Ledningsbanor syftar till att föra ström eller digitala signaler mellan elektroniska komponenter. Traditionellt brukar ledare av solid metall användas, då metall har låg resistans och lämpar sig bra som strömledare. I denna studie utforskas möjlig-heten för olika material att fungera som textila ledningsbanor. Textila ledningsba-nor behövs bland annat i medicinska plagg med sensorer. En ledningsbana som ska vara i ett plagg måste både vara tvättbar och flexibel. I denna studie har tre konduktiva garner testats; Bekinox VN 12/2*275 /175S, Shi-eldex 235/34 och Highflex 3981 7*1 Silver. Ett textilt band med fyra ledningsba-nor i, OHM-e-12-L-1, från företaget Ohmatex har också utvärderats samt har det undersökts om det är möjligt att använda konduktiv silikon, Elastosil LR 3162 A/B, som en ledningsbana. För att ta reda på hur de konduktiva materialen tål tvätt har tvättester utförts där resistansen efter tvätt har mätts. En metod har utvecklats som går ut på att undersöka om konduktiviteten försämras när materialet utsätts för mekaniskt deformation vid en böjrörelse. Det har även testats om en silikonbe-läggning med Dow Corning 3140 RTV Coating kan förhindra en eventuell höjning av resistansen efter testerna och resultaten har jämförts med de prover som inte varit belagda. Beläggningen isolerar även garnerna och därför har även det testats att använda Elastosil som kontaktpunkter för de belagda garnerna. Bekinox klarar både tvätt och böjningstest bra. Shieldex resistans höjs efter tvätt men silikonbeläggningen har en skyddande effekt. Shieldex klarar böjningstestet bra och resistansen ändras knappt. Highflex klarar tvättesterna och har väldigt låg resistans men är känslig mot mekanisk deformation och skadas i böjningstesterna. Där har inte beläggningen en skyddande effekt. Elastosil är inte lämplig som led-ningsbana och fungerar inte som kontaktpunkter. Elastosil visar sig däremot ha god härdighet mot både tvätt och böjning. Bandet från Ohmatex fungerar bra både efter tvätt och böjningstester och är lämplig som ledningsbana. / Interconnections are electrical conductive tracks that aim to transport electricity or digital signals between components in a circuit. The conventional way of doing this is to use connections of solid metal, since they have low electrical resistance and are thereby suitable conductors. In this study, different materials have been investigated for their suitability to be used as textile interconnections. Textile in-terconnections are needed in for instance medical measuring equipment garments. A textile interconnection in a garment needs to withstand washing and bending. In this study three conductive yarns are tested; Bekinox VN 12/2*275/175S, Shieldex 235/34 and Highflex 3981 7*1 Silver. A textile interconnection narrow fabric with four copper wires within, OHM-e-12-L-1, by the company Ohmatex has also been investigated. The conductive silicon Elastosil LR 3162 A/B has also been investigated for its suitability to fit as textile interconnection and as electrical contact with conductive yarns. Washing tests have been made to investigate how the materials electrical resistance is affected by washing. To measure and under-stand the materials flexibility and how the resistance is affected by bending of the material, the materials have been bended in a bending apparatus that has been developed in this study. It has also been investigated whether or not a silicon coat-ing, Dow Corning 3140 RTV Coating, of the yarns may protect them from the chemical and mechanical wearing of washing and bending. The change in re-sistance has then been compared to values of the uncoated yarns. Since the coat-ing is electrically isolating the yarns, screen printed contact points of Elastosil has been added and investigated. Bekinox withstands both washing and bending well. The electrical resistance of Shieldex increases by washing, but the silicon coated yarns increase less than the uncoated yarns. Shieldex withstands the bending test well and the change in re-sistance is low. Highflex passes the washing test well and has very low resistance. But the Highflex yarn is sensitive to mechanical deformation and gets damaged by the bending test. The silicon coating has no protecting effect here. Elastosil is not suitable as an interconnection and the contact points by Elastosil are neither working well together with the conductive yarns. But Elastosil do withstands both the washing and bending test well. The conductive narrow fabric by Ohmatex withstands both the washing and bending test well and it is suitable as an inter-connection.

