"A thesis submitted to the Miami University Honors Program in partial fulfillment of the requirements for University Honors." / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on May 7, 2006). Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-08T17:24:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 flavianebevilaquafelicissimo.pdf: 1341224 bytes, checksum: e7bbc0b7ac0a9565972c7b2d8646a853 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-08-09T11:56:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 flavianebevilaquafelicissimo.pdf: 1341224 bytes, checksum: e7bbc0b7ac0a9565972c7b2d8646a853 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T11:56:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 flavianebevilaquafelicissimo.pdf: 1341224 bytes, checksum: e7bbc0b7ac0a9565972c7b2d8646a853 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O alcoolismo é uma condição fortemente estigmatizada pela população geral, conduzindo o alcoolista a internalizar esse estigma e sofrer com as consequências negativas desse fenômeno. Um adequado repertório de habilidades sociais permite ao indivíduo aumentar sua rede de apoio social, atuando como minimizador das consequências negativas da internalização do estigma. Diante dessa constatação, o presente trabalho buscou responder a três objetivos: (1) Revisar a literatura científica em busca de evidências de déficits no repertório de habilidades sociais em alcoolistas e da eficácia do Treinamento de Habilidades Sociais (THS) para o tratamento dessa condição; (2) caracterizar e comparar o repertório de habilidades sociais de dependentes e não dependentes de álcool e (3) descrever o estigma internalizado em alcoolistas e sua relação com o repertório de habilidades sociais. Para responder ao primeiro objetivo, foi conduzida uma revisão sistemática da literatura, a qual analisou 33 estudos interessados nessa relação. Os resultados indicaram uma ausência de estudos que comprovem a existência de déficits no repertório de habilidades sociais em alcoolistas. Entretanto, o THS foi apontado como uma técnica eficaz no tratamento para essa condição. Para responder aos objetivos dois e três, foram entrevistados 123 dependentes de álcool e 114 não dependentes dessa substância, através de uma entrevista estruturada utilizando os instrumentos: questionário sociodemográfico, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Inventário de Habilidades Sociais e a Internalized stigma of mental illness adaptada para a população de dependentes de substâncias no Brasil. Os dados foram analisados quantitativamente e indicaram uma diferença na habilidade de autocontrole da agressividade entre dependentes e não dependentes de álcool, demonstrando um pior desempenho dessa habilidade em alcoolistas. Ainda, foi encontrada uma correlação negativa entre o estigma internalizado e o repertório de habilidades sociais, sendo que a habilidade de conversação e desenvoltura social se destacou como uma habilidade que contribui significativamente para o a internalização do estigma. Conclui-se que o repertório de habilidades sociais é uma variável significativa no processo de internalização do estigma e, portanto, deve ser considerada em programas voltados para a diminuição desse fenômeno. / Alcoholism is a condition strongly stigmatized by the general population, which leads alcoholics to internalize their stigma and suffer alone the negative consequences of such phenomena. However, an adequate repertoire of social skills allows a person to expand its social network and support groups, minimizing the negative consequences of internalizing such stigma. Taking this into consideration, this current study sough to address three topics: (1) Evidences available through a review of scientific literature on alcoholics social skills deficit and how effective Social Skills Training (SST) is for the treatment of such condition; (2) characterization and comparison between social skills of alcoholics and non-alcoholics, and (3) description of the stigma internalized by alcoholics and its relationship to an individual’s social skills repertoire. In order to answer the first topic, a systematic review of the literature pertaining the subject was conducted, where 33 related studies were analyzed. Our findings indicate a lack of studies able to confirm deficits in alcoholic’s social skills repertoire. However, SST is considered an effective form of treatment for such condition. To address topics two and three, 123 alcoholics and 114 non-alcoholics were consulted by means of a structured interview, where the following instruments were utilized: a socio-demographic questionnaire, a Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, a Social Skills Inventory and Internalized stigma of mental illness – especially adapted to the brazilian population dependent on such substances. A quantitative analysis of the collected data indicates an actual difference between alcoholics and non-alcoholics in terms of their anger management abilities, showing alcoholics to be more aggressive than nonalcoholics. Moreover, a negative correlation was also found between internalized stigma and social skills, where the ability to socialize and conversation skills stand out as significant contributors to the internalization of the alcoholic stigma. In conclusion, the repertoire of social skills is an important variable for understanding the internalization of such stigma and, therefore, must be taken into consideration by programs which seek to reduce this phenomenon.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-17T14:05:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fabriciacretonnery.pdf: 1389756 bytes, checksum: 7b9d42489973e21dbeb3d33de859dca5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T16:26:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fabriciacretonnery.pdf: 1389756 bytes, checksum: 7b9d42489973e21dbeb3d33de859dca5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T16:26:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fabriciacretonnery.pdf: 1389756 bytes, checksum: 7b9d42489973e21dbeb3d33de859dca5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-20 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O estudo do estigma entre a população portadora de transtorno mental tem apresentado significativos avanços na literatura internacional, representado um indicativo de necessidade e relevância de estudos na área. No entanto, grande parte dos estudos tem apresentado como foco de investigação a perspectiva do estigmatizador e pouco se conhece sobre o fenômeno na perspectiva do estigmatizado, o chamado estigma internalizado ou autoestigma. O estigma internalizado é considerado o efeito negativo mais significativo do estigma social e pode provocar a perda de status, baixa autoestima e esperança, falta de aderência ao tratamento, entre outros prejuízos. Faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de estudos na área, inclusive no desenvolvimento de instrumentos de avaliação, pois esta é uma ferramenta importante para avanços do conhecimento e melhorias de intervenção. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa foi dividida em dois estudos: 1) Realizar a tradução e adaptação cultural da Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness – ISMI para o contexto brasileiro; 2) Avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da escala ISMI adaptada para o Brasil. No primeiro estudo a ISMI foi traduzida para o português e retrotraduzida para o inglês. Todas as observações foram acatadas pelo comitê de peritos para a consolidação da versão final, que foi submetida ao pré-teste. Não foi necessária nenhuma alteração e a versão foi avaliada em suas propriedades psicométricas. No segundo estudo foram entrevistados 308 pacientes dos serviços de saúde mental da cidade de Juiz de Fora, MG. O questionário foi composto pelos instrumentos: Escala de Estigma Internalizado para Transtorno Mental – ISMI BR; Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (EAER); Escala de Esperança de Herth (EEH); Escala de rastreamento populacional para depressão do Centro de Estudos Epidemiológicos (CES-D) e questionário sócio demográfico. Quanto ao tipo de tratamento a qual os pacientes se vinculavam, 25% (n=76) frequentavam o serviço diariamente e 75% (n=232) frequentavam o serviço para consultas periódicas. No que se refere ao diagnóstico, a maior incidência foi de Transtornos de Humor (afetivos), com 47,7%, seguido de Transtornos neuróticos, relacionados ao estresse e somatoformes ( 27,3%) e Esquizofrenia, transtornos esquizotípicos e delirantes (25%). A média de idade foi de 46 anos variando de 19 a 72 anos de idade. Quanto ao tempo de tratamento, 35% (n=108) relataram fazer tratamento a mais de 11 anos. A fidedignidade do instrumento foi considerada alta, uma vez que o Coeficiente alpha de Cronbach foi de 0,90, o Coeficiente de Spearman-Brown (Split-half) foi de 0,86 e a correlação teste reteste foi de 0,80. A evidência de validade de construto pela Análise por hipótese mostrou-se de acordo com os apontamentos da literatura. Os índices de correlação foram satisfatórios, sendo: ISMI e EE =-0,62; ISMI e EAER =-0,67 e ISMI e CES-D =0,59. A Escala de Estigma Internalizado para Transtorno Mental – ISMI-BR apresentou boas propriedades psicométricas demonstrando ser útil para a população brasileira. A escala poderá contribuir para investigação, compreensão e avanços no tratamento do estigma internalizado entre portadores de transtorno mental. / The study of stigma among the population with mental illness have shown significant advances in the international literature, representing an indication of need and relevance of studies in the area. However, most studies have focused on the perspective of stigmatizer and little is known about the phenomenon from the perspective of the stigmatized, called internalized stigma or self-stigma. Internalized stigma is considered the most significant negative effect of social stigma and can result in loss of status, low self-esteem, hopelessness, lack of adherence to treatment, among other damages. It is necessary to develop studies in the area, including the development of assessment tools, which is important tool for advances in knowledge and for improving interventions. In this context, the present study was divided into two studies: 1) To do the translation and cultural adaptation of Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness scale - ISMI for the Brazilian context, 2) To assess the psychometric properties of the ISMI for Brazil scale. In the first studie, the ISMI was translated into Portuguese and translated back into English. All comments were accepted by the committee of experts to consolidate the final version, which was submitted to the pre-test. There was no change needed and the version was evaluated on its psychometric properties. In the second studie 308 patients of mental health services were interviewed in the city of Juiz de Fora, MG. The questionnaire was composed of the instruments: the Escala de Estigma Internalizado para Transtorno Mental – ISMI-BR; the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (EAER), the Herth Hope Scale (EEH), Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D) and demographic questionnaire . Regarding the type of treatment to which patients were linked, 25% (n=76) attended the service daily and 75% (n=232) attending the service for periodic cappointments. With regard to diagnosis, the highest incidence was Mood disorders (affective), with 47.7 %, followed by Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders (27.3%) and Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders (25%). The mean age was 46 years ranging from 19 to 72 years old. Regarding the duration of treatment, 35% (n=108) reported being in treatment fo more than 11 years. The reliability of the instrument was considered high, since the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.90, the Spearman-Brown coefficient (split-half) was 0.86 and test-retest correlation was 0.80. The evidence for the construct valididy by the hypothesis Analysis was consistent with the literature. Correlation coefficients were satisfactory, being: ISMI and EE=-0.62; ISMI and EAER=-0.67 and ISMI and CES- D=0.59. The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale - ISMI - BR presented good psychometric properties and demonstrated to be useful for the Brazilian population. The scale can contribute to research, knowledge and advances in the treatment of internalized stigma among individuals with mental illness.

