinical conditions intrinsic to the dialytic therapy. METHODS: this was a cross-sectional study that included stable patients on automated peritoneal dialysis (APD). Demographic, clinical and routine biochemical data were obtained from electronic medical chart. Additionally the coagulometry, primary hemostasis [antithrombin (AT), protein S, factor VIII (FVIII), factor IX (FIX), factor V (FV), fibrinogen and D-dimer] and TEG were evaluated. Patients were submitted to peritoneal equilibrium test (PET), protein loss to dialysis solution (PDS) and glucose absorption evaluations. Patients nutritional status was evaluated by objective and subjective methods. RESULTS: twenty patients (38±16 years old, 55% women, 22.4±14.8 months on APD, 40% of glomerulopathy, 70% slow average/slow transporters and well nourished) were included in this study. FVIII and FIX were elevated in 85% and 50% of the sample, respectively. Fibrinogen (553.8±100.5 mg/dL) and D-dimer (720 (520-1940) ug/L) were elevated in over half of the patients. TEG showed 55% of the patients hypercoagulant, 45% were normal and nobody was hypocoagulant. Hypercoagulant patients were characterized by a lower K-time (1.3±0.4 vs. 1.8±0.3 minutes; p=0.007); elevated MA (72.1±2.4 vs. 64.7±3.6 mm; p=0.000) and G (13.1±1.6 vs. 9.3±1.5 K; p= p=0.000); altered too in 78% and 33%, respectively, in normal coagulation patients. Hypercoagulant patients presented too higher values of platelet count (251±28 vs. 214±51 mil/mm³, p=0,038), but within the normal range, that correlated positively with MA/G (r=0.594; p=0.006) while protein C was lower (108±12 vs. 117±20 %; p=0,034) and AT correlated positively with K-time (r=0.635; p=0.011). There was no difference to serum albumin, PDS, creatinin kinetic and nutritional status between hypercoagulant and normal groups. However hypercoagulant patients presented lower values of hemoglobin (10.3±1.4 g/dL vs. 12.0±1.1 g/dL; p=0.007); that correlated negatively with MA/G (r=-0.673; p=0.001), as well as hematocrit (31±4 % vs. 36±3 %; p=0,010), which also correlated negatively with MA/G (r=-0.640; p=0.002). CONCLUSION: we demonstrated that stable patients on APD presented a prothrombotic tendency characterized by platelet hyperfuntion and clot strength. Even though there was no linearity in relation to hemostasis; protein loss may have contributed to the hypercoagulability in these patients. However reduced erythrocytes were a confounding factor in the TEG analysis

Racional. A Síndrome de Baixo Débito Cardíaco (SBDC) representa uma etapa evolutiva complexa e grave no contexto fisiopatológico da insuficiência cardíaca. O fluxo sanguíneo regional se altera conforme o território analisado, tendo particular impacto no rim. A instalação da insuficiência renal aguda em pacientes com SBDC é freqüente e representa fator independente de aumento da morbidade e mortalidade. Objetivo. O objetivo primário do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento precoce sobre a função renal de miocardiopatas com SBDC e disfunção renal baseado em critérios clínicos pré-definidos e monitorização hemodinâmica invasiva. Os objetivos secundários contemplaram o efeito do tratamento sobre o lactato sérico, escore prognóstico APACHE II e os dias de internação em unidade de tratamento intensivo(UTI). Casuística e métodos. O estudo foi prospectivo, randomizado, unicêntrico e incluiu 31 pacientes em SBDC com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) ao ecocardiograma menor que 35%, pressão arterial média (PAM) menor que 65 mmhg, sinais de má perfusão periférica, diurese(DU) menor que 0,5 ml/kg/h e creatinina sérica maior que 1,4 mg/dl. Constituiu-se 2 grupos: a) tratamento convencional (CV) baseado em protocolo clínico da UTI e b)tratamento objetivo-dirigido (OD) cujos pacientes receberam monitorização invasiva com catéter intra-arterial e catéter de artéria pulmonar, propiciando o controle contínuo por 72 horas com a finalidade de se atingir saturação arterial de oxigênio maior que 95%, pressão de oclusão de artéria pulmonar maior que 18 mmhg, pressão arterial média(PAM) maior que 65 mmhg, hematócrito maior que 30% e saturação venosa de oxigênio maior que 60%. Os dados foram registrados sequencialmente durante 72 horas (6, 12, 24, 48 e 72 h) e realizada observação diária até o 28° dia. Resultados. Na admissão os grupos CV (n=16) e OD (n=15) foram estatisticamente comparáveis no que se refere à idade (49,1±11,2 e 52,0±11,3 anos p= 0,483), sexo (feminino 6,2 e 20% p= 0,33 e