The thesis undertakes a Buddhist reading of Mary Oliver’s oeuvre. It seeks to fill a palpable lacuna in extant criticism of her work, which tends to adopt Romantic, Feminist, Ecocritical, and Christian viewpoints. Thus far, no criticism has offered a sustained reading of her work from a specifically Buddhist stance. The thesis is structured in five chapters. The introductory chapter is followed by a literature review. The next three chapters are devoted to the Buddhist themes of Mindfulness, Interconnection, and Impermanence respectively. Each chapter opens with detailed consideration of its respective theme before moving on to the analysis and amplification of poems pertinent to it. In addition, the main Buddhist theme of each chapter is subdivided into its component sub-themes or corollaries. The main methodological approach to Oliver’s poetry comprises explication de texte as this makes provision for detailed readings of the texts themselves. Furthermore, this approach has been adopted because it allows for in-depth exploration of Oliver’s literary devices, three notable examples of which are anaphora, adéquation, and correspondence. In the course of the discussion, reference is also made to the influence of Imagism and, more specifically, the Japanese haiku tradition insofar as they impact on her poetry. This discussion is intended to give some indication of Oliver’s place within the American poetic tradition. The predominant subject-matter of her corpus is an all-encompassing view of the natural world with its birth-life-decay-death cycle. She does not flinch from addressing the harsh and violent aspects of nature as well as its exuberance and beauty. Her unifying topos is being the bride of amazement as witness to the natural world. For her readers, this witnessing translates into an inner, potentially transformative process, ultimately integrating mind and heart. The thesis concludes with a list of references and a glossary of the Buddhist terms. / Thesis (PhD (English))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The thesis undertakes a Buddhist reading of Mary Oliver’s oeuvre. It seeks to fill a palpable lacuna in extant criticism of her work, which tends to adopt Romantic, Feminist, Ecocritical, and Christian viewpoints. Thus far, no criticism has offered a sustained reading of her work from a specifically Buddhist stance. The thesis is structured in five chapters. The introductory chapter is followed by a literature review. The next three chapters are devoted to the Buddhist themes of Mindfulness, Interconnection, and Impermanence respectively. Each chapter opens with detailed consideration of its respective theme before moving on to the analysis and amplification of poems pertinent to it. In addition, the main Buddhist theme of each chapter is subdivided into its component sub-themes or corollaries. The main methodological approach to Oliver’s poetry comprises explication de texte as this makes provision for detailed readings of the texts themselves. Furthermore, this approach has been adopted because it allows for in-depth exploration of Oliver’s literary devices, three notable examples of which are anaphora, adéquation, and correspondence. In the course of the discussion, reference is also made to the influence of Imagism and, more specifically, the Japanese haiku tradition insofar as they impact on her poetry. This discussion is intended to give some indication of Oliver’s place within the American poetic tradition. The predominant subject-matter of her corpus is an all-encompassing view of the natural world with its birth-life-decay-death cycle. She does not flinch from addressing the harsh and violent aspects of nature as well as its exuberance and beauty. Her unifying topos is being the bride of amazement as witness to the natural world. For her readers, this witnessing translates into an inner, potentially transformative process, ultimately integrating mind and heart. The thesis concludes with a list of references and a glossary of the Buddhist terms. / Thesis (PhD (English))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Designers of Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are always striving to improve the speed of their designs. The propagation delay of FPGA interconnection networks is a major challenge and continues to grow with newer technologies. FPGAs interconnection networks are implemented using NMOS pass transistor based multiplexers followed by buffers. The threshold voltage drop across an NMOS device degrades the high logic value, and results in unbalanced rising and falling edges, static power consumption due to the crowbar currents, and reduced noise margins. In this work, circuit design techniques to construct interconnection circuit with capacitive boosting are proposed. By using capacitive boosting in FPGAs interconnection networks, the signal transitions are accelerated and the crowbar currents of downstream buffers are reduced. In addition, buffers can be non-skewed or slightly skewed to improve noise immunity of the interconnection network. Results indicate that by using the presented circuit design technique, the propagation delay can be reduced by at least 10% versus prior art at the expense of a slight increase in silicon area. In addition, in a bid to reduce power consumption