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[pt] A literatura apresenta lacunas em relação a antecedentes que levam consumidores a comprar produtos de marcas ecologicamente responsáveis. Esta tese propõe um modelo integrando estímulos de naturezas cognitiva, afetiva e normativa e seus impactos na intenção de compra de produtos de tais marcas. Conduziu-se um survey sobre amostra de consumidores que conhecem marcas que se preocupam com preservação ambiental, obtendo-se 419 respostas válidas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise por modelagem por equações estruturais. Os resultados mostraram relações significativas entre estímulos (cognitivos e afetivos) e a atitude em relação a comprar produtos de marcas que se preocupam com a preservação ambiental. A auto eficácia, quando antecede a atitude, também teve efeito significativo e direto sobre a atitude. / [en] This study addresses a gap in literature with respect to antecedents that lead consumers to buy products from ecologically concerned brands. This study proposes a model integrating cognitive, affective and normative drivers and their impacts on the purchase intention of products of such brands. The central hypothesis of this study is that the consumer s attitude towards buying these products has cognitive and affective antecedents and that self-efficacy precedes the intention to buy products from brands that are concerned with environmental preservation. A survey was conducted on a sample of consumers who know brands that care about environmental preservation, obtaining 419 valid answers. The data were submitted to analysis by structural equation modeling (SEM). The results showed significant relationships between cognitive and affective drivers and the attitude towards buying products from ecologically concerned brands. Self-efficacy, when it precedes the attitude, also has a significant and direct effect on the attitude.

Managing a system of network services is a complex and large-scale task that often lacks a trivial optimal solution. Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) has shown great potential in being able to solve these tasks in static settings. However, in practice, the RL agents struggle to generalize their control policies enough to work in more dynamic real-world environments. To achieve a generality between environments, multiple contributions are made by this thesis. Low-level metrics are collected from each node in the system to help explain changes in the end-to-end delay of the system. To achieve generality in its control policy, more ways to observe and understand the dynamic environment and how it changes are provided to the RL agent by introducing the end-to-end delay of each service in the system to its observation space. Another approach to achieving more generality in RL policies is Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML), a type of Meta-Learning approach where instead of learning to solve a specific task, the model learns to learn how to quickly solve a new task based on prior knowledge. Results show that low-level metrics yield a much greater generality when helping to explain the delay of a system. Applying MAML to the problem is beneficial in adding generality to a learned RL policy and making the adaptation to a new task faster. If the RL agent can observe the changes to the underlying dynamics of the environment between tasks by itself, the policy can achieve this generality by itself without the need for a more complex method. However, if acquiring or observing the necessary data is too expensive or complex, switching to a Meta-Learning approach might be beneficial to increase generality. / Hanteringen av ett system med nätverksstjänster är ett komplext och stor skaligt problem där den optimal lösning inte är trivial. Djup förstärkningsinlärning har visat stor potential i att kunna lösa dessa problem i statiska miljöer. Dock är det svårt att generalisera lösningarna tillräckligt för att fungera i mer komplicerade och realistiska dynamiska miljöer. För att uppnå mer generella lösningar mellan miljöer presenterar denna masteruppsats flera möjliga lösningar. Lågnivåmetrik samlas in från varje nod i systemet för att hjälpa förklara skillnader i den totala responstiden för varje tjänst i systemet. För att generalisera förstärkningsinlärningsmodellen kan den förses med fler sätt att observera miljön, och därmed lära sig förstå hur den dynamiska miljön förändras. En annan metod för att uppnå mer generalitet inom förstärkningsinlärning är Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML), en typ av Meta-Learning där istället för att lära sig att lösa en specifik uppgift, modellen lär sig att lära sig att snabbt lösa en ny uppgift baserat på sin tidigare kunskap. Resultaten visar att lågnivåmetriken leder till en mycket högre generalitet i att hjälpa till att förklara responstiden av ett system. Att applicera MAML till problemet hjälper att bidra med generalitet till en förstärkningsinlärningsmodell och gör anpassningen till en ny uppgift snabbare. Om modellen själv kan observera ändringarna i underliggande dynamiken bakom miljön mellan uppgifter kan den uppnå mer generalitet utan ett behov av en mer komplex metod som MAML. Däremot, om det är svårt eller dyrt att få tag på eller observera den nödvändiga datan, kan ett byte till en Meta-Learning baserad metod vara mer fördelaktig för att öka generaliteten.

