Evolutionary biology is dependent on accurate phylogenies. In this thesis two branch support methods, Bayesian posterior probablities and bootstrap frequencies, were evaluated with simulated data and empirical data from the chloroplast genome. Bayesian inference was found to be more powerful and less conservative than maximum likelihood bootstrapping, but considerably more sensitive to choice of parameters. Bayesian inference increased in power when data were underparameterized, but the associated increase in type I error was comparatively larger. The chloroplast DNA phylogeny of the tribe Sileneae (Caryophyllaceae) was inferred by analysis of 33,149 aligned nucleotide bases representing 24 taxa. The position of the SW Anatolian taxa Silene cryptoneura and S. sordida strongly disagreed with previous studies on nuclear DNA sequence data, and indicate a possible case of homoploid hybrid origin. Silene atocioides and S. aegyptiaca formed a sister group to Lychnis and remaining Silene, thus suggesting that Silene may be paraphyletic, despite recent revisions based on molecular data. Several nodes in the phylogeny remained poorly supported, despite large amounts of data. Additional sequence sampling is not expected to solve this problem. The main reason for poor resolution is probably a combination of rapid radiation and substitution rate hererogeneity. Apparent incongruent patterns between different regions of the chloroplast genome are evaluated with ancient interspecific chloroplast recombination as explanatory model. Extremely elevated substitution rates in the exons of the plastid clpP gene was documented in Oenothera and three separate lineages of Sileneae. Introns have been lost in some of the lineages, but where present, intron sequences have a markedly slower substitution rate, similar to the rates found in other introns of their genomes. Three branches in the phylogeny show significant whole gene positive selection. In two of the lineages multiple partial copies of the gene were found.

Western honey bees (Apis mellifera; hereafter honey bees) provide vital pollination services to global agriculture and biodiversity. However in recent years they have experienced severe population declines in many regions of the northern hemisphere. Although causes of these honey bee declines are not well understood, multiple pressures such as changes in land-use and climate, management issues, and introduced parasites are believed to be responsible. First described in honey bees in 2006 during a period of high colony mortalities, the microsporidian gut parasite Nosema ceranae became of great concern. In this dissertation I investigated the distribution, management, virulence, and inter-specific interactions of this introduced species. First, I described and clarified the multiple pressures believed to influence honey bee health, including N. ceranae, especially in relation to the mysterious phenomenon Colony Collapse Disorder. I then surveyed colonies in Maritime Canada for N. ceranae and the historic honey bee microsporidian Nosema apis. Although both species were present at a regional scale, intensive sampling in Nova Scotia revealed that N. ceranae was highly prevalent compared to the historic congener. Next, I investigated two potential management options for the parasite. Chemotherapy using the fungicide fumagillin reduced N. ceranae spore intensity but had no effect on colony survival, and indoor over-wintering did not reduce spore intensity but was associated with increased colony survivorship in spring. Using a comparative approach, I observed that N. ceranae infection significantly reduced honey bee longevity in the laboratory but did not influence overall colony health or strength in the field. Last, a laboratory study demonstrated reduced spore production during N. ceranae and N. apis co-infection, possibly due to inter-specific competition that has resulted in the displacement of the historic Nosema species by N. ceranae in many global regions. This dissertation provides crucial information on biology and management of N. ceranae that can be used towards the development of an integrated pest management strategy, and for future studies investigating factors that may influence the parasite’s distribution, virulence, and inter-specific interactions.

No description available.

