This dissertation explores how natural ecosystem can be integrated with economic system through two case studies of multiple species interactions, or predator-prey relations. By the inclusion of biological, ecological and economic aspects, the integrated approaches aim at more clearly understanding of how regional ecosystem and economy interact with each other, given threats of resource extinction and environmental shock. I also explain strategies and policy regimes that can be considered to achieve efficient and sustainable ecosystem management in those circumstances. The first case study focuses on a predator-prey relation in the Pacific Ocean between the United States and Canada, where endangered/threatened predators feed primarily on commercially valuable species as prey. Accounting for the importance of those predators as critical natural resources for whale watching industry, this case study synthesizes the species biological and the regional economic systems, and analyzes possible management strategies for both ecosystem conservation and sustainable economic growth. A long-term drought and fragmented management has been one of the critical issues in the Great Salt Lake (GSL) ecosystem that is linked with its regional economy in Utah. For this issue, the second case study builds an integrated model for describing how the lakes main natural resources, such as water, brine shrimp, and migratory birds, are related to primary industries in the region including agriculture, mining, fishery, and recreation. With the model framework, the study presents how the prolonged drought affects both the GSL ecosystem and its rigional economy, and suggests economic management strategies for the lakes ecosystem recovery in the presence of drought.

The planet is currently experiencing a massive shift in the migration of people towards highly populous metropolitan regions which offer a better quality of life, which has resulted in rapid development and expansion. Meanwhile, the recent studies on climate change have shed light on precipitation events becoming increasingly wetter and intense. This rapid change in the land use patterns coupled with the climate change has increased the risk of flooding and puts the massive investment in the infrastructure, economy, and human life at a greater risk than ever before. This study aims to analyze the impacts of the stormwater infrastructure on the hydrology and hydraulics of highly urbanized environments. Traditional flood modeling approaches of independent hydrologic and hydraulic models have progressed into more complex models which can integrate the surface and sub-surface along with their interactions as the understanding of these physical processes and the availability of computational power has increased. A fully integrated hydro-systems model based on a distributed modeling approach is developed for a portion of the City of Minneapolis in Minnesota, USA which incorporates the surface hydraulics, stormwater infrastructure, vadose zone and a dynamic water table which realistically represents all the hydrologic and hydraulics processes. The result of this study shows the incorporation of the stormwater infrastructure in the integrated model leads to lower flood inundation areas, reduced vadose zone storage and lowered groundwater table for design flows as well as real events. The model displayed consistent results for the impact of stormwater infrastructure when tested across varied antecedent soil conditions. Ultimately this study proposes the implementation of a fully integrated hydro-systems modeling approach which link the hydrology and the hydraulics of the surface, sub-surface and stormwater infrastructure systems for a better representation of the flood hydrodynamics in urbanized regions.

This thesis develops a time-domain integrated modeling approach for design of hybrid-electric marine propulsion systems that enables co-simulation of powertrain dynamics along with ship hydrodynamics. This work illustrates the model-based design and analysis methodology by performing a case study for an EV conversion of a short-cross ferry using the BC Ferries’ M.V. Klitsa. A data acquisition study was performed to establish the typical mission cycle of the ship for its crossing route between Brentwood Bay and Mill Bay, across the Saanich Inlet near Victoria, BC Canada. The data provided by the data acquisition study serves as the primary means of validation for the model’s ability to accurately predict powertrain loads over the vessel’s standard crossing. This functionality enables model-based powertrain and propulsion system design optimization through simulation to intelligently deploy hybrid-electric propulsion architectures. The ship dynamics model is developed using a Newton-Euler approach which incorporates hydrodynamic coefficient data produced by potential flow solvers. The radiation forces resulting from vessel motion are fit to continuous time-domain transfer functions for computational efficiency. The ship resistance drag matrix is parameterized using results from uRANS CFD studies that span the operating range of the vessel. A model of the existing well-mounted azimuthing propeller is developed to predict thrust production and mechanical torque for pseudo-second quadrant operation to represent all operating conditions seen in real operation. The propeller model is parameterized from the results of a series of uRANS CFD on the propeller geometry. A full battery-electric powertrain model is produced to study the accuracy of the model in predicting the drivetrain loads, as well as assessing the technological feasibility of an EV conversion for this particular vessel. A dual-polarization equivalent circuit model is created for a large-scale LTO battery pack. An average value model with MTPA control and dynamics loss model is developed for a commercially available electric drive system. Power loss models were developed for required converter topologies for computational efficiency. The model results for load prediction are compared to data acquired, and results indicate that the approach is effective for enabling the study of various powertrain architecture alternatives. / Graduate