Different road users follow different behaviors and intentions in the trajectories that they traverse. Predicting the intent of these road users at intersections would not only help increase the comfort of drive in autonomous vehicles, but also help detect potential accidents. In this thesis, the research objective is to build models that predicts future positions of road users (pedestrians,cyclists and autonomous shuttles) by capturing behaviors endemic to different road users.  Firstly, a constant velocity state space model is used as a benchmark for intent prediction, with a fresh approach to estimate parameters from the data through the EM algorithm. Then, a neural network based LSTM sequence modeling architecture is used to better capture the dynamics of road user movement and their dependence on the spatial area. Inspired by the recent success of transformers and attention in text mining, we then propose a mechanism to capture the road users' social behavior amongst their neighbors. To achieve this, past trajectories of different road users are forward propagated through the LSTM network to obtain representative feature vectors for each road users' behaviour. These feature vectors are then passed through an attention-layer to obtain representations that incorporate information from other road users' feature vectors, which are in-turn used to predict future positions for every road user in the frame. It is seen that the attention based LSTM model slightly outperforms the plain LSTM models, while both substantially outperform the constant velocity model. A comparative qualitative analysis is performed to assess the behaviors that are captured/missed by the different models. The thesis concludes with a dissection of the behaviors captured by the attention module.

L’article 33.1 est une disposition du Code criminel qui vise à interdire l’utilisation de la défense d’intoxication extrême à l’encontre d’infractions violentes d’intention générale. La première version de cette disposition avait été ajoutée au Code criminel en 1995 en réaction à l’arrêt Daviault où la Cour suprême avait reconnu pour la première fois que l’état d’intoxication extrême pouvait constituer une défense admissible en droit pénal canadien. En adoptant cette disposition, le Parlement voulait s’assurer que les personnes qui avaient commis des crimes violents d’intention générale ne puissent invoquer leur état d’intoxication pour s’exonérer de leur responsabilité. Pendant plus de 25 ans, cette première version aura force de loi, mais en mai 2022 la Cour suprême rend l’arrêt Brown dans lequel elle déclare son inconstitutionnalité. En moins de six semaines, le Parlement adopte une nouvelle version de l’article 33.1 qui devrait, selon lui, corriger les lacunes de l’ancienne version et combler le vide juridique laissé par sa déclaration d’inconstitutionnalité. L’objet ultime du présent mémoire est donc d’évaluer si le nouveau libellé de l’article 33.1 du Code criminel sera en mesure d’atteindre les objectifs que le Parlement s’était fixés lors de son adoption. / Section 33.1 is a provision of the Criminal Code that is intended to prohibit the use of the defense of extreme intoxication against violent offences of general intent. The first version of this provision was added to the Criminal Code in 1995 in response to Daviault decision, where the Supreme Court recognized for the first time that a state of extreme intoxication could constitute an admissible defense in Canadian criminal law. By adopting this provision, Parliament wanted to ensure that people who had committed violent crimes of general intent could not invoke their state of intoxication to exonerate themselves from their responsibility. For more than 25 years, this first version will have the force of law, but in May 2022, the Supreme Court renders Brown judgement in which it declares its unconstitutionality. In less than six weeks, Parliament adopted a new version of article 33.1 which, in its view, should correct the shortcomings of the old version and fill the legal void left by its declaration of unconstitutionality. The ultimate purpose of this brief if therefore to assess whether the new wording of section 33.1 of the Criminal Code will be able to achieve the objectives that Parliament set for itself when it was adopted.

Indecent assault consists in an unlawful and intentional indecent assault which is and is intended to be indecent. There is some controversy in the case law whether the indecency is committed only by acts which are, objectively speaking indecent, against the view that even though the act is not indecent itself, may nevertheless found a conviction of indecent assault if it was the intention of the accused to act indecent and such intention was conveyed to the victim. It is submitted that the last mentioned approach is to be preferred but that the following test should be used: 1. If the act, is objectively speaking indecent and there is no doubt about the unlawfulness as well as the indecent intention of the accused, the crime of indecent assault was committed. 2. If the act is objectively speaking indecent but the indecent intention of the accused can not be proven, there is a rebuttable presumption that the accused acted with an indecent intention. Such as presumption must be rebutted b the accused himself. 3. If the act is not objectively speaking, indecent but the indecent intention of the accused can for example be proven by the accused confession to such an intention, the act became indecent. / Text in Afrikaans / Law / LL.M.