Šiame moksliniame darbe nagrinėjama paprastojo (Quercus robur L.) ir bekočio (Q. petraea [Matt.] Liebl.) ąžuolų hibridizacija Trako miške (Alytaus raj.), bei su ja susiję ąžuolų pomiškio plitimo, lapijos nuokritų biocheminės sudėties bei įtakos dirvožemio mikrobiotai procesai. Šis darbas nuo kitų Europoje atliktų tyrimų išsiskiria savo specifika, kadangi tyrimų objektas apima bekočio ąžuolo arealo pakraštį. Nustatyta, kad tarprūšiniai hibridai Trako miške plito greičiau nei bekočiai. Trako miško motinmedžių ir jų palikuonių palyginamoji taksonominė analizė parodė, kad tarprūšinių paprastojo ir bekočio ąžuolų hibridų morfologinių lapų požymių variacija juvenaliniame amžiuje buvo didesnė nei vienos kurios tėvinių rūšių. Molekulinė-genetinė analizė patvirtino rūšinės priklausomybės nustatymo pagal morfologinius lapų požymius tinkamumą ir efektyvumą. Įrodyta, kad hibridizacijos procesams būdingas asimetrinio kryžminimosi pobūdis ir introgresijos procese dalyvauja ribotas individų skaičius. Vyrauja grįžtamasis kryžminimasis su viena iš tėvinių rūšių, šiuo atveju su bekočiu ąžuolu. Didesnė lignino koncentracija paprastojo ąžuolo lapuose sąlygojo mažesnį bakterijų ir mikroorganizmų, ypač mikromicetų, aktyvumą šio ąžuolo rizosferoje. Palyginus su paprastuoju ąžuolu, bekočio ir hibridinių ąžuolų lapų nuokritos ir rizosferos organinės medžiagos buvo intensyviau skaidomos. Todėl šių ąžuolų aplinkoje sąlygos plisti pomiškiui yra palankesnės negu po paprastaisiais ąžuolais. / This study analyzes hybridization of pedunculate (Quercus robur L.) and sessile (Q. petraea [Matt.] Liebl.) oak in forest Trakas (Alytus district), including the following processes related to hybridization: the prevalence of oak undergrowth, leaf litter fall and its biochemical composition, impact on soil microbiota. This study differs from other studies carried out in Europe by its specifics, since the research object is situated at the edge of the natural distribution of sessile oak. It was found the increase of the number of hybrid oaks in the undergrowth. A comparative taxonomic analysis of the parental trees of the Trakas forest showed that the variation of morphological traits of leaves of interspecific hybrids of pedunculate and sessile oaks was higher at juvenile age if compared with any paternal species. Molecular-genetic analysis confirmed suitability and effectiveness of the use of leaf morphological traits for species discrimination. Studies confirmed that hybridization process had a character of asymmetric crossings, a limited number of individuals participate in the introgression process. Backcross with one of the parental species – sessile oak prevails. The leaves litter fall of pedunculate oak was distinguished for a higher content of lignin, which determines decreased activeness of bacteria and, especially, micromicetes in the rhizosphere. The decomposition rate of leaves litter fall and organic compounds in rhizosphere under sessile and hybrid oaks were... [to full text]

Les interactions multi-trophiques jouent un rôle clé dans la structuration des agrosystèmes et régissent la dynamique des populations qui les composent. L’objectif de cette thèse fut (i) d’étudier la perturbation des interactions liée à une espèce invasive (Tuta absoluta) dans les cultures de tomates européennes, (ii) de rechercher de nouveaux auxiliaires autochtones, puis (iii) d’évaluer l’efficacité de ces auxiliaires lorsqu’ils sont intégrés dans l’agrosystème. Nous avons montré que de nouvelles interactions sont apparues suite à l’invasion, notamment la compétition apparente entre les aleurodes et T. absoluta en présence du prédateur généraliste et omnivore M. pygmaeus. Dans un second temps, nous avons recherché de nouveaux auxiliaires, en se focalisant d’abord sur les trichogrammes, Trichogramma achaeae étant déjà commercialisé contre T. absoluta en France. Les expérimentations de laboratoire et de terrain n’ont pas permis de mettre en évidence un trichogramme plus intéressant que celui déjà commercialisé. De plus, nous avons observé une prédation intra-guilde de M. pygmaeus sur les trichogrammes juvéniles i.e. œufs parasités, et nous avons montré que T. absoluta n’était pas un hôte approprié pour ces parasitoïdes. Les trichogrammes ne s’installant pas sur la culture, les études concernant les parasitoïdes oophages se sont arrêtées là et nous nous sommes intéressés aux parasitoïdes larvaires. La biologie de deux parasitoïdes larvaires a été étudiée et a souligné l’intérêt de Stenomesius japonicus (Eulophidae) en tant que potentiel agent de lutte biologique contre T. absoluta. Malgré les interactions