15 years has passed since the term ¡§e-learning¡¨ was initially proposed by noted American e-learning specialist, Jay Cross in 1998. With rapid transition in science and technology, e-learning has vigorously developed both in Taiwan and abroad and continuously innovated in applied area. Public sector, private enterprises or academy have invested enormous resources in developing e-learning, aiming to strengthen the power of e-learning and its unique characteristic which enable learners to access to the learning materials they need without limits of time, place and district, meaning anytime and anywhere. Through e-learning, the enterprises can comprehensively divert the professional technique and knowledge inside employees¡¦ mind into enterprises¡¦ property, in order to achieve goal of sustainably preserving valuable knowledge and accordingly enhance enterprises¡¦ competitiveness. Even when over half of large enterprises have utilized e-learning system, many obstacles still exist in the process of introducing it. According to ¡§Up-dated Survey and Analysis on Key Industries that Introduce E-learning¡¨ made by Industrial Bureau of Ministry of Economic Affairs in 2006, the major learning obstacles and difficulties emerge from certain factors, including employees¡¦ low acceptance (27.9%), unable to evaluate training and learning results (26.2%), insufficient digitalization in the company (24.5%), lack of budgets (23%) and lack of long-term program on introducing the system (20.5%) and etc. All these factors indicate no guarantee of enterprises¡¦ success on this matter. This research utilizes case-study as research method, interviewing significantly large scale enterprise, the CPC Corporation Taiwan as to find out what practical measures it took and process it went through to introduce e-learning system and maintain development. The research results demonstrate that: 1.Positive outcomes result from enterprises which introduce e-learning to preserve professional technique and knowledge inside the company and provide multi-learning ways for employees. 2.At the beginning of introducing e-learning, the keys to develop e-learning are acquiring internal top-down supports, planning and implementing the project by specific unit, and welcoming various resources to form learning culture in the enterprises. 3.Only if the enterprises emphasize on internal personnel training, overcoming environmental factors that hinder e-learning development, regularly reviewing position and status of e-learning in enterprises, and programming future direction and strategies, can the enterprises continuously develop e-learning.

From the first integrated circuit which has 16-transistor chip built by Heiman and Steven Hofstein in 1962 to the latest 39.54 billion MOSFET’s using 7nm FinFET technology as of 2019 the scaling of transistors is still challenging. The scaling always needs to satisfy the minimal power constraint, minimal area constraint and high speed as possible. As of 2020, the worlds smallest transistor is 1nm long build by a team at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Looking at the latest trends of 14nm, 7nm technologies present where a single die holds more than a billion transistors on it. Thinking of it, it is more challenging for dyeing a 1nm technology. The scaling keeps going on and if silicon does not satisfy the requirement, they switch to carbon nanotubes and molybdenum disulfide or some newer materials. The transistor sizing is reducing but the pressure of radiation effects on transistor is in quench of more and more efficient circuits to tolerate errors. The radiation errors which are of higher voltage are capable of hitting a node and flipping its value. However, it is not possible to have a perfect material to satisfy no error requirement for a circuit. But it is possible to maintain the value before causing the error and retain the value even after occurrence of the error. In the advanced technologies due to transistor scaling multiple simultaneous radiation induced errors are the issue. Different latch designs are proposed to fix this problem. Using the CMOS 90nm technology different latch designs are proposed which will recover the value even after the error strikes the latch. Initially the errors are generally Single event upsets (SEUs) which when the high radiation particle strikes only one transistor. Since the era of scaling, the multiple simultaneous radiation errors are common. The general errors are Double Node Upset (DNU) which occurs when the high radiation particle strikes the two transistors due to replacing one transistor by more than one after scaling. Existing designs of SEUs and DNUs accurately determine the error rates in a circuit. However, with reference to the dissertation of Dr. Adam Watkins, proposed HRDNUT latch in the paper “Analysis and mitigation of multiple radiation induced errors in modern circuits”, the circuits can retain its error value in 2.13ps. Two circuits are introduced to increase the speed in retaining the error value after the high energy particle strikes the node. Upon the evaluation of the past designs how the error is introduced inside the circuit is not clear. Some designs used a pass gate to actually introduce the error logic value but not in terms of voltage. The current thesis introduces a method to introduce error with reduced power and delay overhead compared to the previous circuits. Introducing the error in the circuits from the literature survey and comparing the delay and power with and without introducing the error is shown. Introducing the errors in the two new circuits are also shown and compared with when no errors are injected.