A novel integrated modeling methodology for NEMS is presented. Nano scale device models include typical effects found, at this scale, in various domains. The methodology facilitates the insertion of quantum corrections to nanoscale device models when they are simulated within multi-domain environments, as is performed in the MEMS industry. This methodology includes domain-oriented approximations from ab-initio modeling. In addition, the methodology includes the selection of quantum mechanical compact models that can be integrated with basic electronic circuits or non-electronic lumped element models. Nanoelectronic device modeling integration in mixed signal systems is reported. The modeling results are compatible with standard hardware description language entities and building blocks. This methodology is based on the IEEE VHDL-AMS, which is an industry standard modeling and simulation hardware description language. The methodology must be object oriented in order to be shared with current and future nanotechnology modeling resources, which are available worldwide. In order to integrate them inside a Learning Management System (LMS), models were formulated and adapted for educational purposes. The electronic nanodevice models were translated to a standardized format for learning objects by following the Shareable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM). The SCORM format not only allows models reusability inside the framework of the LMS, but their applicability to various educational levels as well. The model of a molecular transistor was properly defined, integrated and translated using SCORM rules and reused for educational purposes at various levels. A very popular LMS platform was used to support these tasks. The LMS platform compatibility skills were applied to test the applicability and reusability of the generated learning objects. Model usability was successfully tested and measured within an undergraduate nanotechnology course in an electrical engineering program. The model was reused at the graduate level and adapted afterwards to a nanotechnology education program for school teachers. Following known Learning Management Systems, the developed methodology was successfully formulated and adapted for education.

Intensive human-environment interactions are taking place in Midwestern agricultural systems. An integrated modeling framework is suitable for predicting dynamics of key variables of the socio-economic, biophysical, hydrological processes as well as exploring the potential transitions of system states in response to changes of the driving factors. The purpose of this dissertation is to address issues concerning the interacting processes and consequent changes in land use, water balance, and water quality using an integrated modeling framework. This dissertation is composed of three studies in the same agricultural watershed, the Clear Creek watershed in East-Central Iowa. In the first study, a parsimonious hydrologic model, the Threshold-Exceedance-Lagrangian Model (TELM), is further developed into RS-TELM (Remote Sensing TELM) to integrate remote sensing vegetation data for estimating evapotranspiration. The goodness of fit of RS-TELM is comparable to a well-calibrated SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) and even slightly superior in capturing intra-seasonal variability of stream flow. The integration of RS LAI (Leaf Area Index) data improves the model's performance especially over the agriculture dominated landscapes. The input of rainfall datasets with spatially explicit information plays a critical role in increasing the model's goodness of fit. In the second study, an agent-based model is developed to simulate farmers' decisions on crop type and fertilizer application in response to commodity and biofuel crop prices. The comparison between simulated crop land percentage and crop rotations with satellite-based land cover data suggest that farmers may be underestimating the effects that continuous corn production has on yields (yield drag). The simulation results given alternative market scenarios based on a survey of agricultural land owners and operators in the Clear Creek Watershed show that, farmers see cellulosic biofuel feedstock production in the form of perennial grasses or corn stover as a more risky enterprise than their current crop production systems, likely because of market and production risks and lock in effects. As a result farmers do not follow a simple farm-profit maximization rule. In the third study, the consequent water quantity and quality change of the potential land use transitions given alternative biofuel crop market scenarios is explored in a case study in the Clear Creek watershed. A computer program is developed to implement the loose-coupling strategy to couple an agent-based land use model with SWAT. The simulation results show that watershed-scale water quantity (water yield and runoff) and quality variables (sediment and nutrient loads) decrease in values as switchgrass price increases. However, negligence of farmers risk aversions towards biofuel crop adoption would cause overestimation of the impacts of switchgrass price on water quantity and quality.

