Thesis (doctoral)--Heidelberg, Universiẗat, 2006. Zugl.: Heidelberg, Universiẗat, Diss., 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 281-298).

Diss. Univ. of Maastricht.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-09-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:29:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 salum_gc_me_mar.pdf: 592099 bytes, checksum: ad91e5ec42022c2f12b4ee765557107c (MD5) / A propriedade intelectual é uma modalidade singular de relação de propriedade reconhecida universalmente a partir do advento da modernidade ocidental. Sua gênese e desenvolvimento estão localizados no bojo do longo processo histórico de submissão das múltiplas espécies de propriedade, existentes e coexistentes na antiguidade e na idade média, ao império da propriedade privada capitalista moderna. Tem-se que este contexto histórico-social de afirmação e expansão da propriedade privada se estendeu às criações intelectuais, nascendo desta combinação um elemento estratégico de poder e riqueza denominado propriedade intelectual no mundo contemporâneo. Desta forma, investigou-se as principais exteriorizações da propriedade desde o período précapitalista até a propriedade privada moderna. Pela constatação da hegemonia da propriedade privada, no contexto geral dessa relação social e histórica que é a propriedade, procurou-se verificar os principais discursos que no plano da filosofiapolítica justificaram ou negaram legitimidade ao novo modelo vigente. Passou-se, então, ao estudo dos vários sentidos históricos da relação do homem com o conhecimento produzido, perseguindo-se os motivos determinantes para que as criações do intelecto viessem a tornar-se objeto de propriedade. Finalmente, apresentou-se uma discussão sobre alguns pontos controvertidos que envolvem o significado da propriedade intelectual no mundo contemporâneo. Por último, deve-se salientar que o referencial teórico utilizado na pesquisa em uma abordagem histórica e sociológica do tema, recorrendo-se a um conjunto diversificado de categorias da Sociologia, e em certos momentos de outras áreas do conhecimento, nos esforços empreendidos. / The intellectual property is a singular kind of relation of property recognized universally from the advent of the western modernity. His origin and development are located in the bulge of the long historical process of submission of the multiple sorts of property, existent and coexistent in the antiquity and in the middle age, to the empire of the private capitalist modern property. It has been that this social-historical context of affirmation and expansion of the private property if it spread out to the intellectual creations, when there is born of this combination a strategic element of power and wealth called intellectual property in the contemporary world. In this way, the principal externalizations of the property were investigated from the period capitalist-daily pay up to the private modern property. For the observation of the hegemony of the private property, in the general context of this social and historical relation that is the property, there tried to check the principal speeches that in the plan of the political-philosophy justified or denied legitimacy to a new model in force. One passed, then, to the study of several historical senses of the relation of the man with the produced knowledge, when there are pursued the motives determinative so that the creations of the intellect came to become an object of property. Finally, a discussion showed up on some controverted points that wrap the meaning of the intellectual property in the contemporary world. For last, it is necessary to point out that the theoretical referential system used in the inquiry in a historical and sociological approach of the subject, resorting to a diversified set of categories of the Sociology, and at certain moments of other areas of the knowledge, in the undertaken efforts.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar o processo de transferência de tecnologia entre Universidade-Indústria nos NITs das universidades públicas do Estado do Paraná, bem como analisar o fluxo da transferência de tecnologia do Brasil. A metodologia caracterizou-se como exploratória e descritiva, sendo constituída como aplicada, sendo realizado um estudo de caso em um dos NITs pesquisados. No primeiro momento foram coletados dados no Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI), no Banco Central do Brasil (BACEN), e nos Diretórios dos Grupos de Pesquisa do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). Posteriormente foram pesquisados os NITs do Estado do Paraná através do Octógono da Inovação e questionários semi-estruturados elaborados para coleta de dados. O Brasil vem recebendo tecnologias de grandes potências econômicas como Estados Unidos, Alemanha, Japão, França, Itália, Reino Unido, Suíça, Canadá e Espanha, tendo um considerável aumento neste período mesmo depois do início da crise econômica em 2008. Ao passo que também exportou mais tecnologias do que importou nos últimos 12 anos. As barreiras de cooperação entre universidade-indústria ainda são muito presentes, atualmente existem 27.523 grupos de pesquisa em todas as áreas do conhecimento, mas somente 0,31% desenvolvem atividades relacionadas com transferência de tecnologia, e 58% não estabelecem relações com indústria. Por meio do diagnostico da ferramenta octógono da inovação foi possível verificar os cenários dos núcleos de inovação tecnologia das universidades publicas do Estado do Paraná. Foi possível identificar que os núcleos tem uma equipe de profissionais com excelente nível de capacitação e com diferentes áreas de formação, porém com dificuldades para estabelecer relacionamentos internos entre seus membros e demais professores e grupos de pesquisa da universidade. E também, encontram dificuldades para desenvolver os pontos externos, compreendendo no estabelecimento de novas redes de pesquisadores, estudantes, outras universidades e até mesmo lideranças no setor produtivo para gerar e refinar novas ideias, e possuem processos internos falhos. Dos cinco núcleos pesquisados, apenas o NIT 1 obteve melhores pontuações, o que elevou a ser o melhor núcleo do Estado. Por meio da pesquisa, verificou-se que o NIT 1 estuda e implementa mecanismos que transformam conhecimento em inovação, o trabalho realizado pelo núcleo visa contribuir para o desenvolvimento científico, tecnológico e socioeconômico da sociedade brasileira. Contudo, a oferta de tecnologia deve depender excepcionalmente do processo de difusão tecnológica, da adoção de tecnologia pela sociedade por meio do aprendizado contínuo, possibilitando incremento no desempenho de serviços, processos e produtos produzidos no mercado. / This research aims to analyze the process of transfer of technology between Industries and Public Universities, specifically at Innovation and Technology Centers (known as NIT in Brazil), as well as analyze the technology transfer in Brazil. The methodology was characterized as exploratory and descriptive, being constituted as applied, and conducted as a case study at one of the surveyed NITs. At first data were collected at the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI), Brazilian Central Bank (BCB), Directories and Research Groups of the National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq). NITs in Parana State were subsequently surveyed through Octagon Innovation methodology and semi-structured questionnaires designed to collect data. Brazil is getting technology from major economic powers like the United States, Germany, Japan, France, Italy, UK, Switzerland, Canada and Spain, with a considerable increase even after the economic crisis which began in 2008. Meanwhile Brazil has exported more technologies than imported them in the last 12 years. Barriers to cooperation between universities and industries are still very present. There are currently 27,523 research groups in all areas of knowledge, but only 0.31% of them develops activities related to technology transfer, and 58% do not establish relationships with industry. Through the diagnostic tool, octagon innovation, it was possible to verify the scenarios of core technology innovation of public universities in the state of Paraná. It was possible to identify such Center has a team of professionals with excellent level of training and different training areas, but it is experiencing difficulties in establishing internal relationships among members and other teachers and university research groups. Difficulties were also found in the process of developing external contacts, including establishing new networks of researchers, students, other universities and even leaders in the productive sector to generate and refine new ideas in order to prevent internal failures to processes. Among the five surveyed NITs, only one, got better results being the best in the state (NIT 1). Through research, it was found that the NIT 1 studies and implements mechanisms which transform knowledge into innovation. Its work aims to contribute to the scientific, technological and socioeconomic Brazilian society. However, it is possible to detect problems since technology depends on the process of technological diffusion, adoption of technology by society through continuous learning, enabling increased performance of services, processes and products produced in the market.

