Nonprofit Organization¡]NPO¡^is a important part for civic society. This paper tries to review the relation between NPO and social development, and try to find some way to develop and help the economic of Kaohsiung. It will be a start point for social and NPO¡¦s development. ¡§An integrated public affairs management framework¡¨ is adopted to describe and analyze the social condition in society. To doing this, we try to present a broad overview of developmental issue in Kaohsiung. And we uses IIT¡]Information Integration Theory¡^and IM¡]Interactive Management¡^to help us to understand what people think about NPO and what can NPO do about the economic of Kaohsiung. The conclusion is that, (1) the result of IIT and IM is not significant between pre-test and post-test; it means it is not change the cognition of participants. (2) The social condition of Kaohsiung is declining gradually, including behavioral and cognitive aspect. (3) Economy is the core driver in that society and political evolve and better thrive when the material or economic aspect is strong or well address.The key point is the relation between cross-strait for the development of Kaohsiung. So NPO need to promote the cooperative between cross-strait and to find solution for both China and Taiwan.

Abstract In order to understand whether the public improves their faith in justice after 15-year reforms, and whether the result of verdict meets the expectations of the public, this research regards the sentences from the Judge as a decision-making to discuss whether there is any difference in the integration models of sentencing factors and seriousness among the role in the Court. The research analyzes the functions of justice from the viewpoints of Integrated Reference Framework for Public Affairs Management (PAM), and anatomizes the phenomena presenting by Society Develop Matrix (SDM) in every development stage. The research adopts the experimental methods of Information Integration Theory (IIT), and divides the subjects into five roles: Judges, Prosecutors, Lawyers, Inmates and the General Public. The research selects the subjects from Kaohsiung, Tainan and Pingtung, and offers the two cases of ¡§Traffic¡¨ and ¡§Waste Disposal¡¨ to acquire the integration modes of ¡§the Damage from Criminal¡¨ and ¡§the Attitudes after committing crimes ¡¨ in the measurement of punishment. Here are the research findings: 1. Individual subject from the five roles mostly uses ¡§Equal-Weight Averaging Model¡¨ to combine the two factors of the damages from committing crimes and the attitudes after committing crimes. 2. The types of case influence sentences and the waste disposal cases are obviously much more serious than the traffic cases. 3. The order of cases has no influence on sentences. 4. There is no significant difference in penalty measurement in traffic court cases among the five roles. However, there are significant variations in waste disposal cases, especially between the attorneys and the general public, while the attorneys expect lighter penalty measurement than the general public. 5. After the justice reformation, there have been slight differences in cognitive models of sentences. Keywords: Public Affairs Management, Information Integration Theory, justice reforms, sentencing

In this expository thesis we describe the Bochner integral for functions taking values in a separable Banach space, and we describe how a number of standard definitions and results in real analysis can be extended for these functions, with an emphasis on Hilbert-space-valued functions. We then present a partial vector-valued version of a classical theorem on singular integrals.

Vårt syfte med denna studie är att titta på hur lärare uppfattar elevers motivation på gymnasienivå i ämnet idrott och hälsa. Därtill ska vi undersöka hur dagens lärare motiverar sina elever i undervisningen, samt titta på vilka faktorer som lärarna anser spelar roll för att motivera eleverna i ämnet. Vårt teoretiska perspektiv som vi utgår från i uppsatsen är Organismic Integration Theory, men vårt resultat av studien är även kopplad till andra relevanta begrepp. Urvalet gick ut på att vi kontaktade sex stycken idrott och hälsa-lärare som arbetar på gymnasiet, och frågade dem angående hur motivationen ser ut i gymnasieklasserna för tillfället. Resultatet vi kom fram till var att lärarna såg en stor spridning i motivation hos gymnasieeleverna, samt att det är flera faktorer som påverkar elevernas motivation i idrott och hälsa-undervisningen, där betyg och stimulans är huvudfaktorerna enligt lärarna. Hur man som lärare arbetar för att motivera elever fick vi spridda svar på, men en gemensam faktor som majoriteten av lärarna ansåg var att relationen mellan lärare och elev samt innehållet spelar störst roll.

