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Audição e inteligibilidade da fala de crianças após 10 anos da cirurgia de implante coclear / Audition and speech intelligibility in children after ten years of cochlear implant surgeryTanamati, Liège Franzini 09 January 2012 (has links)
As habilidades comunicativas de crianças portadoras de deficiência auditiva (DA) pré-lingual, submetidas à cirurgia do implante coclear (IC) desenvolvem-se ao longo dos anos de uso do dispositivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o desempenho alcançado por adolescentes e jovens adultos com, no mínimo, dez anos de experiência com o IC, em relação à audição e à inteligibilidade de fala e, considerando o tipo de DA, o tempo de privação sensorial auditiva e o tipo de dispositivo. Participaram deste estudo, 61 adolescentes e jovens adultos portadores de DA pré-lingual, que receberam diferentes tipos de IC em média, aos 3 anos e 10 meses de idade. Reconhecimento da lista de palavras dissílabas, Teste Hint adaptativo e reconhecimento das sentenças Hint no silêncio e no ruído foram os procedimentos utilizados para avaliar o desempenho de audição. A inteligibilidade da fala dos participantes foi avaliada por dois julgadores sem experiência com deficientes auditivos, usando o método de transcrição e a escala de inteligibilidade de 5 pontos. Após 10 anos de experiência com o IC, 53 participantes (86,9%) alcançaram habilidade de reconhecimento auditivo em conjunto aberto. Os resultados médios obtidos na lista de palavras dissílabas foram de 49,4%; teste Hint adaptativo, a média dos resultados no silêncio foi igual a 54,7dB e, no ruído, 10,7 dB e; os valores médios de porcentagem nas sentenças Hint no silêncio 54% e no ruído, 33,3%. Quanto à inteligibilidade de fala dos participantes, a média de acertos no método de transcrição foi igual a 76,2%. Na escala de inteligibilidade, a pontuação média correspondeu a 3,3 pontos. Melhores desempenhos de audição no silêncio e no ruído foram correlacionados ao menor tempo de privação sensorial auditiva. Foi observada correlação entre o tipo de dispositivo utilizado e: o desempenho de audição no ruído e o desempenho de inteligibilidade da fala. Usuários do dispositivo Nucleus 24 e Med-El apresentaram melhor desempenho de audição e de inteligibilidade de fala do que os usuários Nucleus 22. Mais de 10 anos após a cirurgia de IC, 82% das crianças implantadas com as primeiras gerações do dispositivo eletrônico desenvolveram habilidade de reconhecimento auditivo no ruído e 90,1% alcançaram fala inteligível. O desempenho de audição e de inteligibilidade de fala dos participantes foi influenciado pelo tempo de privação sensorial auditiva e pelo tipo de dispositivo eletrônico. Considerando os critérios contemporâneos de indicação cirúrgica em associação as novas estratégias de codificação de fala disponíveis nos dispositivos eletrônicos da atualidade, resultados promissores são esperados para a nova geração de crianças submetidas ao IC / The communication skills of prelingually deafened children, underwent cochlear implant (CI) surgery, develop over the years of device use. The aim of this work was to study the performance achieved by teenagers and young adults with at least ten years of IC experience with regard to speech perception and speech intelligibility and, considering the type of hearing loss, duration of deafness, and type of device. Participated of this study, 61 teenagers and young adults prelingually deafened, who received different types of CI, on average at 3 years and 10 months of age. Recognition of two-syllable word list, test Hint and recognition of Hint sentence in quiet and noise were the procedures used to evaluate the hearing performance. The speech intelligibility of the participants was evaluated by two judges, using the writedown intelligibility method and a 5-points intelligibility rating-scale. After 10 years of experience with CI, 53 participants (86,9%) achieved open-set speech recognition. The average results obtained in the two-syllable word list were 49, 4%; in the test Hint in quiet, the average results were 54,7 dB in quiet and 10,7 dB in noise and; the mean percentage of Hint sentences in quiet was 54% and in noise, 33,3%. Regarding the speech intelligibility of the participants, the average write-down intelligibility score was 76,2% and the average rating-scale intelligibility score was 3,3 points. Better speech performances in quiet and in noise were correlated with shorter duration of deafness. Correlation was found between the type of device and: the speech perception in noise and the speech intelligibility. Nucleus 24 and Med-El device users performed better than Nucleus 22 users with regard to speech perception in noise and speech intelligibility. More than 10 years after the CI surgery, 82% of children implanted with the first generation of the electronic device developed speech recognition in noise and 90,1% achieved intelligible speech. Speech perception and speech intelligibility of the participants, both were influenced by duration of deafness and type of electronic device. Considering the contemporary criteria of surgical indication in association with the new speech coding strategies available, promising results were expected for the new generation of children underwent to CI