Syfte Syftet med denna studie är att analysera skillnader i betydelse mellan komponenterna: etisk bedömning, etisk avsikt och etisk plikt i förhållande till uppfattad betydelse av ett etiskt problem i den etiska beslutsprocessen.  Metod En analys av tidigare forskning genomfördes för att skapa en teoretisk referensram samt få en god översikt över forskningsområdet. En kvantitativ metod användes därefter för att samla in empiriskt material. Detta gjordes med hjälp av en enkät som bestod av scenarion som respondenterna fick ta ställning till. Den empiriska informationen analyserades i SPSS, där utfördes deskriptiv statistik, korrelationsanalys, faktoranalys samt regressionsanalys. Resultaten presenterades, diskuterades och utmynnade i en slutsats samt förslag till fortsatt forskning.  Slutsats De slutsatser som kan dras utifrån studien är att den etiska bedömningen har störst påverkan på den uppfattade betydelsen. Det kan även konstateras att den etiska avsikten samt den etiska plikten inte har någon signifikant påverkan på den upplevda betydelsen när ett etiskt dilemma ses som mindre allvarligt.  Uppsatsens bidrag Studien bidrar till en ökad förståelse för fastighetsmäklares attityder gentemot etiska dilemman, samt att den etiska beslutsprocessen är mer komplex än vad som tidigare presenterats. Vi belyser även hur säljchefer kan påverka sina anställda till ett mer etiskt agerande genom att uppföra etiska koder samt arbeta för ett gott etiskt klimat. / Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyse the differences in importance between the components: ethical judgement, moral intent and moral obligation relative to the perceived importance of an ethical issue in the ethical decision making process.  Method An analysis of previous studies was made in order to create a theoretical framework and to obtain an overview of the field of research. A quantitative method was used to collect the empirical data. This was made by using a survey where the respondents had to take a stand to ethical dilemmas presented with vignettes. The empirical data was analysed in SPSS, where descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, factor analysis and regression analysis were created. The results were presented, discussed and lead to a conclusion and suggestions for future research.  Conclusion The conclusions that can be drawn from the study are that ethical judgement has the biggest impact on the perceived importance of an ethical issue. It is also possible to establish that the moral intent and moral obligation does not have a significant influence on the perceived importance when an ethical dilemma is perceived as less important.  Contribution The study contributes to a deeper understanding of real estate agents’ attitudes towards ethical dilemmas. It also shows that the ethical decision making process is more complex than earlier presented. We also highlight how sales managers can influence their employees to a more ethical approach by setting ethical codes and work for a good ethical climate.

Au cours de la dernière décennie, les changements observés sur le marché amènent les organisations à améliorer leurs conditions de travail afin d’être en mesure d’attirer et de retenir des travailleurs performants. Les PRH n’y font pas exception. En effet, les PRH présentent des attentes bien précises et développent un contrat psychologique qui leur est propre. Cette recherche porte sur l’intention de quitter des PRH. Plus précisément, elle vise à identifier à travers la théorie du contrat psychologique, les conditions d’emploi et d’exercice de la profession qui, lorsqu’elles ne sont pas respectées, influencent positivement l’intention de quitter des PRH. Il ressort de nos analyses statistiques que la violation du contrat psychologique, notamment des conditions d’emploi et des conditions d’exercice de la profession, influence positivement l’intention de quitter des PRH. Nos analyses nous ont permis d’identifier les différentes conditions d’emploi et d’exercice de la profession qui ont une influence sur l’intention de quitter des PRH. En ce qui concerne les conditions d’emploi, il s’agit de celles reliées au développement de carrière, à l’atmosphère au travail et au contenu de l’emploi. Du côté des conditions d’exercice de la profession, il s’agit du rôle d’agent de changement et de partenaires d’affaires qui ont une influence positive, tandis que le rôle d’expert fonctionnel influence négativement les intentions de quitter des PRH. Nos analyses mettent en évidence l’importance du respect des conditions d’emploi comparativement à celles associées aux conditions d’exercice de la profession. En effet, on constate que les trois conditions d’emploi qui ont une influence positive sur les intentions de quitter des PRH peuvent, sans contredit, être associées au développement professionnel, une valeur importante chez les PRH. / During the last decade, many changes have been observed in the labor markets which have lead organizations to review their work conditions. By improving the work environment, organizations have been able to attract and retain good workers. Human resource professionals (HRP) are not an exception. Indeed, HRP have specific expectations, they also develop their own psychological contract. This research attempts to understand the intent to quit of a HRP. Specifically, this research seeks to identify the conditions of employment and of professional practice through the theory of psychological contracts. When these conditions are not met, they positively influence the intent to quit of a HRP. According to our statistical analyses, psychological contract breach of the conditions of employment and of the conditions of professional practice positively influences the intent to quit of a HRP. More specifically, the conditions of employment which influence the intent to quit of a HRP are related to career development, social atmosphere and job content. Moreover, the role of a change agent and a strategic partner are the conditions of professional practice that influence negatively the intent to quit of a HRP. However, the role of an administrative expert influences positively the intent to quit of a HRP. Finally, our analysis highlights the importance of respecting the conditions of employment compared to those associated to the conditions of professional practice. Indeed, we find that the breach of three conditions of employment that have a positive influence on the intent to quit of a PRH can be associated to career development, which is a value that is more and more important for a PRH in current times.