négatives subies par le parasitoïde, des expérimentations sous serre en conditions réalistes ont montré que le prédateur et le parasitoïde larvaire pouvaient coexister pendant plusieurs mois. Cela a été montré y compris en présence d’une proie alternative pour le prédateur omnivore. / Multi-trophic interactions play a key role in structuring agro-ecosystems and regulating arthropod population dynamics. The objective of the PhD was (i) to study the possible disruptions of biotic interactions owing to the recent invasion by T. absoluta in European tomato crops, (ii) to identify local natural enemies attacking T. absoluta, (iii) to evaluate their effectiveness against T. absoluta when integrated into the agro-ecosystem. We showed that new interactions occurred after the arrival of T. absoluta, mainly apparent competition between whiteflies and T. absoluta, in presence of the omnivorous and generalist predator M. pygmaeus. We recorded possible new biocontrol agents and focused first on Trichogramma parasitoids, as Trichogramma achaeae was promptly commercialized against T. absoluta in France. Laboratory and field experiments failed to detect promising Trichogramma strains. In addition, intraguild predation of M. pygmaeus on parasitoid juveniles i.e. parasitized eggs, was observed and we demonstrated that T. absoluta was not a suitable host for Trichogramma parasitoids. Therefore, further studies switched on parasitoids of larval stages of T. absoluta. We demonstrated the importance of Stenomesius japonicus (Eulophidae) as a possible biological control agent against T. absoluta. The parasitoid was able to reproduce on T. absoluta over several generations under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Despite negative interactions between the predator and the larval parasitoid, further greenhouse experiments demonstrated that two competitors can coexist for several months. Moreover, the presence of an alternative prey for the omnivorous predator (whitefly) in the agro-ecosystem did not prompt larval parasitoid exclusion, and the parasitoid remained in the crop even in the presence of other prey for the predator.

Les écosystèmes lacustres sont de plus en plus soumis à de multiples perturbations mais leur réponse est encore trop rarement considérée de façon globale. En effet, au travers d'un jeu d'interactions complexes, chaque perturbation peut moduler l'intensité de l'impact des autres sur les lacs, et de ce fait, leur réponse. Dans ce contexte, ce travail doctoral est axé sur l'approfondissement de notre compréhension de la réponse des lacs à un contexte de perturbations multiples, sur le long terme. Pour cela, trois grands lacs profonds (le lac Léman, du Bourget et d'Annecy), soumis à une perturbation régionale similaire (i.e., le réchauffement climatique) et à deux perturbations locales (i.e., les changements dans le statut trophique et dans les pratiques de gestion piscicole) d'intensités différentes, ont été choisis. La réponse de ces lacs à ces changements a été abordée au travers d'une approche paléolimnologique, basée sur les cladocères. En effet, la capacité de ceux-ci à intégrer les changements temporels dans le réseau trophique pélagique en réponse aux trois perturbations environnementales en fait un modèle adéquat pour reconstruire les changements à l'échelle de la communauté pélagique. Plus précisément, nous avons abordé (i) les changements dans les communautés de cladocères, au cours du siècle dernier, en réponse aux trois perturbations environnementales et (ii) l'impact de ces perturbations sur les stratégies de reproduction des Daphnies. Cependant, le manque de connaissance dans les grands lacs profonds sur la représentativité des communautés sources de cladocères par les assemblages de restes archivés dans les sédiments a tout d'abord conduit à faire un point méthodologique. Ce dernier a abouti à la mise en évidence de différences dans le niveau de représentation de communautés sources de cladocères selon le type de restes utilisés. La composition taxonomique et la structure en taille des restes parthénogénétiques (i.e., exosquelettes) reflètent relativement bien celle des communautés sources. Quant aux éphippies (œufs de dormance), elles se révèlent des indicateurs fiables pour reconstruire les comportements de reproduction. Suite à ces résultats, les reconstructions paléolimnologiques des communautés de cladocères montrent que leur trajectoire écologique était contrôlée par des interactions complexes entre les trois pertubations différentes, selon les périodes de temps et entre les lacs. De plus, la réponse des communautés de