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Processos de verificação e validação da amplificação em crianças com deficiência auditiva: índice de inteligibilidade de fala - SII e comportamento auditivoFigueiredo, Renata de Souza Lima 21 March 2013 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2013-03-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Objective: to establish the relationship between audibility for speech sounds, audiological
characteristics and auditory behavioral responses in infants and children under three years of
age with sensorineural hearing loss. Method: 41 children aged between 4 and 80 months
participated in the study. Seventy-eight ears were analyzed. Auditory thresholds at 250, 500,
1000, 2000 and 4000Hz were considered and values of speech intelligibility index (SII) for
the input signals 55, 65 and 75dB SPL were obtained in the Verifit®Audioscan hearing aid
analyzer. Three hundred and twelve SII values were obtained. To study the relationship
between audibility and auditory behavioral responses, 8 children aged between 11 and 28
months were selected. Auditory response for speech stimulus was observed (the Ling six
and four onomatopoeias), before and after the stimuli familiarization activity, controlled by a
decibel meter at different distances between evaluator and hearing aid microphone. Other
variables were considered for auditory response quality analysis, besides SII values, when
identified discrepancy between the expected and the observed behavior in each case.
Results: the hearing thresholds have been classified into five groups as homogeneous
audiological characteristics (degree and audiometric configuration) and heterogeneous
among themselves. Three ranges of SII values were determined from within the groups. The
range of 36 to 55% was the most affected by input signal intensity changes. Equations for
classification of hearing loss as groups and equations for determination of adjusted SII
values were established. In the 8-case study, two children with audibility expressed by SII 65
values lower than 20% did not provide answers for longer distances. In all cases, changes
were observed in quality of post-familiarization-activity auditory behavior response. Complex
factors such as otitis media, inconsistency of hearing aid use and hearing loss progression
were present in some cases and seem to have influenced the quality of auditory behavior
observed. Conclusions: SII is an objective measure that allows for amplification adequacy
assessment of different hearing loss characteristics, as well as determination of hearing
capacity. SII has a stronger correlation with the dynamic relationship between the degree
and configuration of hearing loss, when compared to the relationship with the degree of
hearing loss alone. Therefore a new classification of hearing loss by groups was established.
Hearing losses Gr4 with SII values between 36 to 55% are most affected when the input
signal intensity or the distance between speaker and the hearing aid microphone changes.
The process of amplification validation in infants with systematic auditory behavior evaluation
through familiarization stimuli tests showed that children of up to three years need to be
familiar with the stimuli in order to trigger observable auditory responses, thus ensuring
results compatible with auditory capacity. Cases classified with hearing loss group Gr4
showed changes in auditory response quality at greater distances. Complex factors affect the
quality of auditory behavior responses observed / Estabelecer a relação entre audibilidade para sons de fala e características
audiológicas e de respostas comportamentais em bebês e crianças com até três anos de
idade usuárias de aparelhos de amplificação sonora. Métodos: Para estudar a relação
audibilidade e características audiológicas, foram selecionadas 41 crianças com idades
entre 4 e 80 meses, totalizando 78 orelhas para análise. Foram considerados os limiares
auditivos nas frequências 250, 500, 1000, 2000 e 4000Hz e analisados valores do índice
de inteligibilidade de fala (SII) para os sinais de entrada 55, 65 e 75dB NPS, obtidos na
verificação dos AASI no equipamento Verifit®Audioscan, totalizando 312 valores de SII.
Para estudar a relação audibilidade e respostas comportamentais, foram selecionados 8
crianças com idades entre 11 e 28 meses. O comportamento auditivo foi observado por
meio do instrumento de avaliação sistemática do comportamento auditivo para sons de
fala (Os seis sons de Ling e 4 onomatopeias) antes e depois de atividade de
familiarização dos estímulos em 3 diferentes distâncias entre o avaliador e o microfone
do AASI. A intensidade do dos estímulos foi controlada com decibelímetro. A qualidade
das respostas foi analisada considerando variáveis de confusão quando identificada
discrepância entre o comportamento esperado e observado em cada caso. Resultados:
As perdas auditivas foram classificadas em cinco grupos homogêneos quanto as
características audiológicas (grau e configuração audiométrica) e heterogêneos entre si.