Ce mémoire a pour objectif de comprendre l’impact des avantages sociaux novateurs et des avantages sociaux traditionnels sur l’intention de rester des travailleurs via l’effet médiateur de l’engagement organisationnel. Pour étudier cette question, nous avons émis trois hypothèses basées sur notre revue de littérature ainsi que sur les théories de l’échange social de Blau (1964) et de la dépendance à l’égard des ressources de Balkin et Bannister (1993). La première hypothèse stipule que les avantages sociaux novateurs ont un impact positif et indirect sur l’intention de rester via l’engagement organisationnel. La deuxième hypothèse indique que les avantages sociaux traditionnels ont un impact positif et indirect sur l’intention de rester via l’engagement organisationnel. La dernière hypothèse suggère que les avantages sociaux novateurs ont un impact plus important sur l’intention de rester que les avantages sociaux traditionnels via l’engagement organisationnel. Les données utilisées, de nature longitudinale, proviennent d’une enquête plus large portant sur « les liens entre la rémunération, la formation et le développement de compétences avec l’attraction et la rétention des employés clés ». L’échantillon est composé de 235 nouveaux travailleurs embauchés entre le 1er avril 2009 et le 30 septembre 2010 d’une entreprise multinationale du secteur des technologies de l’information et des communications (TIC) localisée à Montréal. Nos résultats confirment nos deux premières hypothèses. En effet, nos résultats indiquent que les avantages sociaux traditionnels et les avantages sociaux novateurs ont un impact positif sur l’intention de rester des travailleurs via l’effet médiateur de l’engagement organisationnel. Nos résultats indiquent également que les avantages sociaux traditionnels ont un impact plus significatif que les avantages sociaux novateurs sur l’intention de rester via l’effet médiateur de l’engagement organisationnel. Le soutien organisationnel perçu et le travail sous supervision ont également un impact important sur l’intention de rester des travailleurs. Finalement, nous indiquons en conclusion les implications pratiques de ce mémoire pour les gestionnaires du secteur des TIC en matière de fidélisation des travailleurs. Nous présentons également les limites de notre étude et des pistes de recherches futures. / The objective of this thesis is to understand the impact of innovative and traditional perks on workers’ intent to stay through the mediating effect of organizational commitment. Three hypotheses were proposed to study this question based on Blau’s Social Exchange Theory (1964) and Balkin and Bannister’s Resources Dependence Theory (1993). Our first hypothesis states that innovative perks have a positive and indirect effect on workers’ intent to stay through the mediating effect of organizational commitment. Our second hypothesis indicates that traditional perks have a positive and indirect effect on workers’ intent to stay through the mediating effect of organizational commitment. Our third and last hypothesis suggests that innovative perks have a greater effect on workers’ intent to stay through the mediating effect of organizational commitment than traditional perks. The longitudinal data used in this thesis comes from a broader investigation called « The Links Between Compensation, Training and Development Skills with the Attraction and Retention of Key Employees ». The sample consists of newly hired employees from a global Information Technology and Communication (ITC) company based in Montreal. Data from this organization was collected from 235 employees hired between April 1, 2009 and September 30, 2010. Our findings confirm our first two hypotheses. Our results indicate that both innovative and traditional perks have a positive and indirect impact on workers’ intent to stay through the mediating effect of organizational commitment. Our results also indicate that traditional perks have a greater effect than innovative perks on workers’ intent to stay through the mediating effect of organizational commitment. Perceived organizational support and working under supervision also have an impact on workers’ intent to stay. We conclude this thesis with practical implications for managers with regards to employee retention in the ITC sector. We also present the limitations of our study and the implications for future research.