O aumento do valor de mercado e da liquidez em bolsa das ações e a expansão da cobertura de analistas e da participação de investidores institucionais são apontados na literatura como metas centrais dos programas de Relações com Investidores - RI. Os resultados de estudos internacionais apontaram relação significativa entre características dos programas de RI das companhias e a consecução destas metas. Entretanto, para o cenário brasileiro, as pesquisas sobre relações com investidores em sua maioria tomam o formato de questionários e visam avaliar a estrutura e o valor das RI na percepção dos profissionais da área e do mercado. Pouco realmente se sabe sobre os efeitos das RI no comportamento das ações das empresas brasileiras. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é verificar se a estrutura e as atividades de relações com investidores são realmente fatores determinantes da valorização das ações, liquidez em bolsa, cobertura de analistas e participação de investidores institucionais para as companhias abertas brasileiras. Os resultados encontrados apontam que as características dos departamentos de RI tem impacto indireto na liquidez das ações, através da expansão da cobertura de analistas e do número de investidores institucionais. O número de funcionários do departamento de RI apareceu como determinante importante tanto da cobertura de analistas quanto da participação de investidores institucionais. Já a qualidade das relações com investidores e o fato da empresa possuir um diretor exclusivo de RI apareceram como fatores explicativos importantes da cobertura de analistas. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é a de analisar uma questão até então negligenciada pela literatura acadêmica brasileira, mas que pode ter implicações importantes para uma das atividades vitais das companhias: seu relacionamento com os investidores. / The increase in the stocks’ market value, liquidity, analyst following and participation of institutional investors are mentioned in the literature as central goals of Investor Relations programs. International studies have shown the relationship between characteristics of IR programs and the achievement of these goals. However, to the Brazilian context, research on investor relations mostly take the form of questionnaires and aim to evaluate the structure and value of IR in the perception of IR professionals and the market. Little is actually known about the effects of IR on the behavior of the stocks of Brazilian companies. Therefore, the aim of this study is to verify if the organization and activities of investor relations are actually determinants of stock appreciation, stock liquidity, analyst following and institutional ownership for Brazilian companies. The results show that the characteristics of the IR department have indirect effect on the liquidity of the stocks through the expansion of analyst coverage and institutional ownership. The number of employees working in the IR department emerged as important determinant of both analyst following and institutional ownership. The quality of investor relations program and the fact that the company has an exclusive director of IR emerged as important explanatory factors of analyst following. The main contribution of this paper is to analyze an issue so far neglected by the Brazilian academic literature, but which may have important implications for one of the vital activities of the companies: their relationship with investors.

O aumento do valor de mercado e da liquidez em bolsa das ações e a expansão da cobertura de analistas e da participação de investidores institucionais são apontados na literatura como metas centrais dos programas de Relações com Investidores - RI. Os resultados de estudos internacionais apontaram relação significativa entre características dos programas de RI das companhias e a consecução destas metas. Entretanto, para o cenário brasileiro, as pesquisas sobre relações com investidores em sua maioria tomam o formato de questionários e visam avaliar a estrutura e o valor das RI na percepção dos profissionais da área e do mercado. Pouco realmente se sabe sobre os efeitos das RI no comportamento das ações das empresas brasileiras. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é verificar se a estrutura e as atividades de relações com investidores são realmente fatores determinantes da valorização das ações, liquidez em bolsa, cobertura de analistas e participação de investidores institucionais para as companhias abertas brasileiras. Os resultados encontrados apontam que as características dos departamentos de RI tem impacto indireto na liquidez das ações, através da expansão da cobertura de analistas e do número de investidores institucionais. O número de funcionários do departamento de RI apareceu como determinante importante tanto da cobertura de analistas quanto da participação de investidores institucionais. Já a qualidade das relações com investidores e o fato da empresa possuir um diretor exclusivo de RI apareceram como fatores explicativos importantes da cobertura de analistas. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é a de analisar uma questão até então negligenciada pela literatura acadêmica brasileira, mas que pode ter implicações importantes para uma das atividades vitais das companhias: seu relacionamento com os investidores. / The increase in the stocks’ market value, liquidity, analyst following and participation of institutional investors are mentioned in the literature as central goals of Investor Relations programs. International studies have shown the relationship between characteristics of IR programs and the achievement of these goals. However, to the Brazilian context, research on investor relations mostly take the form of questionnaires and aim to evaluate the structure and value of IR in the perception of IR professionals and the market. Little is actually known about the effects of IR on the behavior of the stocks of Brazilian companies. Therefore, the aim of this study is to verify if the organization and activities of investor relations are actually determinants of stock appreciation, stock liquidity, analyst following and institutional ownership for Brazilian companies. The results show that the characteristics of the IR department have indirect effect on the liquidity of the stocks through the expansion of analyst coverage and institutional ownership. The number of employees working in the IR department emerged as important determinant of both analyst following and institutional ownership. The quality of investor relations program and the fact that the company has an exclusive director of IR emerged as important explanatory factors of analyst following. The main contribution of this paper is to analyze an issue so far neglected by the Brazilian academic literature, but which may have important implications for one of the vital activities of the companies: their relationship with investors.