in reconfigurable arrays, operation in weak inversion region has been suggested. Current programmable interconnections cannot be directly used in this region due to a very poor propagation delay and sensitivity to Process-Voltage-Temperature (PVT) variations. This work also focuses on designing a common structure for FPGAs interconnection networks that can operate in both strong and weak inversion. We propose to use capacitive boosting together with a new circuit design technique, called Twins transmission gates in implementing FPGA interconnect multiplexers. We also propose to use capacitive boosting in designing buffers. This way, the operation region of the interconnection circuitry is shifted away from weak inversion toward strong inversion resulting in improved speed and enhanced tolerance to PVT variations. Simulation results indicate using capacitive boosting to implement the interconnection network can have a significant influence on delay and tolerance to variations. The interconnection network with capacitive boosting is at least 34% faster than prior art in weak inversion. / Graduate

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) support the reconfigurable computing paradigm by providing an integrated circuit hardware platform that facilitates software like reconfigurability. The addition of an embedded microprocessor and peripherals to traditional FPGA Combinational Logic Blocks (CLBs) interleaved with interconnections has effectively resulted in a programmable system on-chip. FPGAs are used to support flexible implementations of Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) functions. Because FPGAs are reconfigurable, they often are used in place of ASICs during the cicuit design process. FPGAs are also used when only a small number of ICs are required: ASICs necessitate large manufacturing runs to be economically viable; for smaller runs the use of FPGAs is an economic alternative. Application domains of interest, such as intelligent guidance systems, medical devices, and sensors, often require low power, inexpensive calculation of trance- dental functions. COordinate Rotation DIgital Computer (CORDIC) is an iterative algorithm used to emmulate hardware expensive multipliers, such as Multiply/ACculmulate (MAC) units, with only shift and add operations. However, because CORDIC is a sequential algorithm, characterized as having the latency of a serial multiplier, techniques that speed up computational performance have many applications.To this end, three implementations of standard CORDIC, (i) unrolled hardwired, (ii) unrolled programmable, and (iii) rolled programmable, were implemented on four Xilinx FPGA families: Virtex-4, -5, and -6, and Spartan-6. Although hardwired unrolled was found to have the greatest speed at the expense of no runtime flexibility, and rolled programmable was found to have the greatest flexibility and lowest silicon area consumption at the expense of the longest propagation delay, improvements to CORDIC implementations were still sought. Three parallelized CORDIC techniques, P-CORDIC, Flat-CORDIC, and Para-CORDIC, were implemented on the same four FPGA families. P-CORDIC and Flat-CORDIC, were shown to have the lowest latency under various conditions; Para-CORDIC was found to perform well in deeply pipelined, high throughput circuits. Design rules for when to use standard versus precomputation CORDIC techniques are presented. To address the low power requirements of many applications of interest, the Unfolded Multiplexor-LRB (UMUX-LRB), patent held by Sima, et al, was analyzed in weak inversion across four transistor technology nodes (180nm, 130nm, 90nm, and 65nm). Previous was also expanded from strong inversion across 180nm, 130nm, and 90nm technology nodes to also include 65nm. The UMUX-LRB interconnection network is based upon the Xilinx commercial interconnection network. Therefore, this network (MUX-LRB), and another static circuit technique, CMOS-Transmission Gates (CMOS-TG), were profiled across all four technology nodes to provide a baseline of comparision. This analysis found the UMUX-LRB to have the smallest and most balanced rising and falling edge propagation delay, in addition to having the greatest reliability for temperature and process variation. / Graduate

Today s supercomputers require interconnection networks with high bandwidth and low latency to exploit parallelism. The data vortex is an all optical path interconnection network defined and then proven to achieve high level of message acceptance and low levels of message latency. In this thesis research, three enhancements to the data vortex are defined and tested for performance. They are compared to an unmodified data vortex using the average latency and offered traffic acceptance rates as metrics. Minimal angle counts are established where express lane enhancements are established. An express lane enhancement allows exploitation of locality yielding an 8% to 12 % reduction in average latency and a 4% to 6% increase in message acceptance. Semi-Express lanes cannot effectively exploit locality but still yield a 20% increase in message acceptance and a 4% decrease in average latency. Express outputs can exploit locality for a 28% to 32% increase in message acceptance and 12% to 15% decrease in average latency.