A partir dos grupos determinou-se 3 intervalos de valores de SII. O intervalo de valores
SII entre 36 a 55% foi o mais afetado quando alterada a intensidade do sinal de entrada.
Foram determinadas equações para classificação da perda auditiva conforme grupos e,
equações para determinação de valores de SII ajustado. No estudo dos 8 casos,
observou-se que as duas crianças com audibilidade expressa por valores de SII 65
piores que 20% não apresentaram repostas para distâncias maiores. Para todos os
casos observou-se mudança na qualidade da resposta auditiva após a familiarização
dos estímulos. Fatores complexos como otite média de repetição, inconsistência no uso
da amplificação e progressão da perda auditiva estavam presentes em alguns dos casos
estudados e parecem ter influenciado na qualidade do comportamento auditivo
observado. Conclusões: O SII é uma medida objetiva que permite avaliar a adequação
da amplificação para diferentes características de perdas auditivas e, determinar a
capacidade auditiva. O SII tem relação mais forte com a relação dinâmica entre o grau e
configuração audiométrica, quando comparada com sua relação com o grau da perda
auditiva isoladamente. Para tanto uma nova classificação da perda auditiva por grupos
foi determinada. Perdas auditivas classificadas no Gr4, com valores de SII no intervalos
de 36 a 55% são as mais afetadas quando alterada a intensidade do sinal de entrada ou
a distância entre o falante e microfone do AASI. O processo de validação da
amplificação em crianças com a avaliação sistemática do comportamento auditivo com a
familiarização dos estímulos de teste, mostrou que as crianças até três anos de idade
precisam conhecer os estímulos para que respostas auditivas sejam possíveis de ser
observadas, garantindo assim a fidedignidade dos resultados. Casos classificados com
perdas auditivas no Gr4 apresentaram mudanças na qualidade das respostas auditivas
observadas para as distâncias maiores. Fatores complexos afetam a qualidade das
respostas auditivas observadas
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Programa fonoaudiológico para formação de locutores de rádio: proposta e avaliação da eficácia. / Speech pathology program for the preparation of radio speakers: propose and evaluate of the effectivenessFarghaly, Soraya Mahmoud 23 February 2005 (has links)
Esse estudo teve como objetivo propor e avaliar a eficácia de um Programa Fonoaudiológico para Formação de Locutores de Rádio (PFFLR), aplicado aos alunos de um Curso Profissionalizante de Radialista Setor Locução. O Programa Fonoaudiológico para Formação de Locutores de Rádio foi estruturado em 7 módulos com duração de 7 aulas semanais. Esse Programa foi fundamentado na estimulação de 11 aspectos, os quais foram trabalhados seqüencialmente. Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos, pareados quanto ao sexo e idade. O grupo de pesquisa foi constituído por 35 adultos, alunos do curso de locução e o grupo controle por 35 adultos, que espontaneamente se disponibilizaram a participar da pesquisa. Foram realizadas três análises, sendo: análise objetiva da voz, através da extração da freqüência fundamental, análise perceptivo-auditiva do uso vocal e análise objetiva da velocidade de fala na leitura. Os resultados indicaram que os grupos diferenciaram-se quanto ao uso vocal e à velocidade de fala na leitura. Em relação à análise do uso vocal, os grupos diferenciaram-se para os parâmetros de qualidade vocal, loudness, ressonância, coordenação pneumofonoarticulatória, articulação, modulação e ritmo de leitura. Quanto à análise da velocidade de fala, os grupos diferenciaram-se tanto para o número de palavras/minuto como de sílabas/minuto. Em relação à análise objetiva da voz, para o grupo de pesquisa houve diferenças entre o pré e pós-aplicação do PFFLR, com redução da freqüência fundamental. Os resultados indicam que o PFFLR foi eficaz na sua proposta, e os parâmetros onde houve melhoras são aqueles específicos para a boa locução. / The purpose of the present study was to propose and evaluate the effectiveness of the Speech Pathology Program for the preparation of radio speakers, with was used with students of the professional course for broadcaster-radio speakers. The speech pathology program for the preparation of radio speakers was structured 7 modules with the duration for 7 weekly lectures. The program was based on the simulation of 11 aspects, wich were presented in a sequential mode. The participants were divided in 2 groups and paired accvornding to age and gender. The research group consisted of 35 adults, stuidents of the radio sp[eakers course, and the control consisted of 35 adults who volunteerd to take part in the research. Three of analysis were mode: (1) na objective analysis of voice through the extraction of the fundamental frequency; (2) a perpective-auditory analyses of the vocal use; and (3) na objetive analysis of the speech rate during reading. The results indicated that the groups differed from each other in relation to the vocal use the speech rate during. Regarding the vocal use, the groups were differnt for tha parameters the vocal quality, loudness, resonance, coordination between breathing ans speaking, articulation, modulation and reading rhythm. Regarding the analysis of the speech rate, the groups were different for the number of words and syllabes per minute. As for the objetive analysis of voice, the research group presented in their pre and post program application perfomances, with the reduction of the fundamental frequency. The results indicate that the speech pathology program for the preparation of radio speakers was effective in the proposition. The parameters in wich improvements were observed are those specific for a good locution.
