O quadro de resistência à insulina em humanos está fortemente relacionado ao acumulo de lipídeos intracelulares, a inatividade física e ao aumento de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO). O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o aumento na oferta de nutrientes incluindo glicose e ácido graxo palmítico pode alterar o potencial de membrana mitocondrial, a respiração, a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e a resposta a insulina em células do tecido muscular. Nossos resultados mostram que a exposição de células musculares a elevada disponibilidade de substratos resultou em diminuição do potencial de membrana mitocondrial, e aumento da respiração no estado IV e da expressão do RNAm da proteína desacopladora mitocondrial UCP-3. Mostrando a existência de um mecanismo de desacoplamento intrínseco em células do músculo esquelético ativado em situações de elevada oferta de nutrientes. Nessas condições observamos redução do acoplamento e da eficiência termodinâmica mitocondrial. Interessantemente, essa capacidade de desacoplamento parece ser perdida cronicamente como indicado pelos nossos resultados de consumo de oxigênio no período de 48h favorecendo uma menor atividade mitocondrial, aumento de EROs e redução da razão GSH/GSSG. Imagens de microscopia eletrônica em cultura primária e expressão gênica do PGC1-, um reconhecido gene regulador da biogênese mitocondrial, não demonstraram diferença entre controle e tratamento com palmitato. O ácido palmito resultou na redução da fosforilação de Akt, bem como, na captação de glicose estimulada por insulina. Nossos achados, portanto, sugerem que uma redução do acoplamento termodinâmico mitocondrial e do sistema antioxidante, juntamente com aumento do peróxido de hidrogênio, estão fortemente relacionados a redução da resposta a insulina. Deste modo, nosso estudo sugere um papel importante da mitocôndria na resposta a insulina. / The insulin resistance in human framework is strongly related to the accumulation of intracellular lipids, physical inactivity and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to determine whether the increase in nutrient supply including glucose and palmitic fatty acid can change the mitochondrial membrane potential, respiration, production of reactive oxygen species and the insulin response in muscle tissue cells. Our results show that exposure of muscle cells to high availability of the substrate resulted in decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, in increased respiration in the state IV and mRNA expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein UCP-3. Showing the existence of an intrinsic uncoupling mechanism of skeletal muscle cells activated in situations of high supply of nutrients. However, under these conditions we observed a reduction of the coupling and mitochondrial thermodynamic efficiency. Interestingly, this decoupling capacity was chronically lost as indicated by our results in the 48 hours period favoring a lower mitochondrial activity, increase of ROS and reduced GSH / GSSG ratio. Images from electron microscopy and gene expression of PGC1-, a recognized regulatory gene of mitochondrial biogenesis, showed no difference between control and treatment with palmitate. The palm acid resulted in reduced phosphorylation of Akt, as well as glucose uptake stimulated by insulin. Our findings thus suggest that a reduction in mitochondrial antioxidant and thermodynamic coupling system, along with increase in the hydrogen peroxide, are closely related to reducing insulin response. Thus, our findings suggest a role of mitochondria in insulin response.

O aumento mundial na incidência da obesidade está associado com um aumento significante com os custos com a saúde. Somente nos Estados Unidos, os gastos com os tratamentos associados a obesidade superam 9% dos custos anuais com a saúde, em torno de $147 bilhões de dólares por ano. Os efeitos da obesidade no músculo esquelético estão relacionados com o desenvolvimento da resistência à insulin (IR), diabetes e piora da qualidade de vida. Trabalhos rescentes tem demonstrado que a dieta hiperlipídica (DHL) diminui a capacidade do músculo esquelético responder a sinais de crescimento. Este efeito negativo relacionado a diminuição na ativação da via Akt/mTOR e aumento nd estresse de retículo endoplasmático (ERE) é denominado de resistência anabólica. Por outro lado, estudos têm demonstrado um possível efeito benéfico da suplementaçãoo com o ácido graxo polinsaturado ômega 3 (Ag-w3) e do treinamento físico aeróbico em diversos parâmetros como, melhora da capacidade oxidativa, sistema imunológico, síntese proteica e degradação em saudáveis ou com alguma patologia associada. Dessa maneira, o presente trabalho demonstra que 8 semanas de DHL contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da obseidade. Por outro lado, o protocolo de TA promoveu um efeito protetor ao ganho de peso nos animais obesos. A suplementação com o AG-w3 foi capaz de prevenir alguns parametros analisados e a associação do óleo de peixe não foi capaz de potencializar os efeitos benéficos encontrados com o TA. / There is a worldwide increase in the incidence of obesity that is associated with significant increases in medical costs. In the United States alone, treatment of obesity related health problems accounts for up to 9% of the total annual cost of healthcare, an estimated $147 billion per year. The effects of obesity on skeletal muscle are correlated with insulin resistance (IR), diabetes and decreased of quality of life. Recent work has demonstrated that a high fat diet (HFD) decreases the ability of skeletal muscle to hypertrophy in a model of increased mechanical load. This negative effect on muscle growth is correlated with a decrease in activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and an increase in endoplasmic reticulum stress.