New and growing demands to finite and fully allocated water resources in the semi-arid southwestern United States mean that existing water resources must be managed with increasing efficiency to minimize shortages and associated social conflict. Computer based simulations can provide a powerful tool to aid in policy related decisions. This dissertation describes the development of a simulation model of the Rio Grande surface water and groundwater system for use in scenario evaluation. The primary model goal is to integrate cross disciplinary science at a basin scale, and make it easily accessible to a wide range of stakeholders. To achieve this at a river basin scale, three existing groundwater models and one surface water model were simplified and combined in a system dynamics framework using the commercial software package Powersim Studio 2005. To this physical model, a simple human behavioral model and user interface was added. The resulting scenario evaluation tool runs 40 year simulations on a laptop computer in tens of seconds, with inputs that are easily changed by non-expert users via a graphic, user friendly interface.

ANDRADE, B. R. Compreensão da problemática da periferização por segregação involuntária no planejamento da acessibilidade e mobilidade em Fortaleza. 2016. 114 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia de Transportes)-Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016. / Submitted by Zacarias Barbosa Matias Junior (zaca@det.ufc.br) on 2017-08-09T14:18:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_ brandrade.pdf: 5384208 bytes, checksum: 1709f20bef2e3b06dcf7310b3764e2d5 (MD5) / Rejected by Marlene Sousa (mmarlene@ufc.br), reason: Prezada Beatriz, Falta ainda ser corrigido em sua dissertação: 1. Na Ficha catalográfica corrigir no titulo o uso de caixa alta: somente a primeira letra do título, substantivos próprios ou siglas (se houver) devem ser maiúscula, conforme está na aba: instruções de preenchimento do formulário disponível em: http://fichacatalografica.ufc.br/ 2. O que significa colocar na lista de figuras Erro! Indicador não definido? Faz parte do seu trabalho? Se não, por favor retire. 3. No sumário a ABNT recomenda o uso de algarismos arábicos. Ex. 3.3.1.a deve ser 3.3.1.1 em 3.3.1.b deve ser 3.3.1.2 No sumário retirar a pontuação no final na numeração. Ex. 1 INTRODUÇÃO No sumário verificar o alinhamento a esquerda, uso de negrito, maiúsculo e itálico nas seções. Veja modelo no template disponível em: http://www.biblioteca.ufc.br/educacao-de-usuarios/1234-templates 4. Na lista de REFERÊNCIAS a palavra deve ser centralizada na folha O sobrenome dos autores são em caixa alta e o ano da publicação é no final e não vizinho ao nome. Você deve adequar suas referencias a cada tipo de material conforme está no template. Por ex. quando referenciamos artigos de periódicos o que fica em negrito não é o título do trabalho e sim o nome da revista. A citação de volume, numero e paginas deve ser abreviado v. n. p. Veja pelo template como referenciar cada tipo de material e corrija em toda a lista. Atenciosamente, Marlene Rocha mmarlene@ufc.br 3366-9620 on 2017-08-10T16:51:37Z (GMT) / Submitted by Zacarias Barbosa Matias Junior (zaca@det.ufc.br) on 2017-08-16T12:46:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_ brandrade.pdf: 5580455 bytes, checksum: 255e1f0d018121c22b9a0f2f8fa8d6ad (MD5) / Rejected by Marlene Sousa (mmarlene@ufc.br), reason: Prezada Beatriz, Falta alterar o sumário para atender as normas da ABNT. Vou tentar explicar melhor. 1. A partir do item 2 como continua em outra linha, vc deve colocar a palavra segregação embaixo da letra I de Identificação e não retornar para baixo do numeral 2. Então, sempre que não couber na mesma linha a continuação é logo abaixo da margem da linha de cima. Ex. 2.2 Residencial deve ficar na margem da palavra Contextualização e assim também, em toda a lista. 