Syftet med den här studien är att synliggöra sexuellt våld som sker i lesbiska relationer. Med en kvalitativ ansats ligger ett fokus på lesbiska kvinnors upplevelse och erfarenhet av sexuellt våld i en tidigare samkönad relation. Datainsamlingen har skett i form av fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med lesbiska kvinnor som utsatts för sexuellt våld i en tidigare lesbisk relation. Empirin analyseras utifrån teoretiska ramverk och begrepp.Resultaten i studien indikerar att det sexuella våldet är internaliserat bland lesbiska offer och utgör en del av andra former av våld. Det förekom psykisk ohälsa hos förövaren. Uppbrottsperioden för de lesbiska offren var långvarig och samtliga deltagare sökte professionellt stöd. Samtliga offer hade psykisk ohälsa som ett resultat av att ha utsatts för kronisk misshandel. Dessa resultat är viktiga för fortsatt forskning inom samkönat våld för att kunna synliggöra det osynliga. / The aim of this study is to visualise sexual violence in lesbian relationships. With a qualitative approach there is a focus on lesbian women’s experience of violence from a previous same-sex relationship. Data collection has been undertaken by five semi-structured interviews with lesbian women who have been exposed to sexual violence in a previous relationship. Theoretical frame works and terms will be utilized to analyse the empirical material. The results in this study indicate how the sexual violence is internalized by lesbian victims, thus hard to vocalize. Further to this, sexual violence is only one by many different forms of violence. The perpetrator show signs of mental health problems. The break up period was a long struggle for the victims and all of the victims had mental health problems as a result of long term abuse which they sought professional help for. These findings are pivotal for further research regarding same-sex violence in order to visualize the invisible.