The thesis aims to identify the strategic points and the steps that must be observed to ensure that the new product introduced to the market will be successful. In the text some general background to innovating is discussed, the process of product development ending with introduction to a market. In the applied section the market situation is outlined and the position of Vitana is determined. There are two products thoroughly analyzed -- with diametrically opposed success. For this purpose an analogy to the theoretical part followed by the instruments of the marketing mix is proceeding. For both products, the processes of launch are described in detail and the steps which brought about or hindered the desired result are identified. In conclusion it is defined whether in this case the typical causes of failure in innovation apply.

Millions are spent managing invasive weeds on public lands each year. Wildland invasive weed treatment bids are based primarily on acreage or hours but can be influenced by variables that increase treatment time and cost. Often neither the agency contracting the treatment nor the contractor has a clear idea of the amount of time that will be involved based on these variables. This makes it difficult to develop an accurate budget or bid for invasive weed control projects. It also limits managers in seeking funding and justifying treatment costs. A model has been developed that can predict herbicide application time due to four variables, weed canopy cover, slope, land cover, and weed visibility. Other variables were explored. The “smart” spray wand (SSW) is a new precision tool used to develop this model. The SSW is a spray wand with an integrated GPS and a flow meter for use with any type of spray system. The wand records the GPS location, herbicide flow,application time, and associated data of each treatment spray point. This information provided necessary data for the treatment time model. Weed control total treatment time (TTot) was hypothesized to include both treatment time (Tt) and rest time (Rt). The development and benefits of a wildland weed treatment time model are discussed. An accurate treatment time model could 1) establish an accurate standard for contractors and land managers, 2) assist in planning and managing limited treatment resources, and 3) justify funding requests and expenditures. The primary influence of the model is due to weed canopy cover (p=<2.2e-16, R2=0.5607), with smaller impacts by other variables. If canopy cover, slope, land cover, and weed visibility can be obtained for a weed control project, the model can be used.

Šiuo darbu buvo siekiama atskleisti inovacijų diegimo procesą ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigoje. Inovacijų diegimo srityje nuolat susiduriama su inovacijų sampratomis, jų klasifikavimu, taikymu praktinėje veikloje, idėjų realizavimo procesu. Išanalizavus mokslinę literatūrą, ikimokyklinėse įstaigose organizuojant inovacinę veiklą, išryškinta inovacijos samprata, jos klasifikavimas ir komandinio darbo raiška. Siekiant išryškinti inovacijos diegimo proceso tobulinimo galimybes, baigiamajame darbe pasirinktas kokybiniam tyrimui būdingas metodas: struktūrizuotas interviu. Apklaustos X ikimokyklinės įstaigos pedagogės ir pavaduotojos ugdymui – 12. Empirinėje darbo dalyje atskleista inovacijų sampratos, diegimo proceso, sunkumų ir teigiamų patirčių ypatumai ikimokyklinėje įstaigoje. Bendriausia prasme inovacija apibūdinama kaip procesas, naudingas tuomet, kada jis siejasi su kokybės gerinimu. Išryškėjo teigiamos ir neigiamos nuostatos. Inovacijos diegimo procese išryškėjo komandinio darbo požymiai: komandos sutelktumas, pasidalijimas darbais, siekiant rezultato. Galima teigti, kad daugiausia įtakos inovacijų diegimo procesui turi dalyvaujantys asmenys bei jų tarpusavio santykiai. Asmeniniai įgūdžiai - viena iš esminių bendradarbiavimo prielaidų diegiant inovacijas ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigose. / We constantly discover conceptions of innovations, their classification and practical implementation as well as the process of idea realization in the sphere of implementing innovations. In various literature the importance of conception of innovations, their classification and teamwork is emphasized while implementing innovations in preschool institutions. In order to highlight improvement possibilities for the process of implementing innovations, a qualitative-like method – a structured interview – has been chosen for this work. There have been interview 12 teachers and substitutes for education of X preschool institution. The empiric part of the work reveals the features of conceptions of innovations, implementation process, difficulties and positive effects in preschool institutions. In most common sense an innovation is described as a process, which is useful when it delivers improvement for quality. The paper highlights both positive and negative provisions. Therefore, the indications of teamwork such as concentration of a team and work-sharing to achieve a result also have become noticeable in the process of implementing innovations. It might be stated that people and their inter-relations have the largest impact on the process of implementing innovations. Personal skills are one of essential assumptions for cooperation while implementing innovations in preschool institutions.

