Surrogacy motherhood provides an option for infertile couples to have a genetically related child of their own. However, in jurisdictions where surrogacy motherhood are not legally accepted, couples deliberately turn to other jurisdictions to conclude a surrogacy agreement where it is in fact legal to do so. When different jurisdictions are involved in one surrogacy motherhood agreement, several problems arise, especially due to the lack of regulation on an international level. These poblems must therefore be resolved by the implementation of an international document or agreement. This discussion will therefore firstly focus on the national position regarding surrogacy motherhood in the South African content to determine whether South Africa will benefit from the implementation of a proposed international document or agreement. Secondly, the research focus on international surrogacy and evaluate the concept to identify the problems arising as a result thereof. Thirdly, the contents of the proposed international document or agreement will be discussed in depth in order to determine what the contents of the document or agreement should include. The aim of the research is to determine which issues and problems should be included in the proposed document or agreement in order to effectively regulate international surrogacy. / LLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Surrogacy motherhood provides an option for infertile couples to have a genetically related child of their own. However, in jurisdictions where surrogacy motherhood are not legally accepted, couples deliberately turn to other jurisdictions to conclude a surrogacy agreement where it is in fact legal to do so. When different jurisdictions are involved in one surrogacy motherhood agreement, several problems arise, especially due to the lack of regulation on an international level. These poblems must therefore be resolved by the implementation of an international document or agreement. This discussion will therefore firstly focus on the national position regarding surrogacy motherhood in the South African content to determine whether South Africa will benefit from the implementation of a proposed international document or agreement. Secondly, the research focus on international surrogacy and evaluate the concept to identify the problems arising as a result thereof. Thirdly, the contents of the proposed international document or agreement will be discussed in depth in order to determine what the contents of the document or agreement should include. The aim of the research is to determine which issues and problems should be included in the proposed document or agreement in order to effectively regulate international surrogacy. / LLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Les navires et les aéronefs sont des biens dont la valeur vénale est telle qu’ils sont extrêmement difficiles à financer. Ces biens qui ont un lien très fort avec les États ont un rôle crucial pour les échanges commerciaux. Ils bénéficient de dispositions très particulières qui permet de leur appliquer des dispositions prenant en compte les spécificités de leur nature. La matière fait face à de nombreuses difficultés, d’une part celles liées au nombre de suretés réelles existantes et au fait qu’elles ne sont pas identiques dans les différents États d’autre part du fait que les sûretés réelles sont tributaires du droit des voies d’exécution.En conséquence, ce travail est à la croisée nombreuses matières qui permettent de dégager l’efficacité des sûretés réelles qui quoi que l’on en dise sont une source importante de garanties des opérations internationales ainsi que de démontrer le rôle essentiel des voies d’exécution en matière de financement. / Ships and aircrafs are valuable assets but their financements are really hard to set up. Unlike most of the goods, ships and aircrafts are linked to a State and are essential for trades. They are submit to special laws which considere their specific nature. Those registrated goods require securites interest which are found on real rights. Thoses securities are différent in each State and they need a judicial execution proceeding to be effective.This study is at the crossroad of different specialities which are needed to allow the efficiency of the real rights. Thoses rights are essential to securite international trade. This study proves that judicial execution proceedings have a role in international trades.

The topic of this diploma thesis is the protection of children under the international private law. Currently, influenced by globalization and the free movement of persons, it is a relatively recent issue. It is not possible to cover the whole area of the child protection, therefore, this diploma thesis focuses on the question of the procedural status of the child, parental responsibility, maintenance obligations and international adoption. The objective of this thesis is to present to the readers a comprehensive view of child protection under the international private law in the areas above. The diploma thesis is written with using the descriptive research method and primary and secondary sources were used. The diploma thesis is divided into five chapters, introduction and ending. For readers convenience, chapters are further divided into subchapters. The intorductory chapter contains a historical sketch of the protection of children, for example in the period of ancient Rome and in the Czech in modern times, further it deals with the act on private international law and the history of czech legislation on private international law, the issue of determining the boundaries of adulthood and definition of child and about the Office for International Legal Protection of Children in the Czech Republic....

In the current globalized world with its high level of international migration, international marriage is not something uncommon. As a result of population migration, for example, the marriage of two persons of different nationalities occurs. This thesis defines matrimonial law in the context of private international law. It offers an insight into the conflict of laws surrounding the issues of marriage with an international element, defining the form in which the international element can arise in international matrimonial law. National, EU and international legislation is taken into account when dealing with the issues surrounding conflict of laws. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the thesis is divided into six chapters. The first three chapters contain the theoretical aspects, which is crucial for understanding the topic of the thesis. The remaining three chapters deal with specific institutions within matrimonial law. The first chapter defines the concepts of marriage, private international law, and marriage in the context of private international law, which includes a brief look at the historical development of this branch of law. The second chapter focuses on an overview of the sources of legislation at the national, EU and international level, including their interrelationship....

The Brussels I-Regulation, often referred to as the Jurisdiction Regulation, is said to be the matrix of the European judicial cooperation system within the area of international private law. The Regulation states how jurisdiction is to be determined in an international dispute. The aim of the Regulation is to ensure that parties in a dispute within the EU have access to justice.The Regulation is considered to be working well in general, and have been since it came in-to force in 2007. Although it is held to be well functioning it does not exclude that some improvements might be needed. The commission ordered a review of the Regulation and the result was that some deficiencies were identified. Some of the deficiencies that were found were concerned with the relation to defendants from third countries. It was held that the regulation was unsatisfactory in this aspect. These deficiencies resulted in the working group presenting a proposal of a review of the regulation.The aim of this thesis is to investigate some of the consequences that might come with the proposed solutions. The investigation is limited to only discussing some sections of the Regulation. The parts that will be discussed are the ones that are concerned with the rela-tion to defendants from third countries. The investigation shows that although the propos-al means positive developments within the area it is far from clear and precise. The result of these unclear rules might be that they are hard to interpret and apply.The author comes to the conclusion that although the proposal means positive and sought after development within the area of private international law it needs to be reworked due to the ambiguities with the proposed solutions. If the proposal is not reworked the EUD will probably have to interpret the meaning of the proposed rules which might lead to a time consuming and costly process.