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Improving SLPs’ Success Rate in Distinguishing Learned Speech Errors from Learned Errors in Speakers with Repaired Cleft Palate: An Audience Participatory ForumLouw, Brenda 09 April 2018 (has links)
Abstract available through The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal.
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Comparing NAL-NL1 and DSL v5 in Hearing Aids Fit to Children with Severe or Profound Hearing Loss: Goodness of Fit-to-Targets, Impacts on Predicted Loudness and Speech IntelligibilityChing, Teresa Y.C., Quar, Tian Kar, Johnson, Earl E., Newall, Philip, Sharma, Mridula 01 March 2015 (has links)
Background:
An important goal of providing amplification to children with hearing loss is to ensure that hearing aids are adjusted to match targets of prescriptive procedures as closely as possible. The Desired Sensation Level (DSL) v5 and the National Acoustic Laboratories’ prescription for nonlinear hearing aids, version 1 (NAL-NL1) procedures are widely used in fitting hearing aids to children. Little is known about hearing aid fitting outcomes for children with severe or profound hearing loss.
Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the prescribed and measured gain of hearing aids fit according to the NAL-NL1 and the DSL v5 procedure for children with moderately severe to profound hearing loss; and to examine the impact of choice of prescription on predicted speech intelligibility and loudness.
Research Design:
Participants were fit with Phonak Naida V SP hearing aids according to the NAL-NL1 and DSL v5 procedures. The Speech Intelligibility Index (SII) and estimated loudness were calculated using published models.
Study Sample:
The sample consisted of 16 children (30 ears) aged between 7 and 17 yr old.
Data Collection and Analysis:
The measured hearing aid gains were compared with the prescribed gains at 50 (low), 65 (medium), and 80 dB SPL (high) input levels. The goodness of fit-to-targets was quantified by calculating the average root-mean-square (RMS) error of the measured gain compared with prescriptive gain targets for 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz. The significance of difference between prescriptions for hearing aid gains, SII, and loudness was examined by performing analyses of variance. Correlation analyses were used to examine the relationship between measures.
Results:
The DSL v5 prescribed significantly higher overall gain than the NAL-NL1 procedure for the same audiograms. For low and medium input levels, the hearing aids of all children fit with NAL-NL1 were within 5 dB RMS of prescribed targets, but 33% (10 ears) deviated from the DSL v5 targets by more than 5 dB RMS on average. For high input level, the hearing aid fittings of 60% and 43% of ears deviated by more than 5 dB RMS from targets of NAL-NL1 and DSL v5, respectively. Greater deviations from targets were associated with more severe hearing loss. On average, the SII was higher for DSL v5 than for NAL-NL1 at low input level. No significant difference in SII was found between prescriptions at medium or high input level, despite greater loudness for DSL v5 than for NAL-NL1.
Conclusions:
Although targets between 0.25 and 2 kHz were well matched for both prescriptions in commercial hearing aids, gain targets at 4 kHz were matched for NAL-NL1 only. Although the two prescriptions differ markedly in estimated loudness, they resulted in comparable predicted speech intelligibility for medium and high input levels.