This study is based on our shared interest in cooperative learning and how it can be introduced in mathematics education. The aim of the study is to investigate how teachers introduce cooperative learning in mathematics education, focusing on which structures the teachers use and what challenges there are in introducing this approach. In order to produce a result relating to the purpose of the study, ten working teachers with experience of cooperative learning were interviewed. This is to answer the studies research questions, which are: (1) Which structures, described by those experienced in the field, are suitable for the introduction of this approach? (2) What challenges may arise when introducing cooperative learning into teaching? The result was then analyzed according to the socio-cultural perspective and Vygotskij's theories on learning and the framework factor theory. The results of the first research question depicted that the teachers had different perceptions regarding which structure they use when introducing cooperative learning. What all the teachers had in common, however, was that they believed that the most important thing during the introduction was the cooperation in general between the students. They considered that the choice of structure was secondary in that matter, but the important things were, as said, creating simple learning situations where the students had to cooperate. The results of the second research question depicted that the teachers felt that there were several challenges when introducing cooperative learning. On the one hand, it is very time-consuming to plan ahead and they considered that well-done planning is an important part of the work. On the other hand, it appeared that all the teachers felt that it was challenging with students who did not want to integrate with other students. In addition to this, a critical aspect is the group composition. All teachers described that they felt that constructing groups is an important part of the work, but also challenging. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur verksamma lärare introducerar kooperativt lärande i matematikundervisningen, med fokus på vilka strukturer lärarna använder sig av samt vilka utmaningar det finns med att introducera detta förhållningssätt. För att uppnå studiens syfte intervjuades tio verksamma lärare med erfarenhet av kooperativt lärande. Detta för att besvara studiens forskningsfrågor som är: (1) Vilka strukturer, beskriver erfarna inom fältet, lämpar sig vid introduktion av detta förhållningssätt? (2) Vilka utmaningar kan uppstå vid introducering av kooperativt lärande i undervisningen? Resultatet analyserades sedan utefter det sociokulturella perspektivet och Vygotskij ́s teorier om lärande samt ramfaktorteorin. Första forskningsfrågans resultat skildrade att lärarna hade skilda uppfattningar gällande vilka/vilken struktur de använder sig av vid introduceringen av det kooperativa lärandet. Gemensamt för samtliga lärare var dock att de ansåg att det viktigaste vid introduceringen var samarbetet generellt mellan eleverna. De ansåg att val av struktur var sekundärt i den frågan, utan de viktiga var som sagt att skapa enkla lärsituationer där eleverna fick samarbeta. Andra forskningsfrågans resultat skildrade att lärarna ansåg att det fanns flertalet utmaningar vid introduceringen av kooperativt lärande. Dels är det väldigt tidskrävande att planera inför och de ansåg att en välgjord planering är en viktig del av arbetet. Dels framgick det att samtliga lärare ansåg att det var utmanade med elever som inte ville integrera med andra elever. Utöver detta är en kritisk aspekt gruppsammansättningen. Samtliga lärare beskrev att de upplevde att konstruerandet av grupper är en viktig del av arbetet, men en utmanade del.