H παρούσα ερευνητική εργασία αφορά την εκτίμηση της απόδοσης πολυβάθμιων διασυνδεδεμένων δικτύων μεταγωγής. Για την εκτίμηση της απόδοσης αναπτύχθηκαν προσεγγιστικά αναλυτικά μοντέλα τα οποία και παρουσιάζονται στην εργασία αυτή. Πιο συγκεκριμένα: 1. Παρουσιάζεται μια πρωτότυπη ολοκληρωμένη μεθοδολογία εύρεσης της απόδοσης αυτό-δρομολογούμενων απλών πολυβάθμιων διασυνδεδεμένων δικτύων (πχ κλασσικά δίκτυα banyan) τα οποία συγκροτούνται από συμμετρικά στοιχειώδη συστήματα μεταγωγής (πχ 2x2 Switch Element). Το μοντέλο που δημιουργήθηκε βασίστηκε στην λειτουργία και την συμπεριφορά μιας τυχαίας μνήμης (ουράς) ενός στοιχειώδους συστήματος μεταγωγής. Βασιζόμενοι στην ανάλυση, η οποία συμπεριλαμβάνει έναν επαναληπτικό αλγόριθμο ο οποίος συγκλίνει σε πολύ λίγες επαναλήψεις, υπολογίζουμε την Χρησιμοποίηση των ουρών του συστήματος. Στην συνεχεία προσδιορίζουμε τους λοιπούς δείκτες απόδοσης. 2. Παρουσιάζεται διαδικασία εκτίμησης της απόδοσης πολυβάθμιων διασυνδεδεμένων δικτύων μεταγωγής, τα οποία έχουν την ικανότητα να εξυπηρετούν φορτίο με δύο οι περισσότερες προτεραιότητες. Προτάθηκε ένα στοιχειώδες σύστημα μεταγωγής (SE- Switch Element) το οποίο διαθέτει παράλληλες μνήμες σε κάθε είσοδο, μία για κάθε υποστηριζόμενη προτεραιότητα φορτίου, και το οποίο μοντελοποιήθηκε με την βοήθεια ουρών. Βασιζόμενοι στην ανάλυση του μοντέλου αυτού και με την βοήθεια σχετικού επαναληπτικού αλγορίθμου ο οποίος συγκλίνει με λίγες επαναλήψεις, υπολογίστηκαν με ακρίβεια όλοι οι δείκτες απόδοσης. 3. Επιπρόσθετα, αναπτύσσεται μια ακόμη πρωτότυπη αναλυτική προσέγγιση η οποία παρέχει την εκτίμηση της απόδοσης πολυβάθμιων διασυνδεδεμένων δικτύων μεταγωγής με ένα ή περισσότερα επίπεδα τα οποία εφαρμόζουν ως τεχνική εκπομπής πακέτων την τεχνική ‘full multicast’, όταν τα δίκτυα αυτά εξυπηρετούν φορτίο απλής και πολλαπλής εκπομπής (multicast). Δημιουργήθηκε σχετικό μοντέλο για την μελέτη των δικτύων αυτών. Απεδείχθη ότι τα διασυνδεδεμένα δίκτυα τα οποία διαθέτουν περιορισμένο αριθμό επιπέδων, υποστηρίζουν με εξαιρετική αποτελεσματικότητα φορτίο απλής και πολλαπλής εκπομπής (multicast). 4. Αναπτύσσεται και άλλη αναλυτική μελέτη η οποία παρέχει την εκτίμηση της απόδοσης πολυβάθμιων διασυνδεδεμένων δικτύων μεταγωγής με ένα ή περισσότερα επίπεδα τα οποία όμως εφαρμόζουν ως τεχνική εκπομπής πακέτων την τεχνική ‘partial multicast’. 5. Παρουσιάζεται αναλυτική προσέγγιση απόδοσης η οποία αφορά αυτο-δρομολoγούμενα πολυβάθμια συστήματα με περιορισμένα επίπεδα τα οποία όμως εφαρμόζουν ταυτόχρονα δύο διαφορετικές πολιτικές εκπομπής πακέτων, μία σε κάθε τμήμα τους. Και πάλι ακολουθώντας παρόμοια διαδικασία προσδιορίστηκαν όλοι οι δείκτες απόδοσης των πολυβάθμιων δικτύων αυτών 6. Για διευκόλυνση των μελετητών, ορίστηκε ένας γενικός συντελεστής απόδοσης (CPF) του συστήματος ο οποίος εκφράζει την γενική απόδοση μιας πολυβάθμιας συσκευής μεταγωγής πακέτων, λαμβάνοντας υπ όψιν όλους τους ανεξάρτητους δείκτες, με βάση συγκεκριμένα κριτήρια. Αξιοσημείωτο είναι ότι όλες οι αναλυτικές μέθοδοι παρέχουν αναλυτικά αποτελέσματα για όλα τα ενδιάμεσα στάδια. Όλα τα αποτελέσματα τα οποία προέκυψαν από εφαρμογή των αναλυτικών μεθόδων επιβεβαιώθηκαν με προσομοιώσεις που δημιουργήθηκαν γι αυτό τον σκοπό. Επίσης τα αποτελέσματα τα οποία ελήφθησαν από τις αναλυτικές μεθόδους, συγκρίθηκαν με αποτελέσματα από παλαιότερες εργασίες. Η σύγκριση αναδεικνύει την μεγαλύτερη ακρίβεια και ταχύτητα των αναλυτικών μεθόδων που παρουσιάζονται στην παρούσα εργασία έναντι όλων των παλαιοτέρων ερευνητικών τεχνικών. Εξετάζοντας τις σχετική ερευνητική βιβλιογραφία καθίσταται πρόδηλο ότι υπάρχει ανεπάρκεια αναλυτικών μελετών οι οποίες να καλύπτουν θέματα εκτίμησης απόδοσης συγχρόνων δικτύων μεταγωγής, όπως πχ είναι τα πολυεπίπεδα δίκτυα. Οι παραπάνω αναλυτικές προσεγγίσεις αναμένεται να είναι ένα χρήσιμο