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Child initiated play appears as a means for children to express their inner world and personality and works as a milestone promoting their overall development. Internalized emotional disturbances constrain children’s functioning and have an impact on their general behavior, hindering their development. Most of the times, it appears challenging for teachers to identify a child with internalizing problems in the preschool classroom and most interventions are targeting children with externalized problems. Since play is a way for children to express, observations of children’s behavior while playing, provide information about their inner thoughts and concerns. The aim of the present study was to identify play behaviors and tendencies in types of play that children with typical and atypical internalized emotional disturbances show in free play situations in preschool. A systematic literature review was conducted in order to reach this goal. Six articles were included in which five internalized emotional disturbances were mentioned -one typical and four atypical. Findings revealed eight overt play behaviors, with prevalent these of non-play, solitary-passive behavior, unconscious play activity and desire for peer play but no attempt for it. Regarding engagement in play types, children exhibiting internalized problems were more prone to constructive and creative play and less engaged in symbolic play, which can be possible indicator of developmental delays. This study works as a tool for professionals in order to identify play behaviors of children with internalized emotional disturbances in preschool child initiated play. Subsequently, the findings assist interventionists on providing adequate support and clinicians on shedding light on the dubious field of emotional and behavioral disorders in early childhood.

De nombreuses recherches, principalement nord-américaines, ont mis en évidence un lien significatif entre orientation sexuelle et comportements suicidaires des adolescent e s / jeunes adultes (Beck & al., 2010). L’homophobie à laquelle les jeunes homo/bisexuel-le-s sont exposé e s est considérée comme l’hypothèse la plus sérieuse pour expliquer ce lien, mais, jusque-là, cette hypothèse n’avait jamais fait l’objet d’une recherche quantitative dans notre pays. Nous l’avons prise en compte dans le cadre d’une enquête réalisée sur la base d’un auto-questionnaire informatisé - composé notamment à partir des échelles « Adolescent Risk inventory » (A.R.I, Lescano & al., 2007), « Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire – Revised » (SBQ-r, Linehan, 1989), et « Homophobia Scale » (Wright, Adams & Bernat, 1999) - auquel ont répondu 475 filles et 426 garçons, âgé-e-s de 18 à 24 ans. Les résultats confirment la sursuicidalité des jeunes homo/bi-sexuel-le-s. Cependant, dans les analyses menées auprès des participants de sexe masculin, l’orientation sexuelle n’apparait plus comme un prédicteur significatif des tentatives de suicide et des conduites à risque dans les modèles explicatifs où l’on introduit les variables «Victimation Verbale Homophobe en milieu scolaire» et «Victimation basée sur la Non-conformité de genre». Ces variables s’avèrent d’ailleurs les plus forts prédicteurs des comportements suicidaires chez les garçons. Ceux-ci présentent des scores moyens à l’échelle d’homophobie/lesbophobie significativement plus élevés que les filles, et la victimation verbale homophobe semble beaucoup plus répandue que la victimation verbale lesbophobe. Cette dernière ne présente par ailleurs pas d’effet significatif sur les tentatives de suicide et les conduites à risque des filles. En revanche, la lesbophobie intériorisée a un effet significatif sur les comportements suicidaires dans le sous-échantillon des filles attirées sexuellement par le même sexe ou en questionnement (ASMSQ), alors que l’homophobie intériorisée n’en présente pas chez les garçons ASMSQ. Ce dernier résultat, basé sur un plus faible effectif, demande à être confirmé par des recherches ultérieures tandis que les analyses portant sur l’ensemble des participants mettent en évidence l’ampleur de la victimation homophobe en milieu scolaire et son impact chez les adolescents et jeunes adultes de sexe masculin. / Several studies (mostly North-American) put into light a significant link between sexual orientation and suicidal behaviors among teenagers and/or young adults. Homophobia to which the young homosexuals are exposed is considered the most serious hypothesis to explain this link. However quantitative studies have never been conducted on this hypothesis in France. We took it into account while carrying out a survey based on a self-questionnaire built up from scales from “Adolescent Risk Inventory” (Lescano & al., 2007), Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire – revised” (Linehan, 1989), and Homophobia Scale” (Wright, Adams & Bernat, 1999). Said survey was answered by 475 young women, and 426 young men aged 18-24.Results confirmed oversuicidality among young homo/bisexuals. However, in the analysis conducted on male participants only, sexual orientation ceases to appear a significant predictor of suicide attempts or risk behavior in explanatory models in which variables « Homophobic Verbal Bullying in school » and « Bullying based on Gender nonconformity » are introduced. Said variables turn out to be the strongest predictors of suicidal behaviors among male adolescents and young adults. Young men have mean scores on the homophobia/lesbophobia scale that are significantly higher than young women's, and homophobic verbal bullying seems a lot more common than lesbophobic verbal bullying. Besides, lesbophobic verbal bullying does not have a significant effect on suicidal attempts and risk behaviors among young women. However, internalized lesbophobia has a significant effect on suicidal behaviors of the sub-sample of young women sexually attracted to same-sex individuals or wondering (ASMSQ), whereas internalized homophobia has no effect on ASMSQ young men. This last result is based on a lower population, and should be confirmed by subsequent studies, whereas analysis on all participants highlight the extent of homophobic bullying in school, and its impact on male teenagers and young adults.