Computer Algebra Systems (CAS), a powerful mathematical software currently available on hand held calculators, is becoming increasingly available to assist secondary students learn school mathematics. This study investigates how two teachers taught introductory differential calculus to their Year 11 classes using multiple representations in a CAS-supported curriculum. This thesis aims to explore the impact of the teaching on students’ understanding of the concept of derivative. / Understanding of the concept of derivative was gauged using an innovative Differentiation Competency Framework that was developed to describe understanding of the concept of derivative. It consists of eighteen competencies for formulation and interpretation of derivatives with, and without, translation between different representations. It clarified the objectives of the curriculum, purpose for using particular CAS activities, and also guided the construction of individual test items on the Differentiation Competency Test that enabled individual and class learning about the concept of derivative to be identified. / The Framework also helped identify each teacher’s privileging characteristics and facilitated analysis of the learning in relation to the teaching. / This study found that using multiple representations was important in developing understanding of the concept of derivative but that the graphical and the symbolic representations were the most useful and important to emphasize and link. / Analysis of the teaching actions showed that the teachers used CAS in ways that were consistent with their teaching approach and preferred use of representations and that a conceptual teaching method and student-centred style supported understanding of the concept of derivative. / Teaching is directly linked to learning and each class developed a different understanding of the concept of derivative that related to the combined effect of their teacher’s privileging characteristics: calculus content, teaching approach, and use of CAS. This study also shows that if a CAS-supported curriculum is to be successfully implemented, it needs to acquire institutional status including a corresponding change in assessment to legitimize new teaching practices.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Atualmente, sabe-se que danos causados por espécies exóticas invasoras são umas das principais causas de extinção de espécies, afetando mais seriamente espécies que evoluíram em ilhas. A jaqueira, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamarck (Moraceae) é originária das florestas tropicais da Índia. Foi introduzida no Brasil ainda no período Colonial e atualmente é invasora em áreas de Mata Atlântica, incluindo a Ilha Grande, RJ. Durante três anos foram amostrados bimestralmente 18 grades, 10 com diferentes densidades de jaqueiras e oito sem jaqueiras. Em cada grade foram colocadas 11 armadilhas de captura de mamíferos, que ficavam abertas durante três dias consecutivos por mês. No laboratório as fezes de todos os animais capturados foram analisadas para verificar a dieta e a quantidade de sementes nativas defecadas. Para verificar as espécies capazes de predar e dispersar sementes de jaca, fizemos testes com sementes de jaca atados a carretéis e armadilhas fotográficas. Neste contexto, o estudo teve como objetivo verificar a influência da jaqueira na comunidade de pequenos mamíferos e na dispersão de sementes de espécies nativas. Os resultados mostraram que em áreas com maior densidade de jaqueiras adultas, houve uma maior abundância de espécies frugívoras e a diminuição da abundância de espécies mais insetívoras. Embora a jaqueira não tenha influenciado no consumo de itens de origem animal e vegetal entre áreas com e sem jaqueiras e durante os períodos de maior e menor frutificação, essa espécie desfavoreceu a dispersão de sementes nativas. Em áreas com maior densidade de jaqueiras verificamos uma quantidade menor de sementes nativas sendo defecadas pelos pequenos mamíferos. O número de sementes defecadas durante o período de menor frutificação das jaqueiras não foi significativo em relação ao período de maior frutificação e em todos os períodos somados. Já em relação à frequência de fezes contendo sementes nativas, os resultados das regressões simples foram significativos para todos os períodos. O fruto da jaqueira A. heterophyllus foi mais consumido por D. aurita, T. dimidiatus eCuniculus paca, sendo que D. auritanão teve influência sobre a predação e a dispersão de sementes de jaca. Os roedores T. dimidiatuse C. paca foram registrados pelas armadilhas fotográficas predando 20% e 16% das sementes de jaca e carregaram 65% e 44% das sementes, respectivamente. Os testes com carretel mostraram que 86% das sementes foram predadas, 10% foram deixadas intactas no local e apenas 4% foram dispersas a pequenas distâncias, entre 2 e 15 metros, sendo possível que esses roedores propiciem a dispersão dessa espécie exótica e invasora para novas áreas / Nowadays, it is known that damages caused by invasive exotic species are one of major causes of species extinction, most seriously affecting species that evolved on islands. The jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamarck (Moraceae) is originated from tropical forests of India, being the tree that produces the largest fruit. It was introduced in Brazil in the colonial period and is now invasive in several localities of the Atlantic Forest, including Ilha Grande, RJ. During three years, were sampled bimonthly in 18 grids, 10 with different densities of jackfruits trees and eight without jackfruit trees. In each grid were placed 11 traps for capture of mammals. The traps remained open for three consecutive days monthly. During this period was also checked a number of jackfruit trees in the grids and counted mature fruits of each tree. At the laboratory, the feces of all captured animals were analyzed to verify diet and amount of native seeds defecated. To verify species capable of preying and disperse jackfruit seeds, we conducted tests with jackfruit seeds tied to reels and camera traps. In this context, this study aimed to determine an influence of jackfruit tree in a community of small mammals and in seeds dispersal of native species. The results showed that A. heterophyllus influenced in an abundance of species of small mammals in Ilha Grande. In areas with high density of adult jackfruit trees, was a greater abundance of frugivorous species, such as Trinomys dimidiatus and Guerlinguetus ingrami, and decreased abundance of species as most insectivorous as Dasypus novemcintus, Oxymycterus dasytrichus and Monodelphis americana. Although jackfruit tree has not influenced in consumption items between animal and vegetable areas with and without jackfruit trees and during periods of greater and lesser fruitification, this species discouraging dispersal of native seeds. In areas with high density of jackfruit tree we found a smaller amount of native seeds being defecated by small mammals. The number of seeds defecated during the minor fruiting period of jackfruit trees was not significant, however, during the period of greater fruiting and in all periods summed were significant. In relation to frequency of feces containing native seeds, the results of simple regressions were significant for all periods and Didelphis aurita was the species that most influenced these results. The fruit of the jackfruit tree A. heterophyllus was more consumed by D. aurita, T. dimidiatus and Cuniculus paca, and D. aurita had no influence on predation and seed dispersal of jackfruit, having no record of possible predation or seed dispersal by camera traps. Rodents T. and C. dimidiatus paca were recorded by camera traps preying 20% and 16% of seeds of jackfruit and carried 65% and 44% seeds, respectively. Tests with reel showed that 86% of seeds were predated, 10% were left intact at site and only 4% were dispersed at short distances between 2 and 15 meters, it is possible that these rodents provide to spread of this exotic and invasive species into new areas.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Atualmente, sabe-se que danos causados por espécies exóticas invasoras são umas das principais causas de extinção de espécies, afetando mais seriamente espécies que evoluíram em ilhas. A jaqueira, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamarck (Moraceae) é originária das florestas tropicais da Índia. Foi introduzida no Brasil ainda no período Colonial e atualmente é invasora em áreas de Mata Atlântica, incluindo a Ilha Grande, RJ. Durante três anos foram amostrados bimestralmente 18 grades, 10 com diferentes densidades de jaqueiras e oito sem jaqueiras. Em cada grade foram colocadas 11 armadilhas de captura de mamíferos, que ficavam abertas durante três dias consecutivos por mês. No laboratório as fezes de todos os animais capturados foram analisadas para verificar a dieta e a quantidade de sementes nativas defecadas. Para verificar as espécies capazes de predar e dispersar sementes de jaca, fizemos testes com sementes de jaca atados a carretéis e armadilhas fotográficas. Neste contexto, o estudo teve como objetivo verificar a influência da jaqueira na comunidade de pequenos mamíferos e na dispersão de sementes de espécies nativas. Os resultados mostraram que em áreas com maior densidade de jaqueiras adultas, houve uma maior abundância de espécies frugívoras e a diminuição da abundância de espécies mais insetívoras. Embora a jaqueira não tenha influenciado no consumo de itens de origem animal e vegetal entre áreas com e sem jaqueiras e durante os períodos de maior e menor frutificação, essa espécie desfavoreceu a dispersão de sementes nativas. Em áreas com maior densidade de jaqueiras verificamos uma quantidade menor de sementes nativas sendo defecadas pelos pequenos mamíferos. O número de sementes defecadas durante o período de menor frutificação das jaqueiras não foi significativo em relação ao período de maior frutificação e em todos os períodos somados. Já em relação à frequência de fezes contendo sementes nativas, os resultados das regressões simples foram significativos para todos os períodos. O fruto da jaqueira A. heterophyllus foi mais consumido por D. aurita, T. dimidiatus eCuniculus paca, sendo que D. auritanão teve influência sobre a predação e a