O câncer é considerado uma das principais causas de morte no mundo. Para o tratamento dessa doença, frequentemente são utilizadas estratégias farmacológicas baseadas na intervenção quimioterápica, no qual a doxorubicina (DOX) é largamente utilizada. Visto que, o músculo esquelético possui importante papel na captação de glicose, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar o efeito da DOX na intolerância à glicose. Para isso foram utilizados ratos Wistar, os quais receberam uma dose única de DOX ou salina intraperitoneal (15mg/kg). Avaliamos a expressão de proteínas envolvidas na sensibilidade à insulina e captação de glicose. Os ensaios captação de glicose foram realizados em cultura de miócitos, no qual foi utilizado o agonista de AMPK. O tratamento com DOX causou resistência à insulina e hiperglicemia. No músculo EDL e em miócitos houve menor expressão de GLUT-4 e de AMPk. Em conclusão, o tratamento com DOX causou intolerância à glicose e redução da expressão de AMPk e GLUT-4. A utilização do agonista de AMPk foi capaz de recuperar à intolerância à glicose. / The cancer is considered a major cause of death worldwide. For the treatment of this disease, with frequency are used pharmacological strategies based in chemotherapeutic intervention, in which doxorubicin (DOX) is widely used. Since the skeletal muscle plays an important role in glucose uptake, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of DOX in glucose intolerance. For this Wistar rats which received a single dose of DOX or saline intraperitoneally (15mg / kg). We evaluated the expression of proteins involved in insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake. The glucose uptake assays were performed on culture myocytes, which was used in the agonist of AMPK. The treatment with DOX caused insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. In the EDL muscle myocytes and there was less expression of GLUT4 and AMPK. In conclusion, treatment with DOX caused impaired glucose tolerance and reduction of expression of AMPK and GLUT-4. The use of AMPK agonist was able to recover glucose intolerance.

A hipótese do presente estudo sugere que a baixa fertilidade de vacas Holandesas (Bos taurus) repetidoras de serviço (RS) está relacionada à baixa qualidade oocitária que, por sua vez, é associada ao quadro de resistência periférica a insulina (RPI). Ainda, a indução de lactação (IL) em vacas Holandesas (Bos taurus) RS pode reverter o quadro de RPI e, consequentemente, melhorar a qualidade oocitária e a produção in vitro de embriões (PIVE). Para testar a hipótese proposta, este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da fase da lactação e da gestação [Exp. 1], o efeito da secagem de RS [Exp. 2] e o efeito da IL [Exp. 3] sobre a RPI, a qualidade oocitária e a PIVE em vacas da raça Holandesa (Bos taurus). Nos três estudos foram realizados testes de tolerância à glicose (TTG) para avaliar a RPI através do perfil hormonal sérico de insulina e glicose. Além disso, avaliou-se o perfil bioquímico sérico e folicular e a qualidade oocitária através da PIVE. Verificou-se que, em resposta à infusão de 0,3mg glicose/kg PV, as vacas RS no final da lactação secretaram 53% mais insulina e captaram 40% menos de glicose quando comparadas as vacas no terço inicial de lactação (Exp 1). Esses achados são indicativos do estabelecimento do quadro de RPI nas vacas RS em lactação. Durante o período seco, as vacas RS secretaram 96% mais insulina e captaram 56% menos glicose que as vacas no terço inicial da lactação e as vacas RS em lactação, respectivamente (Exp. 2). Ainda, as vacas com lactação induzida secretaram 11% menos insulina e captaram a mesma quantidade de glicose que vacas paridas em fases semelhantes de lactação (Exp 3), demonstrando que o protocolo de IL foi eficiente em alterar o perfil metabólico, revertendo o quadro de RPI presente nas vacas RS. Nos Exp. 1, 2 e 3 foram verificadas maiores concentrações plasmática de triglicérides (TG; P &lt; 0,05), colesterol total (COL; P < 0,05) e LDL (P < 0,05) no soro sanguíneo em vacas RS quando comparadas com vacas no terço inicial de lactação. Durante o período seco (Exp. 2 e 3), observou-se incremento desses metabólitos, destacando aumento na concentração de TG (P < 0,05), COL (P < 0,05) e LDL (P < 0,05) plasmático em vacas secas quando comparadas as vacas em lactação [início e