cladocères au climat était différente entre les trois lacs comme une fonction de l'intensité des forçages locaux. Ces observations suggèrent qu'il est important d'inclure le rôle des perturbations locales dans la prédiction de l'impact futur des changements climatiques sur les lacs. L'impact des perturbations environnementales sur le comportement de reproduction des Daphnies est tel que des évènements d'hybridation interspécifique ont été observés. Cependant, ces évènements d'hybridation sont issus de sensibilité aux trois perturbations environnementales différentes entre les espèces de Daphnies. / Lake ecosystems are increasingly subjected to multiple perturbations but their response is too rarely considered in overall. But, though a complex set of interactions, each perturbation can modulate the intensity of the impact of each other on lakes, and thus their response. In this context, this work is focused on deepening our understanding of the response of lakes in a context of multiples perturbations, over the long-term. We studied this response performing a paleolimnological approach (based on cladoceran) on three large, deep lakes (Lakes Geneva, Bourget and Annecy) submitted to a similar regional perturbation (i.e., climate warming) and varying intensities of two local perturbations (i.e., changes in nutrient inputs and fisheries managment practices). The ability of cladoceran to integrate the temporal changes in the pelagic food web in response to three environmental perturbations makes them a suitable model to reconstruct changes in the whole pelagic community. Specifically, we addressed (i) changes in cladoceran communities, during the last century, in response to three environmental perturbations and (ii) the impact of these perturbations on reproductive behavior of Daphnia. However, the lack of knowledge in large, deep lakes on the representativity of source cladoceran communitites by fossil assemblages in sediments firstly led to a methodological calibration. This last showed that the represention level of source communities was different according to the type of remain. Parthenogenetic remain assemblages (i.e., exoskeleton) reflect accurately the taxonomical and size structure of source communities in contrast to ephippia which are reliable proxy to reconstruct reproductive behavior. Following these results, the paleolimnological reconstructions of cladoceran communities showed that their ecological trajectories are controlled by complex interactions between the three perturbations, according to time periods and lakes. Moreover, the response of cladoceran communties to climate was different between the three lakes as a function of the intensity of local forcings. These observations suggest that it is important to include the role of local perturbations in predicting the future impact of climate change on lakes. The impact of environmental perturbations on the reproductive behavior of Daphnia is such that interspecific hybridization events were observed. However, these hybridization events were the result of different sensitivity to perturbations among Daphnia species.

Orientador: João Frederico da Costa Azevedo Meyer / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T13:46:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_CarlosFrankLimados_M.pdf: 3104358 bytes, checksum: a690d16041a50b1c06291d1d64615b29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O propósito deste trabalho é desenvolver uma modelagem matemática que descreverá computacionalmente o convívio entre duas espécies competidoras sem característica migratória diante da variação de densidade de vegetação. As equações utilizadas nesta modelagem incluíram os fenômenos de difusão de vegetação, processos de dispersão populacional, dinâmicas vitais e um decaimento proporcional a variação de densidade de mata, no sentido de que quanto maior a densidade de mata menor o decaimento populacional quanto menor a densidade de mata maior a mortalidade populacional. Para as espécies competidoras usaremos as clássicas modelagem do tipo Lotka-Volterra (não- linear) combinado a equação diferenciais parciais de difusão-advecção. Primeiramente faremos a descrição do modelo matemático e a descrição do domínio visando o uso do método de diferenças finitas para o espaço combinados a um modelo de Crank-Nicolson no tempo. Em seguida, desenvolveremos um algoritmo em ambiente MATLAB , que aproxima as soluções relativas a difusão de vegetação e a cada população em cada ponto e ao longo do tempo considerado nas simulações. Por fim, foram obtidos resultados gráficos que foram analisados o efeito da