dispersão de sementes de jaca. Os roedores T. dimidiatuse C. paca foram registrados pelas armadilhas fotográficas predando 20% e 16% das sementes de jaca e carregaram 65% e 44% das sementes, respectivamente. Os testes com carretel mostraram que 86% das sementes foram predadas, 10% foram deixadas intactas no local e apenas 4% foram dispersas a pequenas distâncias, entre 2 e 15 metros, sendo possível que esses roedores propiciem a dispersão dessa espécie exótica e invasora para novas áreas / Nowadays, it is known that damages caused by invasive exotic species are one of major causes of species extinction, most seriously affecting species that evolved on islands. The jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamarck (Moraceae) is originated from tropical forests of India, being the tree that produces the largest fruit. It was introduced in Brazil in the colonial period and is now invasive in several localities of the Atlantic Forest, including Ilha Grande, RJ. During three years, were sampled bimonthly in 18 grids, 10 with different densities of jackfruits trees and eight without jackfruit trees. In each grid were placed 11 traps for capture of mammals. The traps remained open for three consecutive days monthly. During this period was also checked a number of jackfruit trees in the grids and counted mature fruits of each tree. At the laboratory, the feces of all captured animals were analyzed to verify diet and amount of native seeds defecated. To verify species capable of preying and disperse jackfruit seeds, we conducted tests with jackfruit seeds tied to reels and camera traps. In this context, this study aimed to determine an influence of jackfruit tree in a community of small mammals and in seeds dispersal of native species. The results showed that A. heterophyllus influenced in an abundance of species of small mammals in Ilha Grande. In areas with high density of adult jackfruit trees, was a greater abundance of frugivorous species, such as Trinomys dimidiatus and Guerlinguetus ingrami, and decreased abundance of species as most insectivorous as Dasypus novemcintus, Oxymycterus dasytrichus and Monodelphis americana. Although jackfruit tree has not influenced in consumption items between animal and vegetable areas with and without jackfruit trees and during periods of greater and lesser fruitification, this species discouraging dispersal of native seeds. In areas with high density of jackfruit tree we found a smaller amount of native seeds being defecated by small mammals. The number of seeds defecated during the minor fruiting period of jackfruit trees was not significant, however, during the period of greater fruiting and in all periods summed were significant. In relation to frequency of feces containing native seeds, the results of simple regressions were significant for all periods and Didelphis aurita was the species that most influenced these results. The fruit of the jackfruit tree A. heterophyllus was more consumed by D. aurita, T. dimidiatus and Cuniculus paca, and D. aurita had no influence on predation and seed dispersal of jackfruit, having no record of possible predation or seed dispersal by camera traps. Rodents T. and C. dimidiatus paca were recorded by camera traps preying 20% and 16% of seeds of jackfruit and carried 65% and 44% seeds, respectively. Tests with reel showed that 86% of seeds were predated, 10% were left intact at site and only 4% were dispersed at short distances between 2 and 15 meters, it is possible that these rodents provide to spread of this exotic and invasive species into new areas.

Vocabulary learning is a fundamental aspect in second language acquisition, yet it produces difficulties due to the use of translation as its most common means. An interesting thesis in this field is the connection between words and culture. But what are the actual theories and tools that make this connection worthwhile? How could it be operative for teachers of FLE (French: French as a foreign language) in Sweden? On the first place, a theoretical framework is established in order to formulate pedagogical propositions. It will examine the connection between vocabulary and culture through a wide array of literature in the field of second language learning. Thus, the intercultural context of language learning offers a relevant platform where notions such as intercomprehension, “lexiculture”, cultural and lexical competences and authentic texts are at play. Based on this theoretical framework, a practical teaching proposition is elaborated. Exercises, ways to introduce new words or examples of the use of intercomprehension in language learning are thus explored. This proposition is supported by two interviews made in dialogue with two French teachers. Their answers tend to confirm in part the relevancy of the theoretical notions explained earlier such as intercomprehension. However, the connection between vocabulary and culture seems to remain vague in the field of word learning. It seems this assumption is rather a context or a framework that emphasizes the complexity of word acquisition and that offers the ability to develop a certain desire in learning new words.