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:31:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Paulo Sammarco Antunes.pdf: 3028564 bytes, checksum: 3725bdf3c7fcfb9f1268e15f38083ea0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Throughout history homophobia has been built. It is one of the bases that sustains the power structures and all social functioning in many populations. Five were social devices that interdicted homosexual behavior: the habits, traditions, religion, the legal system and biomedical sciences. Femininity is culturally associated with homosexuality in men. Homophobia is made up of some elements, such as: machismo, heteronormativity, heterosexism and misogyny. In the process of socialization it is internalized by all people, regardless of their sexual orientation. However, the impact tends to be higher when it happens to homosexuals, receiving the scientific name of internalized homophobia. For this research, we tried to interview only men who admitted feeling emotional/sexual attraction to other men. Our respondents are aged 20 60 years. They belong to different social, economic and educational levels. These subjects were contacted and invited to participate in the study through the internet social networks aimed at LGBT segment. Interviews were sent to individuals by electronic mail and divided into three parts. The first two were more emphasis on quantitative aspects. The third part investigated only on qualitative aspects. Through 150 interviews, we reached the internalized homophobia score level for each individual and some of the impacts related to the process of its internalization. These are usually related to psychosocial development, dynamics of "exit, return or stay in the closet," religious beliefs, body, gender norms, sexual terminology, mental health, suicide, use/abuse/addiction to drugs, sexual risk behavior, relationships, marriage between men, domestic violence, aging and elder gay men. The importance of measuring internalized homophobia is at its negative impact on the health of these individuals, and the costs generated to the whole social system. In addition, both the institutionalized homophobia, as the internalized violate the fundamental rights of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Brazilian Constitution, such as: freedom, equality, dignity, respect, integrity and security / Ao longo da história a homofobia foi sendo construída. Ela é uma das bases que sustenta as estruturas de poder e todo o funcionamento social em muitos povos. Cinco foram os dispositivos sociais que interditaram o comportamento homossexual: os hábitos, as tradições, a religião, o sistema jurídico e ciências biomédicas. A feminilidade é cuturalmente associada à homossexualidade em homens. A homofobia é composta de alguns elementos, tais como: machismo, heteronormatividade, heterossexismo e misoginia. No processo de socialização ela é introjetada por todas as pessoas, independente da sua orientação sexual. Porém, o impacto tende a ser maior quando acontece aos homossexuais, recebendo o nome científico de homofobia internalizada. Para esta pesquisa, procuramos entrevistar somente homens que admitissem sentir atração afetivo/sexual por outros homens. Nossos colaboradores têm idades de 20 a 60 anos. Eles pertencem a diversos níveis sociais, econômicos e escolares. Estes sujeitos foram contatados e convidados a participar do estudo por meio de redes sociais da internet voltadas ao segmento LGBT. As entrevistas foram enviadas aos sujeitos por correio eletrônico e divididas em três partes. As duas primeiras tiveram maior ênfase em aspectos quantitativos. A terceira parte investigou somente em aspectos qualitativos. Por meio das 150 entrevistas realizadas, verificamos os níveis de homofobia encontrados e alguns dos prováveis impactos referentes ao processo de sua internalização. Estes estão correlacionados ao desenvolvimento psicossocial, dinâmica de saída, retorno ou permanência no armário , crenças religiosas, corpo, normas de gênero, terminologias sexuais, saúde mental, suicídio, uso/abuso/adição às drogas, comportamento sexual de risco, relacionamentos afetivo-conjugais entre homens, violência doméstica, envelhecimento e velhice de homens homossexuais. A importância de medir a homofobia internalizada está no seu impacto negativo sobre a saúde destes indivíduos, bem como os custos gerados a todo sistema social. Além disto, tanto a homofobia institucionalizada, como a internalizada violam os direitos fundamentais da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos e da Constituição Federal, tais como: liberdade, igualdade, dignidade, respeito, integridade e segurança