Souvent perçue comme un droit d’exclure, la propriété intellectuelle est aussi un objet de commerce. Son importance croissante dans les échanges internationaux semble sous estimée. Des blocages conceptuels (matérialisme économique, idéalisme personnaliste) semblen s’opposer à son organisation. Néanmoins de plus en plus de standards et disciplines relatives aux licences et transferts de droits de propriété intellectuelles sont inclus dans les accords de commerce (ADPIC, ADPIC plus), les unions économiques régionales (UE, ALENA), accords d’investissement et fiscaux. Les pays dévelopés en particulier les États-Unis d’Amérique sont les acteurs clés de ce phénomène normatif. Il montre que la propriété intellectuelle n’est pas une simple marchandise mais un bien en capital d’abord échangeable à l’intérieur de groupes, partenariats et coopérations alternatives. Même si le droit international évoluait vers un régime plus codifié de leur commerce, les propriétés intellectuelles ne seront pas tranformées en simple droit à rémunération. / Sometimes reduced to a right to exclude, intellectual property is also a tradeable item whose increasing importance in international trade seems to be underestimed. Dogmatic conceptions (economic materialism, personnalist idealism) still blocking a proper organisation of this trade. But more and more international standards and disciplines for licences and transfer of intellectual property are included in international trade agreements (TRIPS, TRIPS plus), economic régional unions (UE, NAFTA), tax and investment treaties. Developped countries specially the United States of America are key actors of this normative phenomenon. It shows that intellectual property is not just a stock commodity for the market but a strategic capital tradeable first in transnational groups, partnerships and alternative cooperations. Even if international law evolves towards a more codified regime of their trade, intellectual properties will be not transformed in simple rights for compensation.