(English) In the field of international law, the negotiated agreement between the EU and the US - TTIP - is a major source of law. In addition, its intended scope should encompass the provisions on investment protection. However, during the course of the bilateral negotiations, there was a leak of information which revealed that the agreement should include provisions of the dispute settlement mechanism that do not differ in its substantial aspects from those which are and have been incorporated into bilateral investment agreements between States. Therefore, in the process of investment disputes initiated under the TTIP agreement, the major influence would have had the provisions of international conventions which set out the rules for the functioning of the International Investment Tribunals - the Convention of the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes and the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law. However, given that both the general public and professional circles have long expressed concerns that question the very legitimacy of the international investment arbitration, this fact have been accepted with great disrespect. This was particularly, because of the previous practice of decision-making in the investment disputes, which...

O aumento do valor de mercado e da liquidez em bolsa das ações e a expansão da cobertura de analistas e da participação de investidores institucionais são apontados na literatura como metas centrais dos programas de Relações com Investidores - RI. Os resultados de estudos internacionais apontaram relação significativa entre características dos programas de RI das companhias e a consecução destas metas. Entretanto, para o cenário brasileiro, as pesquisas sobre relações com investidores em sua maioria tomam o formato de questionários e visam avaliar a estrutura e o valor das RI na percepção dos profissionais da área e do mercado. Pouco realmente se sabe sobre os efeitos das RI no comportamento das ações das empresas brasileiras. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é verificar se a estrutura e as atividades de relações com investidores são realmente fatores determinantes da valorização das ações, liquidez em bolsa, cobertura de analistas e participação de investidores institucionais para as companhias abertas brasileiras. Os resultados encontrados apontam que as características dos departamentos de RI tem impacto indireto na liquidez das ações, através da expansão da cobertura de analistas e do número de investidores institucionais. O número de funcionários do departamento de RI apareceu como determinante importante tanto da cobertura de analistas quanto da participação de investidores institucionais. Já a qualidade das relações com investidores e o fato da empresa possuir um diretor exclusivo de RI apareceram como fatores explicativos importantes da cobertura de analistas. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é a de analisar uma questão até então negligenciada pela literatura acadêmica brasileira, mas que pode ter implicações importantes para uma das atividades vitais das companhias: seu relacionamento com os investidores. / The increase in the stocks’ market value, liquidity, analyst following and participation of institutional investors are mentioned in the literature as central goals of Investor Relations programs. International studies have shown the relationship between characteristics of IR programs and the achievement of these goals. However, to the Brazilian context, research on investor relations mostly take the form of questionnaires and aim to evaluate the structure and value of IR in the perception of IR professionals and the market. Little is actually known about the effects of IR on the behavior of the stocks of Brazilian companies. Therefore, the aim of this study is to verify if the organization and activities of investor relations are actually determinants of stock appreciation, stock liquidity, analyst following and institutional ownership for Brazilian companies. The results show that the characteristics of the IR department have indirect effect on the liquidity of the stocks through the expansion of analyst coverage and institutional ownership. The number of employees working in the IR department emerged as important determinant of both analyst following and institutional ownership. The quality of investor relations program and the fact that the company has an exclusive director of IR emerged as important explanatory factors of analyst following. The main contribution of this paper is to analyze an issue so far neglected by the Brazilian academic literature, but which may have important implications for one of the vital activities of the companies: their relationship with investors.