The internalization of mental illness stigma is associated with an array of negative consequences; however, not all individuals experience the deleterious effects of internalized mental illness stigma. The present dissertation focuses on factors associated with internalized stigma, and will be the first to examine simultaneously both risk (i.e., shame, shame proneness and shame aversion, insight, and centrality and valence) and protective factors (social support and self-compassion) of internalized mental illness stigma. Using two of the most widely used assessments of internalized mental illness stigma (i.e., Self-Stigma of Mental Illness Scale [SSMIS] and the Internalized Mental Illness Scale [ISMI]), risk and protective factors were examined among adults recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT; n = 215) and Facebook (n = 153) who self-reported a mental illness diagnosis. Whereas among AMT participants, shame proneness and centrality were significant predictors of the process of internalization of mental illness stigma (measured by the Stereotype Self-Concurrence subscale of the SSMIS), among Facebook participants centrality was the only significant predictor of process of the internalization of mental illness stigma. In addition, whereas among AMT participants, shame proneness (measured by the PFQ-2), centrality, valence, and social support were significant predictors of the experience of internalized stigma (measured by the ISMI), among Facebook participants state shame, centrality, valence, and social support were significant predictors of the experience of internalized stigma. Thus, centrality was the only significant risk factor across measures and samples. It is possible that the current dissertation may help to differentiate individuals at particular risk for internalization and ultimately to harness resilience for those diagnosed with a mental illness, particularly among those diagnosed with mood or anxiety-related diagnoses.

The present study explored private regard and public regard, two subcomponents of racial identity, as mediators of the association between critical consciousness and appropriated racial oppression. In a sample of 75 Black emerging adults, ages 18-25, the current study examined (1) the relationships between critical consciousness, racial identity, and appropriated racial oppression and (2) whether racial identity mediates the relationship between critical consciousness and appropriated racial oppression. Relationships in the expected direction were evident between private regard and both critical consciousness and appropriated racial oppression. Relationships in the expected direction were evident between public regard and critical consciousness. Further, mediation analyses indicated that the relationship between critical consciousness and appropriated racial oppression was mediated by private regard. These findings indicate how critical consciousness and private regard may play a significant role in influencing appropriated racial oppression in Black emerging adults.

Racism has been identified as a profoundly traumatic and a psychologically damaging experience affecting Black people (Harrell, 2000; White & Parham, 1990; Williams & Williams-Morris, 2000). It has been theorized that one of the most devastating effects racial oppression (i.e. racism and discrimination) is the internalization of that oppression (Bailey, Chung, Williams, & Singh, 2006; Speight, 2007). Speight (2007) argued that an understanding of racism would be incomplete without considering how it is internalized. Internalized racial oppression is the process through which Black people consciously and unconsciously internalize and accept the dominant White culture’s oppressive actions and beliefs towards Black people, while at the same time rejecting an African worldview and cultural motifs (Bailey, Chung, Williams, & Singh, 2006). Internalized racial oppression is believed to adversely affect the psychological health of Black people. This study examined the construct validity of the Internalized Racial Oppression Scale (IROS; Bailey et al., 2006) through the use of confirmatory factor analysis and social desirability. Additionally, this study investigated internalized racial oppression as a predictor of the endogenous factors of Psychological Distress, Psychological Well-Being, Personal Self-Esteem, Collective Self-esteem, and Life Satisfaction through the use of latent variable path analysis. It was hypothesized that, similar to racial oppression; greater levels of internalized racial oppression will predict greater psychological distress, lower psychological well-being, lower personal self-esteem, lower collective self-esteem, and lower satisfaction with life among Black college students. Three hundred seventy Black students (Cohort 1 = 102, Cohort 2 = 268) participated in this study. Cohort 1 consisted of students recruited from a predominately White university in the Southeastern region of the United States. Cohort 2 consisted of a national sample of students. Participants from Cohort 1 completed a pencil and paper survey, while the participants from Cohort 2 completed a survey via online. The results supported the factorial structure of the IROS. Further, the results found that the IROS was a predictor of psychological distress, psychological well-being, collective self-esteem, and satisfaction with life. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

In The Handmaid’s Tale, Atwood indirectly exposes frightening and undemocratic traits in societies of our time when she applies them to a fictive future in which these factors have caused horrible consequences. A group of men has formed a new state, “Gilead”, in which they ruthlessly control the population. This essay studies how this dictating power gains and, essentially, maintains power in the fictive society. The essay argues, and comes to the conclusion, that by surveilling the population and by restricting its means of communication the dictatorship is able to control the people and keep them docile.

This study was designed to examine the effects of identifying as a butch, androgynous, or femme lesbian on self-esteem, internalized homophobia, and passing behaviors. It was hypothesized that butch lesbians would have higher self-esteem, lower internalized homophobia, and fewer passing behaviors than femme lesbians, with androgynous lesbians falling between the butch and femme groups. Self-esteem was measuring using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Internalized homophobia was assessed by the Lesbian Internalized Homophobia Scale. Passing behaviors were addressed through questions in the demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed by conducting an ANOVA analysis. Results indicated that butch lesbians have the lowest internalized homophobia and the lowest amount of passing behaviors; androgynous lesbians have a highest self esteem. Implications of this study for research and practice are discussed.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306 / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

Thesis (M. Ed.)--University of Northern British Columbia, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-60).