Este artículo examina la relación entre los conocimientos y la preservaciónde la agrobiodiversidad de agricultores ecológicos del oeste de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Los derechos de propiedad intelectual han tenido efectos directos sobre la producción de semillas. Entre patentes y otras formas de controles, agricultores familiares y actores conexos no aceptan tratar la vida como un «recurso». Este trabajo tiene un doble objetivo: primero, analizar el panorama internacional de la propiedad intelectual sobre la biodiversidad y la producción de conocimientos, y segundo, examinar las acciones de agricultores vinculados con Ecovida —red de agroecología compuesta por agricultores, consumidores y mediadores sociales en el sur del Brasil— para inventar formas alternativas de gestión de los saberes y de semillas «libres». El resultado es una acción paralela de crítica al estrechamiento de la base genética y un esfuerzo por la multiplicación de semillas y saberes por medio de redes y centros de agrobiodiversidad. / The article approaches knowledges and biodiversity maintenance among ecological farmers in the west of Santa Catarina state, Brazil. The intellectual property rights have had direct effects onseed production. Between patents and other systems of control, family farmers deny treating life as a «resource». This paper has adouble aim: firstly, to analyze the intellectual property international panorama over biodiversity and knowledge; secondly, to examine practices of organic smallholders engaged to Rede Ecovida de Agroecologia (an organic farming network born in the southern Brazil) related to alternative forms of knowledge management and production of patent-free seeds. The result is the action which parallels the critique of the decrease on the availability of crop varieties and the effort to multiply seeds and knowledges throughout networks and agro-biodiversity centres.

Submitted by Carlos Oliveira (carlos.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2008-05-15T19:04:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 053202009_Dissertacao_Marcelo_Yuji_Nomoto.pdf: 1076415 bytes, checksum: 3f514a9d70f3f64894a92d3b9e46f90a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2008-05-15T19:04:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 053202009_Dissertacao_Marcelo_Yuji_Nomoto.pdf: 1076415 bytes, checksum: 3f514a9d70f3f64894a92d3b9e46f90a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / An important share of the economic growth is due to innovations. This thesis reviews the recent literature in intellectual property. This survey discusses the following papers: Kremer (1998), Boldrin and Levine (2001), Kremer (2001), Shavell and Ypersele (2001), Lerner (2002) and DiMasi, Hansen, and Grabowski (2003). These include both empirical and theoretical articles. In the fírst category, there is one study about the responses in innovation caused by a change in patenfs strength and another about the cost of developing new drugs. The theoretical studies propose enhancements and alternatives to the patent system, e.g. optional rewards, patent buyouts, elimination of patents in some sectors and advanced purchase commitments. / Uma parcela importante do crescimento econômico é devida a inovações. Esta dissertação revisa a literatura recente em propriedade intelectual. Esta revisão discute os seguintes artigos: Kremer (1998), Boldrin e Levine (2001), Kremer (2001), Shavell e Ypersele (2001), Lerner (2002) e DiMasi, Hansen e Grabowski (2003). Estes contém tanto artigos empíricos quanto teóricos. Na primeira categoria está um artigo sobre efeitos na inovação de mudanças na força das patentes e outro sobre custo de desenvolver novos medicamentos. Os estudos teóricos propõem melhorias e alternativas ao sistema de patentes, por exemplo, recompensas opcionais, compras de patentes, eliminação de patentes em alguns setores e compromisso de compra prévio.