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A Comparison of NAL and DSL Prescriptive Methods for Paediatric Hearing-Aid Fitting: Predicted Speech Intelligibility and LoudnessChing, Teresa Y.C., Johnson, Earl E., Hou, Sanna, Dillon, Harvey, Zhang, Vicky, Burns, Lauren, van Buynder, Patricia, Wong, Angela, Flynn, Christopher 01 December 2013 (has links)
Objective: To examine the impact of prescription on predicted speech intelligibility and loudness for children. Design: A between-group comparison of speech intelligibility index (SII) and loudness, based on hearing aids fitted according to NAL-NL1, DSL v4.1, or DSL m[i/o] prescriptions. A within-group comparison of gains prescribed by DSL m[i/o] and NAL-NL2 for children in terms of SII and loudness. Study sample: Participants were 200 children, who were randomly assigned to first hearing-aid fitting with either NAL-NL1, DSL v4.1, or DSL m[i/o]. Audiometric data and hearing-aid data at 3 years of age were used. Results: On average, SII calculated on the basis of hearing-aid gains were higher for DSL than for NAL-NL1 at low input level, equivalent at medium input level, and higher for NAL-NL1 than DSL at high input level. Greater loudness was associated with DSL than with NAL-NL1, across a range of input levels. Comparing NAL-NL2 and DSL m[i/o] target gains revealed higher SII for the latter at low input level. SII was higher for NAL-NL2 than for DSL m[i/o] at medium- and high-input levels despite greater loudness for gains prescribed by DSL m[i/o] than by NAL-NL2. Conclusion: The choice of prescription has minimal effects on speech intelligibility predictions but marked effects on loudness predictions.
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A Comparison of Gain for Adults from Generic Hearing Aid Prescriptive Methods: Impacts on Predicted Loudness, Frequency Bandwidth, and Speech IntelligibilityJohnson, Earl E., Dillon, Harvey 01 July 2011 (has links)
Background:
Prescriptive methods have been at the core of modern hearing aid fittings for the past several decades. Every decade or so, there have been revisions to existing methods and/or the emergence of new methods that become widely used. In 2001 Byrne et al provided a comparison of insertion gain for generic prescriptive methods available at that time.
Purpose:
The purpose of this article was to compare National Acoustic Laboratories—Non-linear 1 (NAL-NL1), National Acoustic Laboratories—Non-linear 2 (NAL-NL2), Desired Sensation Level Multistage Input/Output (DSL m[i/o]), and Cambridge Method for Loudness Equalization 2—High-Frequency (CAMEQ2-HF) prescriptive methods for adults on the amplification characteristics of prescribed insertion gain and compression ratio. Following the differences observed in prescribed insertion gain among the four prescriptive methods, analyses of predicted specific loudness, overall loudness, and bandwidth of cochlear excitation and effective audibility as well as speech intelligibility of the international long-term average speech spectrum (ILTASS) at an average conversational input level were completed. These analyses allow for the discussion of similarities and differences among the present-day prescriptive methods.
Research Design:
The impact of insertion gain differences among the methods is examined for seven hypothetical hearing loss configurations using models of loudness perception and speech intelligibility.
Study Sample:
Hearing loss configurations for adults of various types and degrees were selected, five of which represent sensorineural impairment and were used by Byrne et al; the other two hearing losses provide an example of mixed and conductive impairment.
Data Collection and Analysis:
Prescribed insertion gain data were calculated in 1/3-octave frequency bands for each of the seven hearing losses from the software application of each prescriptive method over multiple input levels. The insertion gain data along with a diffuse field-to-eardrum transfer function were used to calculate output levels at the eardrums of the hypothetical listeners. Levels of hearing loss and output were then used in the Moore and Glasberg loudness model and the ANSI S3.5-1997 Speech Intelligibility Index model.
Results:
NAL-NL2 and DSL m[i/o] provided comparable overall loudness of approximately 8 sones for the five sensorineural hearing losses for a 65 dB SPL ILTASS input. This loudness was notably less than that perceived by a normal-hearing person for the same input signal, 18.6 sones. NAL-NL2 and DSL m[i/o] also provided comparable predicted speech intelligibility in quiet and noise. CAMEQ2-HF provided a greater average loudness, similar to NAL-NL1, with more high-frequency bandwidth but no significant improvement to predicted speech intelligibility.