final (RS) da lactação]. No liquido folicular foram observadas variações no perfil bioquímico para COL e TG. Nos Exp. 1, 2 e 3, verificou-se que vacas RS possuem maior concentração de TG (P < 0,05) e COL (P < 0,05) no fluido folicular do que vacas no terço inicial de lactação. Contrariando a hipótese inicialmente proposta, as vacas RS em lactação e as vacas secas apresentaram maior taxa de blastocisto (P < 0,05) e número de blastocistos por OPU (P < 0,05) que as vacas no terço inicial de lactação (Exp. 1, 2 e 3). Através do perfil de insulina circulante em resposta ao TTG foi possível demonstrar o estabelecimento do quadro de RPI em vacas RS (P < 0,05). Além disso, constatou-se agravamento da RPI em vacas secas (P < 0,05). Esse quadro foi associado ao aumento do escore de condição corporal (P < 0,05) e do peso vivo (kg; P < 0,05) nas vacas RS. Em conclusão, não foi verificada associação negativa entre RPI, qualidade oocitária e PIVE em vacas Holandesas (Bos taurus) RS. Apesar da indução de lactação em vacas Holandesas (Bos taurus) RS alterar o metabolismo e diminuir o quadro de RPI, não foi verificado efetivo positivo na qualidade oocitária e na PIVE. / The hypothesis of the present study suggests that low fertility of repeat breeders (RB) Holstein (Bos taurus) cows is related to low oocyte quality, which is associated with peripheral insulin resistance (PIR). Also, induction of lactation (IL) in RB Holstein (Bos taurus) cows can revert PIR and, consequently, improve oocyte quality and in vitro embryo production (IVEP). In order to test the proposed hypothesis, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of phase of lactation and gestation [Exp. 1], effect of drying RB [Exp. 2] and effect of IL [Exp. 3] on PIR, oocyte quality and IVEP of Holstein (Bos taurus) cows. In all three studies, glucose tolerance tests (GTT) were performed to evaluate PIR through the serum hormonal insulin and glucose profile. In addition, we evaluated the serum and follicular biochemical profile and oocyte quality through IVEP. It was verified that, in response to a 0.3mg glucose/kg of body weight (BW), RB cows at the end of lactation secreted 53% more insulin and captured 40% less glucose when compared to cows in the initial third of their lactation (Exp. 1). These findings are indicative of the establishment of PIR in RB lactating cows. During the dry period, RB cows secreted 96% more insulin and captured 56% less glucose than cows in the initial third of their lactation and RB lactating cows, respectively (Exp. 2). Also, cows with induced lactation secreted 11% less insulin and captured the same amount of glucose than calved cows in similar lactation phase (Exp. 3), demonstrating that the IL protocol was efficient to alter the metabolic profile, reverting PIR present in RB cows. In Exp. 1, 2 and 3 higher plasmatic concentrations of triglycerides (TG; P<0.05), total cholesterol (COL; P<0.05) and LDL (P<0.05) were verified in the blood serum in RB cows when compared to cows in the initial third of their lactation. During the dry period (Exp. 2 and 3), we observed the increment of these metabolites, and a notable elevation of the plasmatic TG (P < 0.05), COL (P < 0.05) and LDL (P < 0.05) in dry cows when compared to lactating cows [beginning and end (RB) of lactation]. In the follicular fluid, it was possible to observe variations in the biochemical profile for COL and TG. In Exp. 1, 2 and 3, it was verified that RB cows have higher concentration of TG (P < 0.05) and COL (P < 0.05) in the follicular fluid than cows in the initial third of their lactation. Contrary to the initially proposed hypothesis, RB lactating cows and dry cows presented higher blastocyst rate (P<0.05) than cows in the initial third of lactation (Exp. 1, 2 and 3). Through the circulating insulin profile in response to the GTT it was possible to demonstrate the establishment of PIR in RB cows (P<0.05). Also, it was observed worsening of the PIR in dry cows (P<0.05). This condition was associated with an increase in body condition score (P<0.05) and BW (kg; P<0.05) in RB cows. In conclusion, no negative association between PIR, oocyte quality and IVEP was observed in RB Holstein (Bos taurus) cows. Although induction of lactation in RB Holstein (Bos taurus) cows altered the metabolism and reduced PIR, no positive effect was observed in oocyte quality and IVEP.