εργαλείο για τους σχεδιαστές και κατασκευαστές δικτυακών συστημάτων στην προσπάθειά τους να πετύχουν κατασκευή δικτύων με καλύτερη ποιότητα εξυπηρέτησης (QoS). / This research work concerns the performance evaluation of multistage, interconnected switching networks. To assess the performance, approximated analytical models are developed and presented. In particular: 1. A novel integrated methodology for assessing the performance of simple, self-routing, multistage, interconnected networks (e.g. banyan networks), which are formed by symmetrical switch elements, is presented. The model that is created is based on the function and behaviour of a random simple multistage switch system in a memory level (queue). Based on analysis, which includes a repetitive algorithm that converges within a small number of iterations, the queue's’ utilisation is estimated. Subsequently, other performance indicators are determined. 2. A performance evaluation process for multistage interconnection networks, which has the ability to service traffic with two or more classes of priorities, is presented. Particularly, a new switch element which has parallel memories in each entry is proposed to ensure effective servicing of multi-priority traffic. This switch element has one memory for each supported class of priority, and is modelled by means of queues. Based on the analysis provided by this model, and in conjunction with the application of a repetitive algorithm which converges with few iterations, all performance indicators were precisely calculated. 3. In addition, a novel analytical approach was developed that provides a performance evaluation of multistage interconnection networks that have one or more levels which apply the packet transmission ‘full multicast’ method when these networks serve unicast and multicast traffic. A relevant study model for those networks was created. It appears that the interconnected networks which have a limited number of levels lend excellent support with effective unicast and multicast traffic. 4. The study provides a performance evaluation of multistage interconnection networks with one or more levels, and uses a technical transmission packet technique for multicast traffic, the ‘partial multicast’ operation. 5. Also is presented an analytical approach that estimates a performance evaluation of self-routing, multistage interconnection networks (which have a limited number of levels) that apply two different transmission packet techniques in each segment. By application of a similar procedure, all the performance indicators of multistage networks are identified. 6. To assist designers, a compound performance factor (CPF) is defined which expresses the overall performance evaluation of multistage interconnection network devices (taking into account all the individual performance factors, according to a specific set of criteria). It is noteworthy that all of the analytical methods provide detailed results for all intermediate stages. All of the results obtained by application of analytical methods are confirmed by simulations. The results garnered by analytical methods are also compared with the results from previous work. The comparison highlights the greater accuracy and speed that these analytical methods have over older research techniques. Examination of the relevant research literature makes it evident that there is an insufficient number of analytical studies which cover the performance evaluation issue relating to modern switched networks; for example, multi-layered networks. This gap in the field of research is completed by this work. These analytical approaches will be useful tools for designers and manufacturers of network systems in their efforts to provide better quality of service (QoS).