Ce mémoire porte sur l’étude des conflits de lois et de juridictions relatifs au contrat d’assurance. Le contrat d’assurance étant un contrat des plus usité, il est intéressant d’étudier, dans un contexte de mondialisation, de globalisation des échanges, de ce qu’il en advient du contrat d’assurance dans le cadre des relations privées à caractère international. En ce sens, seront traitées des règles de conflit de lois et de juridictions relatifs au contrat d’assurance dans le cadre des instruments que sont le Règlement Rome I, le Règlement Bruxelles I Bis et la Convention de Lugano, mais également, dans celui du droit international privé québécois. Ce sera donc une approche de droit comparé qui sera adoptée au travers de cette étude. L’on verra notamment que le contrat d’assurance a donné lieu à divers traitements méthodologiques du point de vue de la résolution des conflits de lois et de juridictions. Il sera donc intéressant de comparer ces approches afin de déterminer celle qui pourrait atteindre au mieux les objectifs spécifiques du contrat d’assurance, à savoir, notamment, celui de protection de la partie faible. / This thesis is concerned with the study of the conflicts of laws and jurisdictions relating to the insurance contract. Since insurance contracts are a type of contract that is commonly used, it is worth understanding, notably in the context of economic globalization, what specifically happens to the contract of insurance within the framework of international private relations. In this sense, the rules of conflict of laws and jurisdictions relating to the insurance contract will be considered with regards to the framework of the Rome I Regulation, the Brussels I Bis Regulation and the Lugano Convention, as well as with respect to the private international law of Quebec. Therefore, a comparative law approach will be adopted through this study. It will be noticed among other things that the insurance contract has given rise to various methodological treatments with regards to the resolution of conflicts of laws and jurisdictions. It will therefore be interesting to compare these approaches in order to determine which approach could best achieve the specific objectives of the insurance contract, in particularly, the protection of the weaker party.

The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the companies in the field of the international private law. After the introduction and general remarks on the topic it proceeds to the recognition of foreign companies in the law of the Czech Republic. Subsequently, personal statute of such companies and its determination is discussed. Next the first part of the thesis focuses on the conditions under which foreign companies can run their business in the Czech Republic. Lastly, the possibility of cross-boarder movement of the companies' seats into and out of the Czech Republic is analysed. The first part of this work takes into the consideration not only the Czech law but also the law of European Union and the relevant case law of the European Court of Justice. The second part of this work deals with doctrine called piercing the corporate veil, which was established in the common law area. It analyses grounds leading to the posibility of aplication of this doctrine in common law area and in German law. The work examines cases of single companies as well as of companies being part of a group of companies. After the analysis of grounds leading to the posibility of use of the piercing the corporate veil follows their generalisation and synthesis. The conclusion of the work is dedicated to...

Univerzita Karlova Právnická fakulta "E-BUSINESS" A MEZINÁRODNÍ PRÁVO SOUKROMÉ ("E-business" and International Private Law) Abstract 2014 Daniela Davidovová ABSTRACT This work concerns selected aspects of e-business and international private law. Its goal is to determine, whether the current rules of international private law are applicable to the legal relationships resulting from e-business. The work consists of six chapters: Internet and E-business, E-business and International Private Law in the Czech Republic, Application of International Private Law rules to selected contract types, Contractual terms of selected e-business entrepreneurs, Specific rules applicable to non-contractual legal relationships and De lege ferenda. The first and second chapters provide the essentials of the problematic, including the terminology and explanation on how the internet and e-business works. Chapters three and five enable to observe theoretical problems of International Private Law rules applicable for e-business legal relationships. The main questions observed in this work are following: what is the competent court and what is the applicable law in the legal relationships arising while doing e-business? Answers are provided from the perspective of the Czech e-business entrepreneur who is selling products/providing...

L'apparition des nouvelles technologies de l'information et le développement du commerce électronique revêt une dimension potentiellement internationale. Le commerce électronique bouleverse la traditionnelle approche de la transaction commerciale. par nature, l'internet met fréquemment en scène des parties situées aux quatre coins du monde. Il s'agit d'un environnement essentiellement international. Traditionnellement, lorsque les contractants relèvent d'ordres juridiques différents, leurs rapports sont régis par le droit international privé. Celui-ci permet de déterminer d'une part quelle autorité pourra éventuellement être appelée à trancher les litiges et d'autre part, quelles règles de droit international privé régissant les contrats classiques peuvent être transposées aux contrats cyberspatiaux. en d'autres termes, il s'agit d'en vérifier l'utilité et l'efficacité dans un monde dématérialisé et qui ignore les notions des frontières et de territorialité. / The conclusion of contracts of electronic commerce by internet raises several legal issues regarding the determination of the applicable law, the competent jurisdiction and the consumer protection. Therefore, we can question the applicability of the traditional rules of international private law to this new way of conclusion of contract or otherwise postulate the adoption of new legal rules. Starting by this premise, the present work focuses on the influence of electronic commerce on the conclusion ofcontracts between professional and then between the professional and the consumer. In particular, this work explores respectively the location of the contract and the possibility to apply substantive rules (lex elecrtonica) in substitution of the conflict of law rules. Electronics arbitration, the applicability of this method of disputes settlement and the relevant legal issues have been addressed in this work.