Objective: To compare glycemic index and load (GI and GL) in the usual diet of PCOS and control women and to investigate whether dietary GI and GL are associated with body composition and anthropometric and metabolic variables across PCOS phenotypes. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University hospital outpatient clinic. Patients: 61 women with PCOS and 44 non-hirsute women with ovulatory cycles. Interventions: Metabolic work-up, biochemical and hormonal assays, assessment of body composition and rest metabolic rate, physical activity (pedometer), and food consumption (food frequency questionnaire). Main outcome measure(s): GI and GL. Results: Mean age was 23.7±6.3 years. The prevalence of obesity was 44.3% in PCOS women and 31.8% in controls. Median GI for the group was 58. PCOS patients with GI>58 had higher BMI, worse metabolic profile, and lower intake of fibers. GI was correlated with BMI in controls and with lipid accumulation product (LAP) in the PCOS group, and was higher in classic PCOS vs. other groups. Conclusions: Dietary GI is increased in PCOS patients, especially in the classic PCOS phenotype. Increased dietary GI is associated with a less favorable anthropometric and metabolic profile in PCOS.

Bien que l'insulino-résistance soit une caractéristique connue de la maladie rénale chronique (MRC), les mécanismes impliqués sont encore mal compris. Le p-crésol est un produit toxique généré par la transformation de la tyrosine par la flore bactérienne intestinale. Son sulfoconjugué, le p-crésyl sulfate (PCS) a été identifié comme le principal métabolite circulant du p-crésol chez l'homme et est considéré comme une importante toxine urémique liée aux protéines. En effet, les concentrations de PCS sont corrélées de façon indépendante à la morbi-mortalité cardiovasculaire présente chez les patients ayant une MRC. Le but de cette étude est de déterminer le rôle du PCS dans l'insulino-résistance associée à la MRC. L'administration chronique de PCS (10mg/kg, deux fois par jour pendant 4 semaines) chez des souris ayant une fonction rénale normale induit une insulino-résistance ainsi qu'une perte de masse grasse et une redistribution ectopique de lipides dans le muscle et le foie (lipotoxicité), ce qui est observé chez les souris ayant une MRC. Le PCS perturbe la signalisation de l'insuline dans les muscles squelettiques des souris par l'activation des kinases ERK 1/2. L'incubation in vitro de myotubes C2C12 avec du PCS à des concentrations retrouvées (40 μg/ml) chez les patients ayant une MRC terminale induit également une insulino-résistance par le biais d'une activation directe d’ERK1/2. Le traitement de souris urémiques avec un prébiotique (arabino-xylo-oligosaccharide, AXOS) qui diminue la production intestinale de p-crésol et donc la concentration de PCS dans le sérum, améliore significativement les paramètres métaboliques. Ces données suggèrent que le PCS participe à l'insulino-résistance associée à la MRC. Du fait d’une faible élimination par les techniques conventionnelles de dialyse, des thérapeutiques alternatives tels que les prébiotiques, diminuant la production de PCS, pourraient diminuer la mortalité cardio-vasculaire associée à la MRC / Although insulin resistance is a well-documented feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD), the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. p-cresol is a toxic by product generated by transformation of tyrosine by intestinal microbiota. Its conjugate p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) is identified as the main circulating metabolite of p-cresol and a major protein bound uremic toxin. PCS is independently associated with mortality and cardiovascular disease in CKD patients. The aim of this study was to determine the role of PCS in CKD-associated insulin-resistance. Chronic administration of PCS (10mg/kg, twice daily for 4 weeks) in mice with normal kidney function triggered insulin resistance, fat mass loss and ectopic lipid redistribution in muscle and liver (lipotoxicity) mimicking those associated to CKD. PCS mice revealed altered insulin signaling in skeletal muscle through ERK1/2 activation. Exposition of C2C12 myotubes to PCS at CKD-relevant concentrations (40 μg/ml) caused insulin resistance, also through a direct activation of ERK1/2. Mouse models of surgically induced renal failure displayed insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, and treatment with a prebiotic (arabino-xylo-oligosaccharide) reducing p-cresol intestinal production and thus serum PCS, prevented these metabolic defects. These data suggest that although PCS is poorly removed by the common dialysis techniques, alternative therapeutic such prebiotics ttargeting of PCS may prevent metabolic abnormalities associated to end-stage renal disease