2. Em 3.3.1.a Medida fica na mesma margem da palavra modelo da linha de cima. 3. O sumário fica todo em negrito com exceção da seção quaternárias ( com 4 dígitos) que fica só em itálico e sem negrito. Ex. 3.3.1.a Att. Marlene Rocha 3366-9620 on 2017-08-16T17:03:16Z (GMT) / Submitted by Zacarias Barbosa Matias Junior (zaca@det.ufc.br) on 2017-08-28T16:54:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_ brandrade.pdf: 5552146 bytes, checksum: 83650abc3a8472d8d5de0ab6bfb5ced9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marlene Sousa (mmarlene@ufc.br) on 2017-08-28T19:34:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_ brandrade.pdf: 5552146 bytes, checksum: 83650abc3a8472d8d5de0ab6bfb5ced9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-28T19:34:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_ brandrade.pdf: 5552146 bytes, checksum: 83650abc3a8472d8d5de0ab6bfb5ced9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-31 / The phenomenon of the peripheralization, one of the largest urban problems today, restricts the share of the population that lives in urban fringes to actively participate in the Urbis as an area of social, political and economic exchanges, that is, directly impacts in the accessibility of people to activities they want accomplish in urban space. Depending on the amount and intensity of the restrictions imposed on a group disability in their levels of accessibility and mobility can generate a scenario of social exclusion, which makes the low-income population that inhabits the periphery (involuntary segregation) a risk group. In this master's research, to achieve the overall objective to understand the marginal involuntary segregation in Fortaleza through of the integrated problematic modeling, benefited from a necessary systematization of integrated planning process of accessibility and urban mobility, that is highlighted in three areas: theoretical and conceptual (through conceptual model ALUTI), methodological and operational. Considering the complexity of the studied phenomenon, to systematize operationally problematic and assist primarily in the diagnosis stage (prognosis and assessment scenario), the computing platform TRANUS was used, which bolstered the modeling of the indicators used to characterize involuntary peripheralization and diagnose the causal links between this problem, that is embodied in the subsystem of land use, and levels of accessibility and mobility of low population income living in these conditions segregation. / O fenômeno da periferização, um dos maiores problemas urbanos da atualidade, restringe a parcela da população que vive nas franjas urbanas a participar ativamente da urbis enquanto espaço de trocas sociais, políticas e econômicas, ou seja, impacta diretamente na acessibilidade das pessoas às atividades que desejam realizar no espaço urbano. A depender da quantidade e intensidade das restrições impostas a um grupo, a deficiência nos seus níveis de acessibilidade e de mobilidade pode gerar um cenário de exclusão social, o que faz da população de baixa renda que habita a periferia (segregação involuntária) um grupo de risco. Nesta pesquisa de mestrado, para atingir o objetivo geral de compreender a periferização por segregação involuntária em Fortaleza através da modelagem integrada dessa problemática, beneficiou-se de uma necessária sistematização do processo de planejamento integrado da acessibilidade e mobilidade urbanas, sendo ela destacada em três vertentes: teórico-conceitual (através de modelo conceitual ALUTI), metodológica e operacional. Considerando a complexidade do fenômeno estudado, para sistematizar operacionalmente a problemática e auxiliar principalmente na etapa de diagnóstico (prognóstico e avaliação de cenário), foi utilizada a plataforma computacional Tranus (modelo de localização de atividades, distribuição espacial do uso do solo, assim como de demanda e oferta de transportes), a qual amparou a modelagem dos indicadores utilizados para caracterizar a periferização involuntária e diagnosticar as relações causais entre essa problemática, que se materializa no subsistema de uso do solo, e os níveis de acessibilidade e mobilidade da população de baixa renda que vive nessas condições de segregação.