Although previous research has established a correlation between childhood sexual abuse and internalized shame in adult survivors, very little research has been done to examine how disclosure affects that correlation. An adult female sample of survivors of childhood sexual abuse (N=467) were surveyed to determine a possible moderating effect of disclosure on internalized shame. It was predicted that 1) severity of abuse would be a significant predictor of internalized shame; 2) disclosure would be a significant predictor of internalized shame; and 3) disclosure would moderate the relationship between severity of abuse and internalized shame. Through structural equation modeling using AMOS, results indicated a statistically significant positive relationship between severity and internalized shame as well as a statistically significant negative relationship between disclosure and internalized shame. However, when examining the possible moderating effect of disclosure on the relationship between severity and internalized shame, disclosure was found to have had no effect. Possible explanations for these results are given, and future research is discussed. Implications for clinical practice are included.

Many researches deal with a wide range of cause of anxiety disorders, which may include various untreated traumas, physiological causes, cognitive distortion or learned reactions. Anxiety disorders tend to create so-called the vicious circle of stress and anxiety that closes the patients, leads them to social isolation and gradual loss of life certainty. Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental illness. Major types are introduced in the thesis and they are connected with the concepts of self- compassion, shame-proneness and guilt-proneness, which have been studied abroad in recent years. The research part then brings the results of the role of self-compassion, shame- proneness and guilt-proneness in experiencing clinical anxiety, confirming the assumption that patients suffering from anxiety show a significantly lower level of self- compassion, a higher shame-proneness and internalized shame. Guilt-proneness does not show a relation with self-compassion. Details are discoussed. Key words: anxiety self-compassion shame internalized shame guilt