masculino 93,7 e 80% p= 0,33), índice de massa corpórea (24,1±1,9 e 23,3±2,1 Kg/h2 p= 0,354), FEVE (24,1±7,1% e 21,6±4,8% p = 0,286), escore APACHE II (14,5±3,1 e 15,6±4,1 p = 0,423), creatinina sérica (1,7±0,3 e 1,7±0,3 mg/dl p=0,354), hemoglobina (13,1±0,9 e 12,4±0,9 mg/dl p=0,066), lactato sérico (19,8±6,2 e 23,7±7,4 mg/dl p=0,666), PAM (71,0±7,2 e 66,9±3,8 mmhg p=0,479), pressão venosa central(PVC) (14,5±4,2 e 14,7±4,8 mmhg p=0,457), DU (0,5±0,4 e 0,3±0,2 ml/kg/h p= 0,257) e diferentes quanto à saturação venosa central (SVcO2) e saturação venosa mista (SVO2) de oxigênio (48±17% e 37±8% p= 0,034). Os registros de 6, 12, 24, 48 e 72 horas para os 2 grupos foram comparáveis e evidenciaram aumento da DU, diminuição da creatinina, adequação dos níveis de PAM, PVC, e aumento das SVcO2 e SVO2. No controle de 72 horas observou-se redução do escore APACHE II, diminuição do lactato sérico e equivalência no tempo de internação na UTI. Conclusões. O tratamento no grupo OD foi eficaz no que se refere à melhora da função renal e equivalente ao grupo CV. A redução do escore prognóstico APACHE II e da concentração sérica de lactato corroboram com a evolução favorável do quadro clínico e das variáveis hemodinâmicas, embora sem modificação no tempo de internação na UTI. / Background: The low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) is a serious and complex stage in the pathophysiology of heart failure. Regional blood flow alters depending on different organs and systems, with special impact on the kidney. Acute renal failure is common in patients with LOCS, and it is an independent predictor of increased morbidity and mortality. Objective: To determine the effect of early treatment on renal function of patients with LCOS and renal dysfunction based on predefined clinical criteria and invasive hemodynamic monitoring. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the effect of early treatment on serum lactate, APACHE II score and intensive care unit length of stay. Methods: This study was a single-centered randomized controlled trial including thirty- one patients with LCOS and left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) lower than 35% (echocardiogram), mean arterial blood pressure lower than 65 mmHg, inadequate peripheral perfusion signs, urinary output lower than 0.5 ml/kg/h and serum creatinine higher than 1.4 mg/dl. Patients were randomized to two arms: a) conventional treatment (CT), following standard intensive care unit (ICU) routine, and b) direct-goal therapy (DGT) with 72-hour invasive hemodynamic monitoring, with intraarterial blood pressure monitoring and pulmonary-artery catheter, aiming arterial oxygen saturation higher than 95%, pulmonary artery wedge pressure higher than 18 mmHg, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) higher than 65 mmHg, hematocrit higher than 30% and mixed venous oxygen saturation higher than 60%. Data were registered sequentially during 72 hours (6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours) and patients were followed up to 28 days. Results: At admission, groups CT(n=16) and DGT(n=15) were comparable regarding age (49.1±11.2 and 52.0±11.3 years p= 0.483), sex (female 6.2 and 20% p= 0.33, male 93.7 and 80% p= 0.33), body mass index (24.1±1.9 and 23.3±2.1 Kg/h2 p=0.354), LVEF (24.1±7.1% and 21.6±4.8% p= 0.286), APACHE II score (14.5±3.1 and 15.6±4.1 p = 0,423), serum creatinine (1.7±0.3 and 1.7±0.3 mg/dl p=0.354), hemoglobin (13.1±0.9 and 12.4±0.9 mg/dl p=0.066), serum lactate(19.8±6.2 and 23.7±7.4 mg/dl p=0.666), MAP (71.0±7.2 and 66.9±3.8 mmhg p=0.479 ), central venous pressure (CVP) (14.5±4.2 and 14.7±4.8 mmhg p=0.457) and urine output (0.5±0.4 and 0.3±0.2 ml/kg/h p= 0.257). However, venous oxygen saturation was unbalanced at baseline (48±17% and 37±8% p= 0.034). Data obtained at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours were similar between groups, with increases in urinary output, serum creatinine decrease, adequate levels of MAP and CVP, increase in central venous saturation (SVcO2) and mixed venous saturation (SVO2). After 72 hours, we observed reduction in APACHE II score and serum lactate. Length of ICU stay was similar between groups. Conclusion: Treatment in both groups was equally effective in improving renal function. In addition, a decrease in the APACHE II prognostic score and serum lactate concentration was corroborated by a favorable clinical outcome and haemodynamics variables, although a change in ICU LOS did not take place.