Des études épidémiologiques récentes suggèrent que certains polluants atmosphériques jouent un rôle dans le développement et la progression de l'insulino-résistance, associée au diabète de type 2. L'ozone, un polluant photochimique majeur des zones urbaines, est associé t à des concentrations augmentées de glucose et d'insuline plasmatiques à jeun, cependant de nombreux aspects de cette association restent à élucider. En utilisant une concentration réaliste, représentative des pics de pollution (0,8 ppm), nous avons démontré que l'exposition de rats à de l'ozone induit une insulino-résistance systémique et un stress oxydant, associé à un stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE), une activation de JNK et donc, une perturbation du signal insulinique dans le muscle. Les lavages broncho-alvéolaires réalisés chez des rats exposés à l'ozone, reproduisent ces effets sur des myotubes C2C12, suggérant que des médiateurs pulmonaires toxiques sont responsables de ce phénotype. Des prétraitements avec le chaperon chimique acide 4-phénylbutyrique, l'inhibiteur de JNK SP600125, ou l'antioxydant N-acétylcystéine préviennent l'insulino-résistance, démontrant que l'ozone induit séquentiellement un stress oxydant, un stress du RE et une activation de JNK, entraînant une perte de la sensibilité à l'insuline dans le muscle. Notre étude est la première à montrer que la pollution à l'ozone provoque le développement de l'insulino-résistance, suggérant qu'elle pourrait accélérer la progression du diabète. Nous proposons ainsi un mécanisme liant exposition à des polluants et augmentation de l'incidence des maladies métaboliques / A growing body of evidence suggests that exposure to traffic-related air pollution is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Ozone, a major photochemical pollutant in urban areas, is negatively associated with fasting glucose and insulin concentrations but most aspects of this association remain to be elucidated. Using an environmentally realistic concentration (0.8 ppm), we demonstrated that exposition of rats to ozone induced whole body insulin resistance and oxidative stress, with associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, JNK activation and disruption of insulin signaling in skeletal muscle. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from ozone-treated rats reproduced this effect in C2C12 myotubes, suggesting that toxic lung mediators were responsible for the phenotype. Pre-treatments with the chemical chaperone 4-phenyl butyric acid, the JNK inhibitor SP600125 or the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine alleviated insulin resistance, demonstrating that ozone sequentially triggered oxidative stress, ER stress and JNK activation to impair insulin signaling in muscle. This study is the first to report that ozone plays a causative role in the development of insulin resistance, suggesting that it could boost the development of diabetes. We therefore provide a potential mechanism linking pollutant exposure and the increased incidence of metabolic diseases

Plusieurs travaux suggèrent l'implication des polluants de l'environnement dans l'épidémie d'obésité et l'incidence du diabète. Cependant, l'impact cumulé de cette myriade de polluants auxquels l'homme est exposé à faibles doses pendant toute sa vie n'a pas été totalement appréhendé.Au laboratoire, nous utilisons un modèle souris d'exposition chronique (toute la vie) à un mélange de polluants (TCDD, PCB153, DEHP et BPA) via leur ajout à une alimentation obésogène ou standard. Les doses des polluants sont ajustées de sorte à ce que l'exposition soit de l'ordre de la Dose Journalière Tolérable, supposée sans effet chez l'homme, pour chacun des 4 polluants.Nos résultats montrent que dans un contexte d'obésité induite par le régime et à l'âge adulte, l'exposition au mélange de polluants altère le métabolisme hépatique du cholestérol chez les mâles et aggrave l'intolérance au glucose chez les femelles. L'analyse du profil métabolique de femelles immatures nourries avec le régime obésogène indique que les effets des polluants sont liés au contexte hormonal et à l'activité oestrogéno-mimétique des polluants. Enfin, en condition de régime standard, nous observons une dyslipidémie chez les femelles adultes exposées au mélange, possiblement en lien avec la dérégulation génique dans le foie de plusieurs voies métaboliques dont le rythme circadien et le métabolisme du cholestérol. En revanche, les polluants n'ont pas d'effet obésogène.En conclusion, nos travaux démontrent que les polluants en mélange exercent un impact métabolique adverse chez la souris à des doses supposées sans effet individuellement, et ces effets sont dépendants du sexe de l'âge et du contexte alimentaire / Pollutants are suspected to contribute to the etiology of obesity and related metabolic disorders but the current risk assessment does