La fusion par confinement magnétique est actuellement la voie la plus avancée pour produire de l’énergie grâce à la réaction de fusion. L’un des défis à relever concerne la contamination du plasma par le Tungstène (W), un matériau capable de résister aux hauts flux de chaleur. A cause de son grand nombre atomique, le W rayonne dans les plasmas de tokamak. S’il s’accumule au cœur du tokamak, il refroidit le plasma. Il est donc crucial de comprendre les mécanismes du transport du W et d’identifier les paramètres favorisant son accumulation. Le W interagit de façon non-linéaire avec les différents paramètres du plasma. La simulation intégrée est le seul outil permettant à tous ces paramètres d’être simulés de façon auto-consistante durant plusieurs temps de confinement. Pour la première fois, l’outil de simulation intégrée est couplé à des codes de transport premiers principes modélisant de façon auto-consistante les transports turbulent et collisionnel du W, les profils de densité, température, rotation, radiation, et l’évolution du chauffage. Pour des raisons numériques, certains phénomènes ne sont pas modélisés et l'interaction plasma/paroi interne est simplifiée. A chaque pas de temps, cette simulation reproduit avec succès les signaux expérimentaux et le comportement du W. De plus, des acteurs responsables de l’accumulation du W (la rotation et la source centrale de particules) sont identifiés. Enfin, la simulation intégrée a permis de mettre en lumière l’effet stabilisant du W sur la turbulence. Le travail accompli montre que la simulation intégrée premiers principes permet désormais d'optimiser à l'avance les scénarios de plasma afin d'y limiter l'accumulation de W. / Magnetic confinement fusion is currently the most advanced way to produce energy thanks to Deuterium/Tritium reaction. One of the challenges is the limitation of the reaction contamination because of Tungsten (W), a material capable of resisting high heat fluxes. W large atomic number causes W to radiate inside tokamak plasmas. If W accumulates in the central part, it cools down the plasma. It is therefore crucial to understand the mechanisms of W transport and identify the actuators of the accumulation process. W transport is involved in complex interplays with the plasma parameters (density, temperature, rotation). Therefore the use of integrated modeling is mandatory in order to evolve self-consistently all those parameters for several confinement times. For the first time, an integrated modeling tool is coupled to first-principle transport codes to self-consistently simulate the time evolution of the W behavior, as well as the evolution of density, temperature, rotation profiles, radiation and external heating. For numerical reasons, several phenomena are not modeled, and the physics of the interaction with the inner wall is simplified. At each time step, this simulation successfully reproduces experimental profiles and the W central accumulation. Moreover, actuators of the central W accumulation (rotation and central particle fueling) were identified. Finally, integrated modeling simulation allowed bringing out a very interesting non-linear mechanism: the stabilizing effect of W on turbulence. This work demonstrates that first-principles integrated modeling now allows to design and optimize in advance plasma scenarios with limited W central accumulation.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O planejamento complexo de cidades exige o desenvolvimento de modelos conceituais do funcionamento e dependÃncias mÃtuas dos seus elementos constituintes. Jà hà algumas dÃcadas, as comunidades tÃcnico-cientÃficas associadas ao planejamento de cidades tentam modelar a interaÃÃo entre os subsistemas urbanos de uso do solo e transportes. Seus esforÃos isolados conseguiram alcanÃar certo Ãxito na representaÃÃo parcial do fenÃmeno urbano, mas ainda esbarram na dificuldade de tratar tais sistemas multidimensionais como uma problemÃtica Ãnica, abrangente e integrada. A partir de uma revisÃo dos modelos conceituais acerca de sistemas LUTI (IntegraÃÃo de Uso do solo e Transportes, do original âLand Use and Transport Interactionâ) verificou-se um conjunto de fragilidades conceituais que dificultam o processo de modelagem integrada do fenÃmeno urbano. Dentre estas fragilidades destaca-se o fato de estes esforÃos nÃo representarem a contento, ou mesmo reconhecerem, de que subsistemas à constituÃdo o sistema urbano. Consequentemente, reconhecemos a necessidade do desenvolvimento de uma proposta de modelagem conceitual sistÃmica do fenÃmeno urbano, que incorpore aspectos de dinamicidade da relaÃÃo entre os subsistemas de atividades, uso do solo e transportes. Esta proposta de modelo, chamado de modelo ALUTI (âActivity, Land Use and Transport Interactionâ), constitui uma ferramenta de comunicaÃÃo entre as comunidades tÃcnico-cientÃficas de planejamento de cidades. Ela à baseada na teoria microeconÃmica de relaÃÃes oferta/demanda e na suposiÃÃo das relaÃÃes de causalidade entre subsistemas, a partir de um modelo âa prioriâ, baseado na literatura. A aplicabilidade do modelo ALUTI à verificada para trÃs etapas fundamentais do planejamento da mobilidade e acessibilidade. Primeiro (1), como ferramenta demonstrativa da evoluÃÃo dos paradigmas do planejamento