This study was designed to examine the ability to use prior knowledge in text comprehension and knowledge integration. The focus of the research was on effects of different degrees of subjects' theoretical knowledge in the domain of biochemistry on their comprehension of written technical materials describing experimental procedures and results, and the ability to integrate such new text derived information with prior theoretical knowledge considered by experts to be relevant to the topic. Effects of cues on the accessibility and use of prior knowledge were also examined. Pre-test questions testing the extent of subjects' prior knowledge of photosynthesis, and a "cue article" specifically designed to prime subjects' relevant prior knowledge of photosynthesis, served as cues in the study. / A theoretical model of experts' knowledge was developed from a semantic analysis of expert-produced texts. This "expert model" was used to evaluate the extent of students' theoretical knowledge of photosynthesis, and its accessibility while applying it to the experimental tasks. College students and university graduate students served as subjects in the study, permitting a contrast of groups varying in prior knowledge of and expertise in chemistry. / Statistical analyses of data obtained from coding subjects' verbal protocols against text propositions and the expert model revealed that prior knowledge and comprehension contribute significantly to predicting knowledge integration, but they are not sufficient for this process to take place. It appears that qualitative aspects and specific characteristics of subjects' knowledge structure contribute to the process of integration, not simply the amount of accumulated knowledge. There was also evidence that there are specific inferential processes unique to knowledge integration that differentiate it from test comprehension. Cues manifested their effects on performance on comprehension tasks and integrative tasks only through their interactions with other factors. Furthermore, it was found that textual complexity placed specific constraints on students' performance: the application of textual information to the integrative tasks and students' ability to build conceptual frame representations based on text propositions depended on the complexity of the textual material. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

No description available.

<p>Placed within the context of the dynamic relationship that exists between state-level actors, supranational institutions, and individual citizens in Europe, this analysis endeavours to examine some of the main issues surrounding European integration theory, the institutionalisation of the European Union, and the so-called 'democratic deficit'. While recognising that much of the debate surrounding multilevel governance in Europe has traditionally focused upon the effects convergence has and will continue to have on predominantly state-level variables, it is my contention that centralised political institutions in European are bound to endure perpetual mismanagement and a lack of majority individual support should the integration process continue down the path of political integration and 'polity'-building without first resolving inherent legitimacy problems. Furthermore, without entrenching the necessary foundations of legitimate governance within the integration process, political allegiance to the European Union will never be able to achieve the same level of tacit support amongst individuals as primary allegiance to the nation-state. The analysis thus focuses on how European integration and 'supranationalism' has affected the relationship that exists between individual citizens and decision-makers at the 'European' level, vis-a-vis democracy, accountability, transparency and accessibility. An assumption is first made that legitimacy' in governance flows from the existence of strong democratic linkages between individual citizens and their decision-makers (vis-a-vis output, input and social legitimacy). Building heavily upon the work of Held, Schmitter and Dahl, the thesis compares the institutional structure of the EU to a model of 'legitimate' democratic governance. It also raised questions concerning the transferability, to the supranational level, of state-centred theories of democracy and representation, and challenges several approaches to understanding the place of 'identity' and Putnam's 'social capital' and 'trust' in polity-building. To accomplish this task, a normative and functional evaluation is conducted on the 'nature' of the European Union and its institutions (intergovernmentalism vs. supranationalism). Milward's definition of 'allegiance' is also particularly helpful in describing the multi-layered characteristic of individual identification towards different levels of national and supranational governance, especially in a European context. </p> <p>Following the theoretical portion of the analysis, a closer examination is made of the institutions of the European Union and their respective levels of transparency and accountability. As a case study, the Report of the Committee of Independent Experts to the European Parliament (March 1999) is used to show how ineffective some of the institutions, namely the European Commission, have been at resolving perceived accountability problems. The thesis suggests how core institutions may be reformed, as well as alternatives to the current structure of the Union's activities. The analysis then concludes by focusing on how legitimate structures of governance have been jeopardised in Europe, and how the integration process has, and continues to, place the advantages accrued through economic harmonisation and policy convergence ahead of the need for political stability and the entrenchment of strong, democratic institutions at the supranational level.</p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Syftet med studien var att undersöka SPIRA-projektets deltagares uppfattningar om motivation och uppfattningar om projektets eventuella påverkan på motivationen. Samt uppfattningar hos några tidigare deltagare i projektet. SPIRA-projektets syfte är att stärka kompetensen hos sina deltagare och målgruppen är individer som varit arbetslösa i ett år eller mer, alternativt sjukskrivna i minst sex månader. Tidigare forskning inom arbetslöshet och motivation tyder på att de individer som drivs av en motivation med en hög grad autonomi har en större chans att vara lyckosamma. De anses även vara mer ihärdiga i sitt arbetssökande och har ett högre välmående än de som drivs av motivation med en låg grad autonomi. Däremot har ingen liknande undersökning gjorts inom denna grupp. Metoden i studien var semi-strukturerad enkät med öppna frågor och enkäten delades ut till 20 nuvarande deltagare och 15 tidigare deltagare, varav 20 nuvarande och 5 tidigare svarade. Bearbetningen av empirin genomfördes med inspiration av Self-Determination Theory och dess underteori, Organismic Integration Theory (OIT), där det finns olika grader av motivation. Slutsatserna i studien är att respondenterna uppfattar motivation som någonting med en hög grad autonomi. De drivs även överlag av en motivation med en hög grad av autonomi, men det är ofta ett förväntat yttre värde som ligger bakom motivationen. Vidare är även respondenterna generellt nöjda med projektets utformning och de främjande faktorerna inom projektet kännetecknas av en hög grad autonomi. Samtidigt som de hämmande faktorerna präglas av en låg grad av autonomi.