not take into account the cocktail effect resulting from the large amount of chemicals to which humans are exposed.We fed mice with high fat or standard diet with or without a mixture of food pollutants, either persistent pollutants (TCDD, PCB153) or short-lived pollutants (DEHP, BPA). Doses are adjusted resulting in mice exposure at the Tolerable Daily Intake dose range for each pollutant. Mice are chronically exposed from preconception to adult life.We demonstrated that a mixture of 4 pollutants triggers in the adult male offspring (12 weeks) an alteration of hepatic cholesterol metabolism. In females, there was a marked deterioration of glucose tolerance, which may be related to decreased hepatic estrogen signaling. The analyze of 7 week-old female mice, when they exhibit early signs of obesity and immature estrogen levels, shown that pollutant exposure alleviated HFSD-induced glucose intolerance, suggesting apparent biphasic effects of pollutants along with hormonal context. Then we compared hepatic signature of gene expressions from exposed non-obese or non exposed obese females and we highlight 4 main pathways that were targeted by both treatments and appeared to be affected by different but overlapping mechanisms. Plus, we showed that pollutants can markedly alter the circadian clock in the liver.Altogether, we emphasize that, pollutants presented in a mixture, have adverse metabolic effects at doses where they are supposed to be without any individual effect, and these effects depend on the gender, age and dietary context

Rôle des récepteurs aux cannabinoïdes 1 (CB1R) du tissu adipeux sur la lipolyse et conséquences sur le métabolisme glucido-lipidique de la souris.L’obésité s’accompagne d’une dérégulation de la lipolyse responsable d’une libération excessive d’Acides Gras Libres (AGL) qui sont des acteurs majeurs dans la mise en place de la résistance périphérique à l’insuline. En parallèle, il est maintenant bien établi qu’au cours de l’obésité, une altération de l’activité du Système EndoCannabinoïde (SEC) dans plusieurs tissus métaboliques est observée. S’il est bien décrit que l’hyperactivation de ce système au sein du Tissu Adipeux (TA) favorise son expansion, les conséquences sur la lipolyse adipocytaire restent à déterminer.Ces travaux de thèse ont pour objectif principal de préciser le rôle du SEC dans la régulation de la lipolyse. Pour cela, l’AEA, un agoniste des récepteurs aux cannabinoïdes 1 (CB1R) et le JZL195, un inhibiteur des enzymes de dégradation des endocannabinoïdes, ont été utilisés in vivo chez la souris et in vitro sur un modèle d’explants pour augmenter le tonus endocannabinoïde dans le TA et en mesurer les conséquences sur l’activité lipolytique. Ensuite, les effets du blocage du SEC sur la lipolyse ont été étudiés chez la souris obèse par l’utilisation d’un antagoniste spécifique des CB1R, le Rimonabant.Ces travaux montrent que l’activation du SEC adipocytaire dans des conditions d’insulinémie élevée (période postprandiale) conduit à une altération du signal insulinique et à une perte de son effet antilipolytique favorisant le relargage d’AGL et pouvant, à terme, conduire à des effets délétères sur les tissus périphériques. A l’inverse, lorsque les voies de signalisation à l’insuline sont peu actives comme c’est le cas au cours du jeûne, la stimulation du SEC s’accompagne d’une activation de la voie PI3K/Akt freinant la lipolyse induite par le jeûne et favorisant ainsi le stockage des lipides et l’expansion du TA. Cette situation expérimentale est comparable à celle rencontrée au cours de l’obésité qui est associée à la fois, à une faible activité de la voie PI3K/Akt (résistance à l’insuline) et à une hyperactivation du SEC. Le blocage des CB1R par le Rimonabant chez la souris obèse, conduit à une stimulation importante de la lipolyse qui semble dépendre d’une activation de l’adénylate cyclase. Etant donné qu’un traitement par le Rimonabant s’accompagne également d’une augmentation du catabolisme des acides gras, il est raisonnable de penser que dans ces conditions, les AGL libérés n’exercent pas leurs effets délétères.En conclusion, ces travaux suggèrent que l’activation du SEC participe à l’installation d’une résistance à l’insuline dans le TA qui pourrait, à plus long terme, s’étendre aux tissus périphériques via les effets lipotoxiques des AGL issus de la lipolyse. Au cours de l’obésité, l’association d’une insulinorésistance et d’un tonus endocannabinoïde élevé favoriserait le stockage des lipides et l’expansion de la masse grasse. Au final, le blocage ciblé des CB1R du TA pourrait constituer une piste thérapeutique intéressante pour lutter contre les dérégulations métaboliques associées à l’obésité.Mots clés : Obésité, Insulinorésistance, Système Endocannabinoïde, Tissu Adipeux, Lipolyse, Métabolisme glucido-lipidique / Role of adipose tissue cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) on lipolysis and consequences on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in miceObesity is accompanied with lipolysis deregulation responsible for excessive Free Fatty Acid (FFA) release, which are key actors in the implementation of peripheral insulin resistance. In parallel, it is now well established that obesity is associated with EndoCannabinoid System (ECS) activity dysfunction in several metabolic tissues. If it is well described that overactivation of this system in the Adipose Tissue (AT) is favourable to its expansion, the consequences on lipolysis remain to be elucidated.The main objective of this thesis work was to precise the role of ECS on lipolysis regulation. To achieve this, AEA, a cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) agonist and JZL195, an inhibitor of the enzymes responsible for the degradation of endocannabinoids, were used, in vivo in mice and in vitro on an explant model, to increase the endocannabinoid tone in the AT and analyse the consequences on lipolytic activity. Then, ECS blockade effect on lipolysis was studied in obese mice by using a specific CB1R antagonist, Rimonabant.This work demonstrates that activation of ECS under high insulinemia condition (postprandial state) alters insulin signalling limiting its antilipolytic effect and increasing FFA release which can ultimately be deleterious for peripheral tissues. Conversely, when insulin signalling pathways are weakly activated, as it is the case during fasting, ECS activation comes with PI3K/Akt activation impeding fasting induced lipolysis and promoting lipid storage and AT expansion. This experimental situation resembles that encountered in obesity which is associated, both with low activity of PI3K/Akt pathway (insulin resistance) and ECS overactivation. CB1R blockade by Rimonabant in obese mice lead to a strong stimulation of lipolysis which seems to be dependent on adenylate cyclase activation. Considering that Rimonabant treatment was also reported to be associated with improved fatty acid catabolism, it can be advanced that FFA released in excess in these conditions, do not have deleterious effects.In conclusion, this work suggests that ECS activation is involved in the onset of AT insulin resistance which ultimately could indirectly affect peripheral tissues via lipolysis derived FFA lipotoxicity. During obesity, the association of insulin resistance and ECS tone elevation would promote lipid storage and AT expansion. Finally, AT CB1R specific blockade could constitute an interesting therapeutic target limiting metabolic deregulations linked to obesity.Key words: Obesity, Insulin Resistance, Endocannabinoid System, Adipose Tissue, Lipolysis, Lipid and carbohydrate metabolism

Diante da ausência de dados prévios, foi pretendido estabelecer uma correlação entre as possíveis modificações metabólicas e moleculares na resistência insulínica e inflamação em modelos animais de obesidade, induzida pela dieta, recebendo a suplementação de ômega 3/ALA. Além disto, pretendeu-se obter dados que permitam uma melhor elucidação dos mecanismos envolvidos na resistência insulínica neste modelo e um possível efeito preventivo da administração de ALA sobre este processo, podendo, desta forma, auxiliar no desenvolvimento de novas terapias. O objetivo do estudo foi demonstrar que a suplementação ALA reduz a resistência à insulina e a inflamação em modelo animal de obesidade. Foram divididos 40 camundongos machos (C57/BL6) em 4 grupos: controle (C), controle + ômega 3/ALA (CW), obesos (O) e obesas + ômega 3/ALA (OW). Por um período de oito semanas, os grupos O e OW receberam uma dieta hiperlipídica com 60% de lipídeos, enquanto o C e CW receberam ração padrão. Depois, os grupos CW e OW receberam suplementação de 10% de ômega 3/ALA liofilizado, extraído de semente de linhaça, diariamente, por mais 8 semanas. Observando os resultados, todos os grupos de animais tiveram o mesmo ganho de peso, assim como consumo alimentar, eficiência enérgica e eficiência alimentar. O uso do ALA diminuiu o peso da gordura subcutânea no grupo OW comparado ao O e manteve os valores semelhantes entre os outros grupos, no entanto, as comparações do peso do fígado, gordura epididimal, pâncreas e músculo gastrocnemio, foram semelhantes entre todos os grupos. Observou-se uma diminuição na resistência insulínica nos animais OW comparado ao O pelo teste de IPGTT, sendo a área sob a curva de glicose similar entre C e CW. Além disso, os níveis totais de gordura no fígado foram significativamente menores no CW e OW, em comparação com C e O, estes resultados são reforçados pela análise dos tecidos em avaliação histopatológica. Os níveis séricos de glicemia e insulina, ao final do estudo, mostraram uma redução importante em OW comparado a CW, porém, não foi observado