Conclusions:
Definite variation in prescribed insertion gain was present among the prescriptive methods. These differences when averaged across the hearing losses were, by and large, negligible with regard to predicted speech intelligibility at normal conversational speech levels. With regard to loudness, DSL m[i/o] and NAL-NL2 provided the least overall loudness, followed by CAMEQ2-HF and NAL-NL1 providing the most loudness. CAMEQ2-HF provided the most audibility at high frequencies; even so, the audibility became less effective for improving speech intelligibility as hearing loss severity increased.
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Frivillig miljöredovisning i tre svenska klädföretag / Voluntary environmental accountancy from three Swedish clothing manufacturersRahnert, Katharina, Malmgren, Elisabeth January 2008 (has links)
<p>Uppsatsen redogör för tre svenska klädföretags miljöredovisningar och hur dessa uppfyller de kvalitativa egenskaperna: begriplighet, relevans, tillförlitlighet och jämförbarhet. Dessa kvalitativa egenskaper ska enligt det internationella redovisningsorganet IASBs föreställningsram vara uppfyllda i de finansiella rapporterna som företagen lämnar. De tre klädföretag som vi har valt att undersöka har offentliggjort frivilliga miljöredovisningar. I dagsläget finns det inga lagkrav på hur frivilliga miljöredovisningar ska presenteras, däremot finns det olika rekommendationer. Vi menar att IASBs fyra kvalitativa egenskaper kan appliceras på frivilliga miljöredovisningar i syfte att säkerställa ett visst mått av kvalitet. I vår uppsats har vi därför med utgångspunkt ifrån såväl IASB, FAR/SRS och FEE definierat vilka kriterier som rimligen bör ingå i dessa egenskaper. Egenskaperna har även anpassats till att kunna tillämpas på den svenska klädbranschen.</p><p>Studien utfördes genom att vi först undersökte företagens miljöredovisningar varpå dessa analyserades utifrån det vi avser med de kvalitativa egenskaperna: begriplighet, relevans, tillförlitlighet och jämförbarhet. Vidare har vi genomfört intervjuer med de respektive företagens miljöansvarige för att slutligen göra en avstämning mellan miljöredovisningarna, vår analys och det företagen själva har uttalat sig om.</p><p>I undersökningen har vi kommit fram till att ingen av företagens miljöredovisningar kan anses ha god kvalitet då samtliga uppvisar brister i någon av de kvalitativa egenskaperna som vi har utgått ifrån. Begripligheten i de tre miljöredovisningarna kan sägas vara god medan det förekommer bristfälligheter i fråga om relevans, tillförlitlighet och jämförbarhet.</p> / <p>This dissertation examines three Swedish clothing manufacturer’s environmental accountancy statements and how these satisfy the qualitative properties: intelligibility, relevance, reliability and comparability. These qualitative properties should, according to the International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB) framework, be satisfied in the companies’ published financial reports. The three clothing companies we chose to investigate have made public their voluntary environmental accountancy statements. There is currently no law stating how voluntary environmental accountancy statements are to be presented, though there are some recommendations. We consider that IASB’s four qualitative properties can be applied to voluntary environmental accountancy in order to guarantee a certain level of quality. We have therefore in this dissertation defined which criteria should be included in these properties on the basis of IASB, FAR/SRS and FEE. These properties have been modified to enable application within the Swedish clothing industry.</p><p>The study commenced with an investigation of the companies’ environmental accountancy statements. These were then analysed on the basis of what we consider to be the qualitative properties intelligibility, relevance, reliability and comparability. We furthermore conducted interviews with the environmental officer of each company; and finally compared the different environmental accountancy statements, our analyses and information obtained directly from each company.</p><p>In our study we concluded that none of the companies had environmental accountancy statements of good quality, as all had shortfalls in the qualitative properties which our study was based upon. Intelligibility in the three environmental accountancy statements can be described as good; however there were insufficiencies in the case of relevance, reliability and comparability.</p>
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Frivillig miljöredovisning i tre svenska klädföretag / Voluntary environmental accountancy from three Swedish clothing manufacturersRahnert, Katharina, Malmgren, Elisabeth January 2008 (has links)