Vitamin D deficiency is considered to be a pandemic with implications for compromised bone health and other chronic diseases. Few studies have examined vitamin D status in college-aged individuals where prevention of future health consequences is still possible. Serum vitamin D 25(OH)D status and vitamin D intake were examined in 98 college students ages 18-29 years during winter. BMI was classified as < 25and 25 or greater. Race was categorized as Caucasian or other. Overall, 69.5% had suboptimal serum vitamin D levels, <30ng/mL. Only 8 students (8.2%) met the EAR (400 IU) per day for vitamin D intake. t tests were used to determine if there were significant differences in serum vitamin D level and dietary intake based on gender, race and BMI. Significant differences were found in serum vitamin D level when compared by gender and race. Females tended to have a higher serum vitamin D level than males. Those representing minorities had lower serum vitamin D levels than Caucasians; One hundred percent of the minority students had suboptimal serum vitamin D levels. Based on these findings, dietitians should increase efforts to target college-aged individuals in educational programming related to factors affecting vitamin D synthesis, vitamin D intake, and health consequences of suboptimal vitamin D status, particularly in winter. Consideration should be given to vitamin D fortification of foods that meet the preferences of today’s consumer.

This study looked at risk factors associated with vitamin D levels in the body among a representative sample of adults in the U.S., NHANES III (2001-2006) data were used to assess the relationship between several demographic and health risk factors and vitamin D levels in the body. The Baseline-Category Logit Model was used to test the association between vitamin D level and the potential risk factors age, education, ethnicity, poverty status, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, obesity, diabetes and total cholesterol with both genders. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were significantly associated with age, race, education, physical activity, obesity, diabetes and total cholesterol level for both genders. Almost half of the adults sampled in these data had vitamin D levels lower than the recommended limits, with the highest frequency among the younger groups. Determining an individual’s vitamin D level is very difficult without proper clinical testing. Many of those who have low vitamin D levels are unaware. With such a high prevalence of individuals with low vitamin D levels in the U.S. and a better understanding of characteristics associated with these lower levels, increased education and prevention efforts should be focused toward those with higher risk characteristics.