diferenças entre os animais obesos suplementados ou não com ômega-3/ALA. Entretanto, quanto à avaliação de resistência insulínica pelo cálculo do HOMA IR, este mostrou-se menor comprando-se OW com O. Os níveis séricos de colesterol total e HDL foram maiores no grupo CW comparados ao C, sendo que os níveis de colesterol total foram menores, também, no grupo OW comparados ao O. No entanto, os valores de triglicérides séricos foram semelhantes entre todos os grupos, assim como valores de triglicérides hepáticos. Colesterol total hepático teve um aumento significativo entre OW e O. As dosagens séricas de IL1, IL6 e MCP1 mostraram uma redução importante em O comparadas com OW. Já quanto a IL17 e TNF, ambas foram equivalentes, nas comparações entre diferentes grupos. A avaliação da ativação do estresse do retículo endoplasmático mostrou que a proteína BIP teve um aumento importante tanto na comparação entre C e CW e também entre O e OW. A também chaperona HSP70 mostrou aumento significativo em ambas as comparações entre grupos, tanto em C e CW quanto em O e OW. GRP94 e IRE1 tiveram resultados semelhantes, sem diferenças entre os grupos, assim como a DAPK1. CHOP teve diminuição importante comparando-se C e CW, e O e OW. Em contrapartida, XBP1 teve diminuição importante na comparação entre os grupos C e CW. Por fim, a suplementação de ômega 3/ALA mostrou ser eficaz na prevenção de esteatose hepática, redução de resistência insulínica, diminuição do processo inflamatório, e redução da ativação do estresse do retículo endoplasmático em tecido hepático. / Given the absence of previous data, it is intended to establish a possible correlation between metabolic and molecular changes in insulin resistance and inflammation in animals receiving supplementation of -linoleic acid (ALA) found in flaxseeds oil. Furthermore, we intend to obtain data for an elucidation of the mechanisms involved in insulin resistance and preventive effect of administration of ALA on this process and may thus aid the development of new therapies. The aim of study was prove the ALA supplementation reduces insulin resistance and inflammation in an obesity animal model. 40 male mice (C57/BL6) were divided into 4 groups: control (C), control + omega 3/ALA (CW), obese (O) + omega 3/ALA and obese (OW). For a period of eight weeks, the groups O and OW received a high-fat diet with 60% fat, while the C and CW received regular chow. Then, the CW and OW groups were supplemented with 10% omega 3/ALA lyophilized, extracted from flaxseed daily, for another 8 weeks. Analyzing the results, all groups of animals had the same weight gain, and food consumption, food efficiency and energetic efficiency. The use of ALA decreased subcutaneous fat weight in group OW compared to O and remained similar values between the other groups, however, comparisons of the size of liver tissue, epididymal fat, pancreas and gastrocnemius muscle were similar among all groups. There was a decrease in insulin resistance in animals OW compared to O by GTT test, with an area under the curve of glucose similar between C and CW. Moreover, the total liver fat levels were significantly lower in CW and OW compared to C and O, these results are reinforced by histopathological tissues analysis. Serum glucose and insulin levels, at the end of the study, showed a significant reduction in OW compared to CW, however, no differences were observed between the obese animals supplemented or not with omega 3/ALA. Meanwhile, about the valuation of insulin resistance calculating by HOMA IR, this was lower in OW compared with O. Serum total cholesterol and HDL levels were higher in CW compared to the group C, and total cholesterol levels were also lower in the OW group compared to O. However, the serum levels of triglyceride were similar among all groups as well as hepatic triglycerides values. Hepatic total cholesterol increased significantly between OW and O. Serum levels of IL1, IL6 and MCP1 showed a significant reduction in O compared to OW. As for IL17 and TNF were similar for both comparisons between different groups. The evaluation of endoplasmic reticulum stress activation showed the BIP protein had a significant increase in the comparison between CW and C and also between OW and O. The also chaperone HSP70 showed a significant increase in both comparisons between groups, both in C and CW as for O and OW. GRP94 and IRE1 had similar results, with no differences between groups, as well as DAPK1. CHOP had significant decrease comparing CW and C, and O and OW. In contrast, XBP1 had significant reduction in the comparison between groups C and CW. Finally, omega 3/ALA supplementation showed to be effective in preventing hepatic esteatose, the reduction of insulin resistance, inflammation decrease, and reduction of activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver tissue.