The thesis examines how the logic of misogyny and post-feminism has perpetuated the negotiations of femininity in digital environments. Employing thematic analysis, the study explores online depictions of the phenomenon Not Like the Other Girls in order to explain its relation to internalized misogyny. The data has been formed as a case study of Instagram #Notliketheothergirls and Reddit - r/notliketheothergirls. The result of the analysis unveiled the expression of traditional notions of femininity and post-feminist ideas and be found, resulting in a paradoxical idea of femininity. Moreover, the method has developed three central themes repeated within the data around the phenomenon of Not Like the Other Girls. Their significance spurs on the opposition between the patriarchal and post-feminist ideal of woman and discovers a new term - internal dichotomies. The constant comparison throughout the paper requires analysis of the role of ‘the other’. As findings claim, it is an essential part of finding one’s position and developing a sense of belonging. The overall findings conclude that internalized misogyny can be explained as the driving power of phenomena such NLOGs. However, further research should focus on the age aspect of women protagonists of internalized misogyny, engaging in the negotiations of femininity.

This paper is a by-product of a minor field study conducted in Zanzibar, Tanzaniaduring eight consecutive weeks in early 2019. The purpose of the study was to examinehow colorism affects women’s identity and ethnicity construction through the researchquestions; how do women in Zanzibar experience colorism in their daily lives and; howdoes colorism affect their self-perception? The data was collected through seven semi-structured interviews with women in Zanzibar and observations. The concepts of identity and ethnicity saturated the study and the identity process theory (IPT) was used as a theoretical framework to analyze the inquiry. The findings suggest that colorist ideals were dominant in society as light and medium colors were more valued than dark. This was demonstrated by associating light and medium skin color, as well as relaxed and straight hair to “good” and “beautiful”. However, colorism proved to impact women in their daily lives to various degrees. Informants who grew up on the mainland admitted to being more affected and expressed feelings of unworthiness or praise, depending on skin color. Whereas women born and raised on Zanzibar, felt colorism affected their lives minimally, but nevertheless acknowledged the existing problems for many women of e.g. skin bleaching. According to the IPT, a strong sense of distinctiveness from mainlanders, a continuity in past and present identity and a highself-efficacy seemed to guard self-esteem against existing colorist ideals. Furthermore, inclusion to the Zanzibari ethnic identity proved not to be affected by colorism, as colorwas not a prerequisite factor to ethnicity but rather, shared land, religion, and history.

Lesbian athletes face criticism and discrimination from coaches, fans, and society. Researchers have suggested that female sport is stigmatized due to perceived masculinity and homosexuality, causing athletes to focus on heterosexual and feminine behaviors. The dichotomy of athleticism and femininity in sports has been extensively studied in the heterosexual population. However, the impact of the overt discrimination and pressure to conform to societal standards of femininity and heterosexuality has not been studied in lesbians. Therefore, the purpose of this quantitative study utilizing survey design was to examine the relationship among sport participation, gender schema, athletic identity, and internalized homophobia. A network-based snowball sampling method was used to survey 226 lesbians, 18 years of age and older. Surveys issued via Internet included the Bem Sex Role Inventory, Athletic Identity Measurement Scale, and the Lesbian Internalized Homophobia Scale. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, t tests, and Pearson Correlation. No significant difference in sports participation was found in lesbians with different gender schemas. There was a significant difference in the athletic identity of participants who were more or less active in sports, but there was no significant difference in internalized homophobia for participants who were more or less active in sports. There was no relationship between athletic identity and internalized homophobia. This study contributes to the existing literature on women and sport. It promotes social change by further investigating the influence of gender schema, athletic identity, and internalized homophobia related to behaviors and attitudes in sports.

Subtle occurrences of discrimination, insults, and slights against gender can impact woman of all ages, although little research has been done on the mental health impacts of these events on adolescents or middle-aged women. Additionally, a person’s own views on sex roles and sexism may impact how these events affect them. The following study examined the relationship between mothers and daughters on variables related to ambivalent sexism, gender-based microaggressions, and anxiety and depression. One hundred two mothers and their adolescent daughters completed various online surveys through the use of a Qualtrics panel. The sample was fairly representative, with respondents varying in social class, age, religious preference, and geographical location. Mother and daughter participants separately completed various online measures related to microaggressions, sexism, and mental health. Results indicated that mothers and daughters reports of mental health outcomes, experiences of microaggressions, and ambivalent sexism were very correlated. Additionally, for both mothers and daughters, there was a positive correlation between experiences of gender-based microaggressions and increased symptoms of anxiety and depression. A moderation analysis was done to see if a women’s level of benevolent sexism acted as a moderator to the relationship between experiences of microaggressions and mental health. Although no significant interactions were found, the results did approach significance for the dependent variable of mother’s depression. This study highlights the occurrence and impact of gender-based microaggressions on two under-researched populations, and also begins to explore how views about gender roles may interact with mental health.