recuperação da mata no convívio das espécies competidoras consideradas. De modo que se disponha de ferramentas mais acessíveis a profissionais e pesquisadores ligados aos estudos de ecologia matemática e meio ambiente, bem como aos responsáveis pelas adoções de medidas de emergências e contingências de áreas destruídas pelas ações antrópicas / Abstract: The main objective of this work is that of obtaining an adequate mathematical model and, consequently, a computational algorithm to describe the interaction between two competing species in face of a density variation in vegetation. Population dispersal and dynamics and the presence of a term relating the loss of vegetation density to higher mortality for both competing species must be considered, as well as the inverse: a raise in vegetation density is bound to increase the survival of species. In order to describe the interaction between vegetation and animals, a classic Lotka-Volterra system is used, coupled with the use of the diffusion-reaction partial differential equation for all three participants considered in the model: vegetation density and both animal species. For the interacting animal species, no migration is considered, although the possibility of a preferential direction similar to an advective component is permitted in the dispersal of plants. Numerical discretization include centered finite differences in order to obtain second order approximations in space variables, as well as a Crank-Nicolson method, also second order, for approximations in time. In order to qualitatively analyze possible results, a MATLAB environment was used, with the possibility of exhibiting graphical results based on the numerical ones. This is done in order to create a numerical auxiliary tool which can be used by researchers and professional agents in the evaluation of ecological and environmental policies and decisions, as well as the description of some of the effects of anthropic a actions / Mestrado / Matematica Aplicada / Mestre em Matemática Aplicada

Abstract Social information use is a widespread phenomenon across the animal kingdom and it affects various important aspects of animal behaviour. Animals observe and copy the behaviour of conspecifics and other species on the same trophic level in their own decision-making, e.g., in habitat or mate choice. Copying is adaptive only when it is selective. Thus, it would be important to understand when and which individuals should copy others, and which individuals they choose to copy and what are the consequences of social information use. In this thesis, I experimentally study these questions in wild animals living in natural conditions. By simulating arbitrary preference of great tits (Parus major), I demonstrated that the portrayed fitness does not affect the nest site choices of conspecifics, but the tit pairs with an old male prefer the nest site choices of good and poor conspecifics. Social information use among tits appears to be age- and sex-dependent. Pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca), however, selectively copy or reject a novel nest site feature preference (symbol attached to the nest box) of great tits experimentally manipulated to exhibit high or low fitness (clutch size), respectively. By offering pied flycatchers choice in nest boxes with alternative contents, I showed that nest take-overs of flycatchers are not a form of social information use, but seem to result from the reduced building effort required. Furthermore, by conducting a decoy and playback experiment, I showed that great tits covered eggs more efficiently in the presence of pied flycatchers. One function of egg covering behaviour seems to be a counter-adaptation to reduce information parasitism by pied flycatchers. My results demonstrate that the social transmission of behaviours across species can be highly selective in response to observed fitness, plausibly making the phenomenon adaptive. In contrast with the current theory of species coexistence, overlap between realized niches of species could dynamically increase or decrease, depending on the observed success of surrounding individuals. The social information revealed by success and behaviour of animals is a resource that can be used or concealed. It is a new kind of evolutionary and ecological factor which may affect the formation of ecosystems and species coevolution. / Tiivistelmä Sosiaalinen informaationkäyttö on yleinen ilmiö eläinkunnassa, ja sitä tavataan aina hyönteisistä valaisiin. Yksilöt tarkkailevat ja kopioivat sekä lajitovereiden että toisen ekologialtaan samankaltaisen lajin yksilöiden