Submitted by André Rivail Medrado (professor@medrado.adv.br) on 2016-10-11T13:48:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 André Rivail Medrado - MESTRADO .pdf: 3653775 bytes, checksum: 74810d3b92ba57d813ae26148e572924 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2016-10-11T17:27:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 André Rivail Medrado - MESTRADO .pdf: 3653775 bytes, checksum: 74810d3b92ba57d813ae26148e572924 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2016-10-11T17:28:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 André Rivail Medrado - MESTRADO .pdf: 3653775 bytes, checksum: 74810d3b92ba57d813ae26148e572924 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T17:34:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 André Rivail Medrado - MESTRADO .pdf: 3653775 bytes, checksum: 74810d3b92ba57d813ae26148e572924 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-05 / In this study, starting from the question about the possibility to qualify cooking as art, we analyze to what extent the Copyright Law would apply to the protection of culinary creations. The chefs are often referred to as artists, but little attention has been given to the aesthetic-philosophical foundation of this assignment, i.e., if effectively makes sense to qualify a culinary creation as art. The initial hypothesis of this paper is that, justified the art nickname to culinary activity, its product should therefore deserve the same protection as to the intangible property subjected to Copyright. However, in order to grant a more complete treatment of the topic discussed, we extended the initial scope, so as to evaluate also other institutes of intellectual property – namely, the trademarks, the trade dress, the industrial design, the patent and the trade secret – as potentially useful legal tools to protect different aspects or elements of the culinary creations. The study included two field research tools: one qualitative, which consisted of twenty interviews with qualified and renowned chefs in the gastronomic segment, based on a eleven semi-structured questions; and other quantitative, which consisted in the application of questionnaires to 86 chefs. / Neste trabalho, partindo da indagação sobre a possibilidade de se qualificar a culinária como arte, buscamos analisar em que medida o Direito Autoral seria aplicável à proteção de criações culinárias. Os chefs são frequentemente referidos como artistas, mas pouca atenção vem sendo dada ao fundamento estético-filosófico desta atribuição, ou seja, se efetivamente faz sentido qualificarmos uma criação culinária como arte. A hipótese inicial deste trabalho é que, justificada a alcunha de arte ao fazer culinário, seu produto deveria, por conseguinte, merecer abrigo dentre os bens imateriais passíveis de proteção autoral. Contudo, de modo a conferirmos um tratamento mais completo ao tema abordado, ampliamos o escopo inicial, de modo a avaliarmos, também, outros institutos da propriedade intelectual – nomeadamente, a marca, o conjunto imagem, o desenho industrial, a patente e o segredo empresarial – como ferramentas legais potencialmente úteis para a proteção de diferentes aspectos ou elementos das criações culinárias. O trabalho contou com duas ferramentas de pesquisa de campo: uma qualitativa, e que consistiu na realização de vinte entrevistas com chefs qualificados e renomados no segmento gastronômico, baseadas em um roteiro semiestruturado, composto por onze perguntas; e outra quantitativa, consistente na aplicação de questionários a 86 chefs de cozinha.

This thesis generalizes and describes a complex law-technical system concerning intellectual property and especially patent protection. Main emphasis is put of the purpose and meaning of patent protection to the public, teachers and mainly to the student of upper primary schools.

Licensing agreements are commonly used when, for instance, exploiting new areas or countries. Trade mark licences are one such example. A trade mark licence gives the proprietor the opportunity to keep its exclusive rights at the same time as another party uses the trade mark in commercial purposes. When licensing an EUTM to a third party, it is possible to include quality control clauses in the agreement in order for the licensor to control that the licensee uses the trade mark correctly. The possibility to include quality control implies that there is no such obligation within EU trade mark law. Yet, in the US, quality control is not only a possibility but also an obligation in order to keep the trade mark registered. Therefore, it is of interest to examine European trade mark law in relation to quality control in licensing. The American view of quality control is examined for illustrative purposes. Within the EU, the essential function of an EUTM means the ability to identify the origin. In addition, one single undertaking is responsible for the quality that is needed for the trade mark to fulfil its essential role in the system of undistorted system. Quality is seen as an economic function of the trade mark and therefore it should not be an obligation to include quality control in trade mark licences. The proprietor should bear the responsibility him- or herself when not including quality control. As a contrast, in the US, the consumers must be protected from deception and therefore it is a requirement for the proprietor to control and maintain the quality by including quality control in trade mark licences. If a trade mark licence does not include quality controls, the licence is considered invalid and the trade mark is considered abandoned. Furthermore, a law and economics perspective is included in the thesis and specifically the theory of TCE and the belonging terms or bounded rationality, opportunism, uncertainty and trust. While the EU seems to value trust more when settling licence agreements, the US seems to value opportunism and uncertainty more due to de fact that consumers must be protected from the proprietors. Since quality control within trade mark licensing appears to lock the proprietor into a situation where it is difficult to differentiate and change the direction of the trade mark, it should not be an obligation to include quality controls in trade mark licences. It should be a privilege for the proprietor to decide on whether to use or not and bear the consequences of that choice.