Este trabalho estuda o impacto do efeito manada do investidor institucional no preço futuro das ações no Brasil. Segundo a literatura internacional, ações compradas (vendidas) pela indústria de fundos de investimentos têm seus preços aumentados (diminuídos) no curto prazo, de 1 a 6 meses. Já no longo prazo, esse efeito se inverte, corroborando a hipótese desestabilizadora de preços do efeito manada dos fundos. Foram realizadas análises em painel com efeitos fixos dos dados mensais da carteira de todos os fundos de investimento brasileiros de 2009 a 2015 e os resultados corroboram parcialmente as expectativas, ações compradas pelos fundos, com persistência positiva, apresentam queda nos retornos futuros, e as ações vendidas pelos fundos, com persistência negativa, sofrem aumento de retornos futuros. Quando separada a variável persistência em persistência de compra e persistência de venda, os resultados são ainda mais surpreendentes, ocorre que as ações compradas pelos fundos apresentam um resultado futuro muito positivo, entretanto as ações vendidas pelos fundos apresentam um retorno futuro, tanto no curto quanto no longo prazo, superior ao das ações compradas. Fundos ativos e pequenos comprando e vendendo ações small caps apresentam um efeito ainda mais forte. / This paper studies the impact of institutional herding on stock prices in Brazil. According to international papers, stocks bought (sold) by the fund industry have their prices increased (decreased) in the short term, from 1 to 6 months. In the long term, this effect is reversed, corroborating the destabilizing hypothesis of the institutional herding on prices. Fixed effects panel analyses were performed with the monthly portfolio data of all stocks held by Brazilian investment funds from 2009 to 2015 and the results partially corroborate expectations, stocks purchased by the funds, with positive persistence, decline in future returns, and stocks sold by the funds, with negative persistence, suffer an increase of future returns. When we separate the persistence variable into persistence of purchase and persistence of sale, the results are even more surprising, it happens that the shares bought by the funds present a very positive result in the following months, however the shares sold by the funds present a future return, both in the short and in the long run, higher than the shares purchased. Small and active funds buying and selling small caps have an even stronger effect.

SAMMANFATTNING   Titel: Den integrerade rapporteringens påverkan på värderelevansen av den finansiella informationen – En kvantitativ studie av 280 företag i Sydafrika och Frankrike   Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi   Författare: Lina Ingesson och Maria Rönnbäck   Handledare: Jan Svanberg   Datum: 2017 – september   Syfte: Företags rapportering kring hållbarhetsarbete har ökat och många organisationer publicerar redan frivilligt allt mer hållbarhetsinformation, antingen som fristående rapport, eller integrerat med den finansiella rapporteringen. Förespråkare av den integrerade rapporteringen menar att denna förbättrar den finansiella rapporteringens användbarhet för investerare. Det föreligger en avsaknad av empiriskt material som styrker detta. Syftet med studien är därför att undersöka om en integrerad rapportering förbättrar värderelevansen av den finansiella informationen och därmed förstärker användbarheten för investerare.   Metod: Denna studie utgår från ett positivistiskt vetenskapsteoretiskt perspektiv med en hypotetiskt-deduktiv ansats. Studien är av kvantitativt slag med en longitudinell design. De data som använts i undersökningen är av sekundär art och har hämtats från Thomson Reuters Datastream samt Thomson Reuters ASSET4. Statistikprogrammet IBM SPSS har använts för att genomföra analyserna.   Resultat & slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att en integrerad rapportering delvis förbättrar värderelevansen av den finansiella informationen och därmed delvis förstärker användbarheten för investerare. Denna slutsats kan dras genom iakttagelsen att efter att finansiell information och information och hållbarhet genom lagstiftning integrerats i en rapport kan en signifikant ökning av värderelevansen av rörelseresultatet observeras.   Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vi uppmärksammar behov av vidare studier inom ett par områden: vi finner det motiverat med forskning som undersöker tillämpningen i Sydafrika respektive Frankrike var för sig för jämförelser och belysande av eventuella skillnader i institutionell kontext. Vi anser även att det vore intressant med en studie där värderelevansen av integrerad rapportering jämförs med värderelevansen av fristående hållbarhetsredovisning. Vidare forskning kan också studera effekterna på företags kapitalkostnad mer på djupet.   Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien bidrar till att fylla det forskningsgap vår litteraturstudie identifierat genom att bidra med empiriska bevis på att värderelevansen av den finansiella informationen delvis förbättras genom en integrerad rapportering. Studien bidrar till redovisnings- och hållbarhetslitteraturen genom att indikera att sammanförande av ett företags finansiella information med tidigare separat och till stora delar icke bokförd hållbarhetsinformation ökar värderelevansen av rörelseresultatet. Studiens resultat kan intressera dels JSE, Euronext Paris och andra finansmarknader likväl som IIRC och reglerare inom redovisningsstandarder samt bidrar till den akademiska debatten om integrerad rapportering. / ABSTRACT   Title: The impact of an integrated reporting on the value relevance of financial information. A quantitative study of 280 companies in South Africa and France.   Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration   Author: Lina Ingesson and Maria Rönnbäck   Supervisor: Jan Svanberg   Date: 2017 - September   Aim: The number of companies reporting on sustainability performance has increased and many organizations already voluntarily publish more sustainability information, either as a stand-alone report or integrated with their financial reporting. Advocates of integrated reporting mean that such reporting will improve the usefulness of financial reporting for investors. There is however a lack of empirical evidence to support this. The aim of this study is, therefore, to investigate whether integrated reporting improves the value relevance of financial information, and thereby enhances the usefulness for investors.   Method: The study is based upon a positivistic science theory perspective with a hypothetical deductive approach. The study is quantitative with a longitudinal design. The data used in the survey are secondary and are retrieved from Thomson Reuters Datastream and Thomson Reuters ASSET4. IBM SPSS Statistics is used to carry out the analysis.   Result & Conclusions: The results of this study show that integrated reporting partially improves the value relevance of the financial information, and thereby partially enhances the usefulness for investors. From the observations, the conclusion can be drawn, that after financial information and sustainability information has been integrated into one report the value relevance of earnings significantly increases.     Suggestions for future research: We find a need for future research in the following areas: we notice that research to investigate the application in South Africa and France each separately for comparison and highlighting of potential differences in institutional context is motivated. We also consider it interesting to study the value relevance of an integrated reporting compared to the value relevance of stand-alone sustainability reporting. Further research can also study the effects of companies’ capital costs more in depth.   Contribution of the thesis: This study contributes to filling the research gap that our literature study has identified by contributing with empirical evidence that the value relevance of the financial information partially improves through integrated reporting. The study contributes to the accounting literature by indicating that bringing together a company’s financial information with earlier separate and not posted information on sustainability increases the value relevance of the earnings. The results of this study may be of interest to JSE, Euronext Paris and other capital markets as well as IIRC and regulators of accounting standards and contributes to the academic debate on integrated reporting.

Face à l'ampleur de la crise financière de 2007-2008, comprendre la prise de risques des banques et ses déterminants est devenu une question centrale aussi bien pour les académiques en finance que pour les régulateurs. Dans cette thèse, nous analysons le rôle joué par l'objectif de maximisation de la rentabilité des fonds propres (RoE), omniprésent dans les banques, au regard de la prise de risques. A travers de nombreux tests empiriques, nous mettons en évidence que le RoE est associé à des prises de risques extrêmes et que des incitations monétaires à maximiser cette mesure existaient pour les dirigeants de banques dans les années précédant la crise. Le RoE, utilisé comme principale mesure de performance dans les banques, s'avère en réalité être un indicateur avancé de leur risque et de leur vulnérabilité dans les crises. Afin de mieux comprendre l'attachement des banques au RoE. nous avons également étudié la légitimité de cette mesure en temps normal, c'est-à-dire hors périodes de crise. Les résultats indiquent qu'avant la crise, les risques latents associés au RoE n'étaient que partiellement pris en compte et que la maximisation du RoE n'a pas bénéficié aux actionnaires des banques. A la lumière de ces résultats, la validité du RoE comme mesure de performance apparait d'autant plus surprenante. Enfin, dans une troisième partie, nous questionnons l'approche