Uppsatsen redogör för tre svenska klädföretags miljöredovisningar och hur dessa uppfyller de kvalitativa egenskaperna: begriplighet, relevans, tillförlitlighet och jämförbarhet. Dessa kvalitativa egenskaper ska enligt det internationella redovisningsorganet IASBs föreställningsram vara uppfyllda i de finansiella rapporterna som företagen lämnar. De tre klädföretag som vi har valt att undersöka har offentliggjort frivilliga miljöredovisningar. I dagsläget finns det inga lagkrav på hur frivilliga miljöredovisningar ska presenteras, däremot finns det olika rekommendationer. Vi menar att IASBs fyra kvalitativa egenskaper kan appliceras på frivilliga miljöredovisningar i syfte att säkerställa ett visst mått av kvalitet. I vår uppsats har vi därför med utgångspunkt ifrån såväl IASB, FAR/SRS och FEE definierat vilka kriterier som rimligen bör ingå i dessa egenskaper. Egenskaperna har även anpassats till att kunna tillämpas på den svenska klädbranschen. Studien utfördes genom att vi först undersökte företagens miljöredovisningar varpå dessa analyserades utifrån det vi avser med de kvalitativa egenskaperna: begriplighet, relevans, tillförlitlighet och jämförbarhet. Vidare har vi genomfört intervjuer med de respektive företagens miljöansvarige för att slutligen göra en avstämning mellan miljöredovisningarna, vår analys och det företagen själva har uttalat sig om. I undersökningen har vi kommit fram till att ingen av företagens miljöredovisningar kan anses ha god kvalitet då samtliga uppvisar brister i någon av de kvalitativa egenskaperna som vi har utgått ifrån. Begripligheten i de tre miljöredovisningarna kan sägas vara god medan det förekommer bristfälligheter i fråga om relevans, tillförlitlighet och jämförbarhet. / This dissertation examines three Swedish clothing manufacturer’s environmental accountancy statements and how these satisfy the qualitative properties: intelligibility, relevance, reliability and comparability. These qualitative properties should, according to the International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB) framework, be satisfied in the companies’ published financial reports. The three clothing companies we chose to investigate have made public their voluntary environmental accountancy statements. There is currently no law stating how voluntary environmental accountancy statements are to be presented, though there are some recommendations. We consider that IASB’s four qualitative properties can be applied to voluntary environmental accountancy in order to guarantee a certain level of quality. We have therefore in this dissertation defined which criteria should be included in these properties on the basis of IASB, FAR/SRS and FEE. These properties have been modified to enable application within the Swedish clothing industry. The study commenced with an investigation of the companies’ environmental accountancy statements. These were then analysed on the basis of what we consider to be the qualitative properties intelligibility, relevance, reliability and comparability. We furthermore conducted interviews with the environmental officer of each company; and finally compared the different environmental accountancy statements, our analyses and information obtained directly from each company. In our study we concluded that none of the companies had environmental accountancy statements of good quality, as all had shortfalls in the qualitative properties which our study was based upon. Intelligibility in the three environmental accountancy statements can be described as good; however there were insufficiencies in the case of relevance, reliability and comparability.
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Developing Subject-specific Frequency Lowering Algorithms With Simulated Hearing Loss For The Enhancement Of Sensorineural Hearing LossArioz, Umut 01 September 2012 (has links) (PDF)
The hearing and understanding problems of the people with high frequency hearing loss are covered within the scope of this thesis. For overcoming these problems, two main studies, developing hearing loss simulation (HLS) and applying new frequency lowering methods (FLMs) were carried out. HLS was developed with the suprathreshold effects and new FLMs were applied with different combinations of the FLMs. For evaluating the studies, modified rhyme test (MRT) and speech intelligibility index (SII) were used as subjective and objective measures, respectively. Before both of the studies, offline studies were carried out for specifying the significant parameters and values for using in MRT. For the HLS study, twelve hearing impaired subjects listened to unprocessed sounds and thirty six normal hearing subjects listened to simulated sounds. In the evaluation of the HLS, both measures gave similar and consistent results for both unprocessed and simulated sounds. In FLMs study, hearing impaired subjects were simulated and normal hearing subjects listened to frequency lowered sounds with the specified methods, parameters and values. All FLMs were compared with the standard method of hearing aids (amplification) for five different noisy environments. FLMs satisfied 83% success of higher speech intelligibility improvement than amplification in all cases. As a conclusion, the necessity of using subject-specific FLMs was shown to achieve higher intelligibility than with amplification only. Accordingly, a methodology for selection of the values of parameters for different noisy environments and for different audiograms was developed.
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