Les objectifs technologiques de l'industrie de la microélectronique sont largement dictés par la loi de Moore qui vise une réduction permanente de la taille des transistors. Depuis peu l'intégration tridimensionnel de composant actif se présente comme une voie d'intégration alternative à la loi de Moore. Selon cette stratégie, les composants sont interconnectés selon l'axe verticale au moyen de plots de cuivre et d'un alliage à base d'étain (SnAgCu). L'assemblage est alors réalisé par un brasage eutectique de l'alliage SnAgCu qui génère une formation de composés intermétalliques (Cu6Sn6 et Cu3Sn) à l'interface entre les plots de cuivre et l'alliage. Or, ces composés intermétalliques sont parfois décrits dans la littérature comme facteur affaiblissant la fiabilité mécanique de l'interconnexion. Par ailleurs cette réactivité interfaciale s'accompagne de l'apparition microcavités de type trous Kirkendall susceptibles d'être à l'origine de ruptures d'interconnexions notée lors de tests de vieillissement. Ce mémoire est consacré à la caractérisation métallurgique du système d'interconnexion par brasage dont les dimensions sont celles des prototypes actuels c'est-à-dire 25µm. L'étude se concentrera successivement sur les aspects relatifs à la microstructure de l'alliage SnAgCu, à la réactivité interfaciale des systèmes Cu/SnAgCu et Ni/SnAgCu puis à la fiabilité mécanique du système d'interconnexion. Ces thématiques seront investiguées en fonction de la contrainte thermique et au cours des différentes étapes d'intégration jusqu'à l'assemblage de composant. Le caractère critique de la problématique réside dans le fait que les dimensions du système, déjà faibles, ont vocation à se réduire, rendant de plus en plus importante la proportion du volume de l'alliage occupée par ces formations interfaciales. / Technological roadmap of the microelectronic industry is mainly described by Moore'slaw which aims a constant reduction of transistors size. Three-dimensional integration ofactive chips appears more and more as an alternative way to Moore's law. According to thisstrategy, chips are interconnected along the vertical axis thanks to copper pillars and a tinbased alloy (SnAgCu).The joining is then performed through eutectic bonding using aSnAgCu solder alloy which is at the origin of intermetallic compounds growing at the copperalloy interface. These intermetallic compounds are sometimes described in literature asweakening factor of the interconnection mechanical reliability. Moreover this interfacialreactivity leads also to the formation of Kirkendall microvoids potentially causinginterconnections breakings, mostly noticed during ageing tests.This report is dedicated to the study and metallurgical characterization of theinterconnection system with a size close to that of the actual prototypes which is 25μm. Thestudy is successively focused on SnAgCu alloy microstructure, Cu/SnAgCu and Ni/SnAgCuinterfacial reactivity and on the mechanical reliability of interconnection system. These topicsare investigated in function of thermal constraints and during different integration steps untilchips packaging. The main critical aspect is related to the fact that system dimensions, alreadysmall, are planned to be reduced, leading to a more important proportion of the solder alloyconsumed by interfacial reaction.

This article describes the need of ensure an adequate regulation system in the interconnection matter, looking for having an optimal competency on the different fields of service sectors. Thus, parting from the case of the electricity and telecommunications sectors, it will be verified that, for developing this industries it is necessary to have an adequate regulatory framework in interconnection matter. / El presente artículo describe la importancia de contar con un sistema regulatorio adecuado en el tema de la interconexión, a fin de tener una mayor competencia en los diferentes sectores de servicios. Así, a partir del caso en los sectores de electricidad y de telecomunicaciones, se verificará que, para el desarrollo de las respectivas industrias es necesario tener un marco normativo adecuado en el ámbito de la interconexión.

Issued thesis is engaged in comprehensive system of education of Botany in primary schools. There are problems viewed of the educational interconnection between the first and second grades. It's not the main goal to find a solution of these problems. It only tries to highlight the topic. Educational forms, methods and curriculum documents, connected to teaching of Botany in primary schools, are introduced and summarized in the first theoretical part of this thesis. Its role is to give theoretical base for teaching. Practical point of view is included in the second part. This part's goal is to give information about contemporary practice in primary schools and available posibilities. It shows table comparison of Biology textbooks for the first and the second grade of primary schools. Then it deals with questionnaire research which studies the situations connected to Biology teaching in primary schools in the Czech Republic. The questionnaire research bring information about the amount of using school gardens and parks due to Biology teaching and teachers' opinions interconnection with students' knowledge. The last part of practical part is focused on creating educational materials and suggestions for recognizing skills of wood plants in school gardens and parks. It also develops students' attitude...