käyttäytymistä erilaisissa tilanteissa, kuten pesäpaikan tai parittelukumppanin valinnassa. Sosiaalinen informaationkäyttö on adaptiivista ainoastaan ollessaan valikoivaa. Siksi on tärkeää selvittää kenen, koska ja ketä kannattaa kopioida, ja mitä ekologisia ja evolutiivisia seurauksia siitä koituu informaation lähteelle ja käyttäjälle. Väitöskirjassani tutkin kokeellisesti informaation hankkijan (kirjosieppo Ficedula hypoleuca) valikoivaa kopioimista ja siitä mahdollisesti johtuvaa informaation lähteen (talitiainen Parus major) vasta-adaptaatiota luonnonoloissa. Symbolikokeilla selvitin, että talitiaisten lajinsisäinen kopiointi on iästä ja sukupuolesta riippuvaa, mutta informaationlähteen havaittu kelpoisuus ei vaikuta kopioinnin todennäköisyyteen. Kirjosiepot puolestaan kopioivat valikoivasti keinotekoisesti luotuja tiaisten mieltymyksiä pesäpönttöön kiinnitettyjä symboleja kohtaan, riippuen tiaisten havaitusta manipuloidusta kelpoisuudesta (munamäärästä pesässä). Siepot kopioivat tiaisia, joiden pesässä on paljon munia (13 munaa), ja rejektoivat tiaisia (valitsevat vaihtoehtoisen symbolin), joilla munia on vähän (5 munaa). Tarjoamalla kirjosiepoille vaihtoehtoisia pesäpönttöjä osoitin, että sieppojen luontainen mieltymys vallata ja rakentaa pesänsä toisten pesien päälle ei ole sosiaalisen informaationkäytön muoto, vaan se näyttää olevan pesänrakennuksen kustannusten minimointia. Playback-kokeilla osoitin, että talitiaisten munienpeittelykäyttäytymisellä on useita funktioita. Se on vasta-adaptaatio kirjosiepon informaatioloisintaa vastaan ja toimii mahdollisesti suojana kylmää vastaan. Väitöskirjani tulokset osoittavat, että eläinten käyttäytymisen paljastama sosiaalinen informaatio on resurssi, jota voidaan hyödyntää tai salata. Se on myös uudenlainen ekologinen ja evolutiivinen tekijä, joka vaikuttaa eliöyhteisöjen muodostumiseen ja lajien koevoluutioon. Lajienvälinen valikoiva sosiaalinen informaationkäyttö -hypoteesi haastaa nykyisen koevoluutioteorian. Se ennustaa, että informaatiota hyödyntävän lajin ja informaationlähteen ominaisuudet voivat joko samankaltaistua tai erilaistua, informaationlähteen havaittavasta menestyksestä riippuen.

Afin de préciser la distribution et l'écologie des oiseaux migrateurs paléarctiques et afrotropicaux en Afrique de l’Ouest, neuf grands types d'habitats situés au Burkina Faso ont été suivi par points d'écoute de février 2004 à novembre 2005. Contrairement aux prédictions du paradoxe de Moreau, nous démontrons que les différentes zones de savanes jouent un rôle complémentaire au cours de l’hivernage pour les migrateurs paléarctiques, et que le Sahel ne constitue pas un lieu d’étape primordial lors de la migration pré-nuptiale. En outre, nous montrons que les migrateurs n’exploitent pas plus les habitats ouverts ou dégradés que les espèces résidentes au sein d’une même guilde, et que les migrateurs paléarctiques et afrotropicaux exploitent principalement des niches écologiques différentes, suggérant que la compétition interspécifique n’est pas le principal agent structurant les communautés de résidents et de migrateurs, au moins dans cette région de l'Afrique. Au vu de l’ensemble de nos résultats, nous proposons que les migrateurs paléarctiques sont partie intégrante des communautés tropicales et qu’il existe en réalité un continuum de stratégies entre la sédentarité et la migration entre deux aires biogéographiquement distinctes au sein des espèces tropicales. / In order to unravel the distribution and ecology of palearctic and afrotropical bird migrants in western Africa, we surveyed nine major habitat types in Burkina Faso by monthly point counts from February 2004 to November 2005. In contradiction with predictions drawn from Moreau's paradox, we found that the different savanna zones hold complementary sets of species during the course of the overwintering period, and that the Sahel is not used as a critical fattening area during pre-breeding migration. In addition, we show that migrant species are not tied to more open or degraded habitats in comparison with resident species of the same feeding guilds, and that palearctic and afrotropical migrant communities use widely divergent ecological niches, which suggests that current interspecific competition is not the prominent force shaping residents-migrants avian communities Overall, our results favour the view that both palearctic and afrotropical migrant species actually belong to tropical communities, and that a continuum exists between sedentary species and migratory species that reach distinct biogeographic areas during the course of their migration.