dos transportes, que và hoje o paradigma do planejamento da acessibilidade como caminho plausÃvel à integraÃÃo transdisciplinar dos esforÃos de planejamento. Segundo (2), como ferramenta representativa dos problemas que afligem os atores partÃcipes do fenÃmeno urbano. Desta aplicaÃÃo, reconhecemos problemas derivados de: proposiÃÃes metodolÃgicas; valores e princÃpios norteadores do planejamento; e de categorias distintas de restriÃÃes à acessibilidade. A terceira aplicaÃÃo do modelo ALUTI (3) à como ferramenta auxiliar à interpretaÃÃo das relaÃÃes de dependÃncia entre problemas, e de sua caracterizaÃÃo (quantificaÃÃo/qualificaÃÃo). Esta Ãltima aplicaÃÃo do modelo ALUTI evidencia a contribuiÃÃo do presente trabalho na definiÃÃo de hipÃteses de causalidade entre os elementos constituintes do sistema urbano integrado, e no auxÃlio à construÃÃo de indicadores que nos permitam melhor entender as relaÃÃes complexas entre problemas e restriÃÃes de acessibilidade. / A complex city planning requires the development of conceptual models of how these systems work and of the mutual dependencies of its constituent elements. For some decades now, the technical and scientific communities responsible for the city planning have been building some conceptual models of urban land use and transport interaction (LUTI). Isolated efforts of these communities have achieved some success in representing the urban phenomenon (understood as a complex system). They still encounter some difficulties in dealing with such multidimensional systems in a complex way. To achieve such goal it would require a more comprehensive and integrated approach. From the literature review of existing conceptual models that address the representation of LUTI systems we could find a set of conceptual weaknesses that hinder the integrated modeling of urban phenomena. Among these weaknesses we highlight that these efforts do not represent satisfactorily, or even recognize, subsystems that comprise the urban system. For this reason, we understand the need to develop a proposal for a systemic conceptual model for the urban phenomena. One that incorporates the dynamic aspects of the relationship among at least three subsystems (activities, land use and transport). The proposed model, called ALUTI model ("Activity, Land Use and Transport Interaction"), is a tool for communication between the technical and scientific communities of city planning. It is based on the microeconomic theory of supply/demand balance relationship, and the assumption of causal relationships between subsystems, derived from an âa prioriâ model. The applicability of the ALUTI model is verified for, at least, three basic stages of mobility and accessibility planning: Problem representation, characterization and diagnosis. First (1) as a demonstrative tool of the evolution of transport planning paradigms, which culminates today with the paradigm of accessibility planning as plausible path to the integration of transdisciplinary planning efforts. Second (2), as a representative tool of the problems afflicting the actors involved in urban phenomenon. In this application, we recognize a set of derivative problems: from the theoretical and methodological interpretations of the problems; from the guiding values and principles of planning; and from different types of accessibility restrictions. The ALUTI model third application (3) is as an auxiliary tool to the interpretation of dependency relationships between problems, and its characterization (quantification / qualification). This last application for the ALUTI model highlights the contribution of this work in defining causality hypotheses between the elements of integrated urban systems, and as an aid for the construction of indicators that enable us to better understand the complex relationships between problems and accessibility restrictions.

Availability of and access to water and energy are key ingredients for economic and social development. Predictions show that pressure on already limited water and energy resources is expected to increase in many parts of the world as a result of growing populations, rapid urbanization, increasing pollution and climate change impacts. The water and energy systems are highly interdependent and these interlinks provide important opportunities to improve resource security and prevent inefficient decisions which could exacerbate problems even further. This thesis explores the benefits to be gained from and the drawbacks of ignoring the various interlinks. A review of several existing water-energy integration modeling methodologies shows that the different physical, temporal and spatial characteristics of the water and energy systems present several hurdles in analyzing the two resources simultaneously. This thesis overcomes many of these issues by developing a fully integrated hard-linked water-energy linear optimization model. A case study from Spain is used to demonstrate the applications of the model for simultaneous analysis of water, energy and climate change adaptation strategies. An integrated approach is shown to have several benefits including lower total costs, better resource efficiency and improved robustness for a wide range of variations in several uncertain parameters. / <p>QC 20171106</p>