依據國際研究機構之預測，人口老化與少子化是本(21)世紀人類最重大的挑戰，我國在近年生育率下滑的情況下，社會人口老化問題尤其嚴重。本研究基於關切現行社會保險制度與退休金準備，能否支應個人在未來老年時期之醫護照顧與經濟負擔等議題，先敘述國人將面臨日趨嚴重之長壽風險，再引述美國、香港運用兼具財產隔離與專業服務基本功能的信託制度經營管理退休金市場的成功模式，導論政府與企業建立退休金管理制度、個人及早儲備退休金之重要性，希冀喚起國人對儲備個人退休金帳戶準備之重視。 本研究架構共分一、緒論；二、基礎理論與文獻探討，涵蓋信託制度、退休金信託計畫與資金運用、國外退休制度探討等；三、我國信託制度退休商品之運用；四、台灣勞工族群退休需求與不足度分析；五、信託制度退休商品之實務運作個案探討；六、結論與建議共六章。藉由闡述信託制度的特質、功能，與退休金於累積期間資金運用、清償期資金規劃之基礎理論；引申先進國家退休金制度以信託制度結合退休金計畫的成熟實施經驗，本研究以三個實際個案研究，分析我國勞工族群之退休需求與不足度；並就勞工族群潛在之退休金財務缺口所提出之相關建議。 在探討個案之退休需求與不足度分析部分，研究之限制有二：一為計算模組係以目前實施之退休金制度為基礎，並假設一單純之通貨膨脹率與排除社會經濟可能之變動因素，如未考慮政府可能進行社會保險政策變革因素。二為在計算過程中，投資報酬率之假設係依照過往之投資報酬率推估，並採用資產單一投資報酬率之方式計算分析，未能符合現實狀況中，資產投資組合有其各自之風險係數與不同之報酬率情形。 本研究報告除提出結論外，並提出以下建議： 一、勞工消費大眾在目前之社會保險、企業退休金給付制度無法完全滿足退休需求下，個人應及早另行儲備退休金。 二、企業雇主照顧員工、留住優秀人才，可採行額外之勞工退休福利制度。 三、主管機關可就退休金稅賦優惠措施、勞保、新舊制勞退三大退休基金經營管理方式適度調整及勞退新制開放勞工自選投資標的等。 / It has been foreseen by international research institutions that both problems, the aging of population and the trend towards fewer children, are the most significant challenges which the mankind is facing in the 21st century. In Taiwan, the trend of decreasing birth rate, as shown in recent years, indicates that the aging of population is particularly severe in Taiwan. Based on concerns about whether the present social insurance system and the pension provision are sufficient to meet personal retiring needs such as health care and living expenditure and so on, the research begins with the narration of the rising longevity risk faced by people in Taiwan, then illustrating the successful mode set up by the US and Hong Kong that utilizes the trust system incorporating both the property isolation and the basic professional services to operate and manage the pension market, and eventually concludes that it is of significance for both the government and the enterprise to establish the pension management system as well as for the individual to prepare for the retiring funds as early as possible, looking forward to drawing high attention to the importance of provision for personal pension account. This research is constructed in six parts, Part I: Introduction; Part II: Basic Theory and Literature Review, covering trust system, pension trust plan and funds utilization, foreign retirement system review and so on; Part III: Application of Retirement Products in Taiwan’s Trust System; Part IV: Analysis of Taiwan’s Labor Group’s Retiring Demand and Insufficiency of Funds; Part V: Case Study on Practical Operation for Retirement Products in Taiwan’s Trust System; Part VI: Conclusion and Suggestion. By means of elaborating trust system's characteristic and function and the basic theories on both utilization of pension in the accumulation period and funds planning in the disbursement period, and further introducing the advanced countries’ sound experience in integrating the trust system with the pension schemes, the research, by three case studies, analyzes Taiwan’s labor group’s retiring demand and insufficiency of funds and presents some suggestions relative to improvement on the latent financial gap. The case study for retiring demand and insufficiency of funds is subject to two factors. One is that the computing module is based on the pension system being run currently, a fixed inflation rate and excluding any potential factors in changing the society and economy, such as the updated social insurance policy by the government. The other is that the Return on Investment (ROI) is computed by using past data and only one simple ROI is applied, not in line with the actual situation that the assets in investment portfolio have individual risk coefficient and varied ROI. In addition to the conclusions, the research presents the following suggestions: 1.Given the present situation in Taiwan that both the social insurance system and enterprise’s pension schemes are unable to meet personal retiring needs, the individual is supposed to prepare for the funds as early as possible. 2.To take care of the staff and preserve the talent, the employer can set up extra program of retirement and welfare for the employee. 3.The regulator can take preferential measures to lessen the tax burden on pension, modestly adjust the operation and management of three material pension funds comprising Labor Insurance, Old and New Labor Pension Funds as well as offer the option for the laborer to invest the self-choosing target pursuit the New Labor Pension Fund and so on.

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Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.