De nombreuses bananes cultivées et consommées sont des hybrides interspécifiques triploïdes entre Musa acuminata (génome A) et Musa balbisiana (génome B). L'amélioration de ces cultivars nécessite de mettre en place des stratégies complexes liées à leur faible fertilité et leur niveau de ploïdie. De plus, le génome M. balbisiana porteur de caractères agronomiques intéressants est malheureusement porteur de séquences intégrées de Banana streak virus (ou eBSV pour endogenous BSV). Ces eBSV sont capables de produire, dans un contexte de croisements interspécifiques et sous conditions de stress abiotiques, des génomes viraux responsables de l'infection systémique du bananier. L'activation spontanée de ces eBSV est la contrainte majeure des programmes d'amélioration du bananier plantain depuis plus de 10 ans. La ségrégation des chromosomes A et B chez les clones polyploïdes interspécifiques de bananiers est encore très peu connue. Nous avons au cours de cette thèse analysé la recombinaison et la ségrégation chromosomique chez 184 plantes issues de la descendance AAAB (CRBP39) x AA (Pahang_Carbap) au moyen de 38 marqueurs SSR distribués sur les 11 chromosomes Musa et de 6 marqueurs PCR spécifiques des deux espèces BSV présentes chez CRBP39 (eBSGFV-7 et eBSOLV-1). Nous avons observé qu'au cours de la formation des gamètes chez l'allotétraploïde CRBP39, la plupart des marqueurs du tétraploïde AAAB CRBP39 ont une ségrégation de type tétrasomique et que les génomes A et B recombinent au niveau de tous les segments de chromosomes pour lesquels nous pouvions suivre les allèles du chromosome B. D'autre part, nous avons montré que 50% des descendants ont reçu, à un ou quelques loci, un ou trois allèles du parent AAAB (CRBP39) au lieu de deux. La composition allélique de ces gamètes aneuploïdes, la cartographie génétique et l'analyse des corrélations entre marqueurs suggèrent que cette particularité résulte d'une variation structurale entre génomes A et B. Un des chromosomes B correspondrait à une partie des chromosomes 1A et 3A. Nous avons également observé une distorsion de ségrégation des loci eBSV avec une surreprésentation d'individus possédant au moins une intégration eBSV (86%). La régulation des eBSV semble très complexe et nécessitera des études complémentaires pour tenter d'identifier le ou les facteurs génétiques impliqués. Finalement, notre travail a montré que des croisements de type AAAB x AA peuvent générer des plantes possédant du génome B sans aucune intégration BSV (13%). Ce résultat est important car il ouvre une voie de contournement à la contrainte eBSV dans les programmes d'amélioration génétique. / Many cultivated and consumed banana are interspecific triploid hybrids between Musa acuminata (A genome) and Musa balbisiana (B genome). The genetic improvement of these cultivars requires the implementation of complex breeding strategies due to their low fertility and ploidy level. In addition, the B genome of M. balbisiana which bears interesting agronomic traits unfortunately carries endogenous Banana streak virus sequences (eBSV). Under certain conditions such as interspecific crosses and abiotic stresses, these eBSV are able to produce infectious viral genomes responsible for systemic infection of banana. The spontaneous activation of these eBSV is the major constraint of plantains improvement programs for more than 10 years. The A and B chromosomes recombination and segregation in interspecific polyploids banana are still poorly understood. We here analyzed chromosomes recombination and segregation in 184 offspring from the cross AAAB (CRBP39) x AA (Pahang_Carbap) using 38 SSR markers distributed on the 11 Musa chromosomes and 6 specific PCR markers of both BSV species integrated in CRBP39 (eBSGFV-7 and eBSOLV-1). We noticed that during CRBP39 meiosis most of the SSR markers have tetrasomic segregation and that A and B genomes recombine at all chromosomes segments where we were able to follow chromosome B alleles. Besides, we showed that 50% of the offspring received at one or several loci, one or three alleles of the CRBP39 parent instead of two. The allelic composition of these aneuploid gametes, the genetic map and the analysis of correlations between markers suggest that this peculiar observation is due to a structural variation between A and B genomes. One of the B chromosomes would be part of chromosomes 1A and 3A. We also noticed a distorted segregation of eBSV loci with an overrepresentation of individuals harboring at least one of the eBSV (86%). eBSV regulation seems very complex and requires additional studies to identify the genetic factor(s) involved. Finally, we also showed that AAAB x AA crosses can generate plants with B genome but without eBSV. This is the case for 13% of the offspring. This result is important because it shows that we can overcome eBSV constraint in banana breeding programs.