In the integrated public affairs management framework, except information communication, mass communication media also have economic industrial characteristics. Issues from mass communication media must make people have clinical and neutral cognition to avoided influences on people¡¦s judgements about facts. According to the study of the third-person effect, we proved that people mentually exist cognitive biases against communication information. Thus they always become operated subjects of elections. In order to understand subjects¡¦ cognitive and judge models, we employed three major factors, two situations of negative and positive news about THSR (Taiwan High-Speed Railway) to design our Information Integration Theory research. We also compared with the south and north people in Taiwan to show unbalances of the regional development about mass media and population quality. Findings of the research are as follow¡G 1. The north people with different issue involvements, have more movements in the the third-person effect in the negative news situation. 2. In the negative news situation, the north people¡¦s third-person effect and information reliability were represented by a negative correlation. 3. Media expose and people¡¦s third-person effect were represented by a positive correlation. 4. People¡¦s information integration models were following the adding rule. 5. The north people have more intention to support media regulation with the public opinion and actions. At last, we concluded several suggestions: 1. Unbalances of the regional development in Taiwan not only between the south and north, we must invest more resources to study and record. 2. Our study was a tiny subsection of public affairs management framework, researchers could study deeper and wider in the future. 3. The statistic tool of Information Integration Theory need to be updated to simplify importing data.

This study starts out with the hypothesis that the integration process in Europe is connected to cross-border régionalisation, a process which supports the institutionalization of subnational cross-border cooperation - region-building. Cross-border régionalisation is characterized by the decentralisation of vertical links and enhanced opportunities for horizontal links across state borders. In addition, political integration is expected to have some impact on the cross-border institutional forms that emerge at the subnational level. Three different approaches are utilized in order to establish the empirical connection between political integration and region-building. These are: an analysis of the factors which determine the general pattern of cross-border cooperation in Europe, an analysis of the policy network related to the regional and structural policies of the European Union (EU), and case studies of cooperation in the heartland of Europe, the Regio Basiliensis along the external border of the EU, and the EUREGIO along one of the internal borders. Two institutional factors are found to have a significant impact on the number of subnational cross-border cooperations, EU-membership and centrality. Federal constitution was shown not to be significant. It is suggested that the interaction between actors at different politico- administrative levels creates network relations, which typically bring both private and public actors together. More precisely, region-building is described as the outcome of the interaction which takes place between actors. A closer examination of the emerging policy network shows that community initiatives, the Interreg-programme in particular, improve the prospects for multi­level interaction. The EU plays a crucial role in providing the incentives for cooperation by increasing resource dependency and by establishing direct ties between the European Commission and a large number of subnational actors through partnerships. It appears as if the Commission wishes to demonstrate its capacity to deal with problems relevant to individual citizens. By, in part, bypassing central governments, it seems to increase its own importance vis- à-vis member states. The modus vivendi of cross-border region-building and régionalisation is the degree to which institutional actors at different levels share the same objectives. As shown by the case studies, there is a common interest in cross-border cooperation up to the point were public statues are introduced. Interests seem to coincide as long as the structures and contents of cross-border cooperation do not ultimately challenge the authority of state institutions. Therefore, it is not surprising that it seems impossible to give cross-border regions any rights under international law. Functional cooperation, rather than regionalist manifestations of cultural or political unity across borders, constitutes the backbone of region-building. Activities transcending borders are less controversial than those that may contribute to the establishment of new borders. It is concluded that region-building is a process which is embedded in the institutionalization of a multi-level interaction pattern. More favourable multilevel relations have been achieved through the transfer of some authority to the supranational level. This is the main reason why traditional integration theory fails to explain why there is a connection between political integration and cross-border cooperation. / digitalisering@umu