générale en matière de régulation qui a été de considérer que plus de capital était souhaitable, et ce quelle que soit la nature des investisseurs qui l'apportent. Nous montrons que l'horizon des actionnaires joue un rôle central puisque les banques qui avaient plus d'investisseurs court-terme ont moins résisté (moins bonne performance et plus faible probabilité de survie) pendant la crise. / The 2007-2008 financial crisis prompted much handwringing among academics and regulators as to why banks had taker on so much risks and what factors drove risk-taking. In this thesis, we focus on the responsibility of the focalization on RoE as main performance measure in inducing risk-taking in banks. Our empirical tests show that RoE is associated with strategies of excessive risk-taking and that bank managers had monetary incentives to maximize RoE in the years leading up to the crisis. While RoE is used as a key performance measure in banks, it proves to be a leading indicator of a bank's risk and vulnerability during crises. To better understand the reluctance of banks to abandon RoE despite its perverse effects on risk-taking, we assess in the second article, the validity of RoE as a performance measure outs ide of financial crises. Results indicate that in the pre-crisis period, the information conveyed by RoE on bank risk was only partially taken into account and that RoE did not guarantee a superior performance for bank shareholders in normal periods. Giver these results, the enduring reliance on RoE in banks is even more surprising and questionable. In the third article, we challenge the general view in the area of bank regulation which is that more capital is better, irrespective of who provided it. We show that the investment horizon of bank capital providers plays a crucial role since banks with more short-term investors performed worse and had a lower survival probability during the crisis.

Bakgrund Investerare som direktinvesterar i företag måste hantera risk som del av beslutsfattandet. Forskning visar att entreprenörerna i sådana företag är en faktor som investerare lägger stor vikt vid i utvärderingen av en potentiell investering. Studien genomför djupgående kvalitativ forskning kring humankapitalets roll och betydelse i investeringsprocesser för investerare vilket inte är lika vanligt förekommande som kvantitativa studier inom detta forskingsområde.  Syfte Huvudsyftet med studien är att, på ett deskriptivt sätt, undersöka humankapitalets roll i investeringsprocessen. Studien syftar även till att undersöka vilken betydelse humankapitalet har för beslutsunderlaget i utvärderingsprocessen. Teoretiskt perspektiv Teoretiska referensramen består av ett antal teorier och vetenskapliga artiklar inom Asymmetrisk informationsteori samt Humankapitalteori. Även annan relevant tidigare forskning som berör studiens område har använts. Asymmetrisk informationsteori hanteras utifrån Pecking Order teorin, Agentteorin samt artikeln Market for lemons (Akerlof, 1970). Humankapitalteorin hanteras med hjälp av definitioner och studier utförda av Becker (1964, 1993), Schultz (1960), Cressy (1996), Mincer (1958) och Gardner (1973). Tidigare forskning inom den teoretiska referensramen består av Hsu et al. (2014), Landström (1998), Mason & Stark (2004) och Mason & Harrison (2003). Vidare har två förklaringsmodeller vid beslutsfattande använts: Compensatory model samt Elimination-by-aspect.     Metod Studien genomfördes utifrån en abduktiv ansats och använde sig av en tvärsnittsdesign där sex investerare undersöktes vid olika tidpunkter. En kvalitativ forskningsstrategi applicerades och undersökningsmetoden bestod av semistrukturerade intervjuer som genom en iterativ arbetsprocess genererade empiri. Slutsatser Studien visar att humankapitalet dels har betydelse som ett verktyg för att överkomma asymmetrisk information i syfte att underlätta investeringsbeslutet, men även för att inhämta fackkunskaper från entreprenörerna. Vidare noterades att entreprenörernas ålder var en viktig faktor i investeringsbeslutet. Sammantaget verkar humankapitalet spela en avgörande roll i beslutsprocessen hos majoriteten av investerarna. / Background Investors that invest directly in companies need to manage risk as a part of their decision making. Studies have shown that the existence of entrepreneurs within companies is an important factor for investors when evaluating a potential investment. This study conducts qualitative research into the role and significance that human capital plays in the investment process for investors, which is not as common as quantitative studies in this particular field. Goal The goal of the study is to investigate the role, as well as the degree of importance, that human capital plays when making investment decisions.  Theoretical perspective The theoretical basis consists of several theories and scientific articles concerning asymmetrical information theory as well as the theory of human capital. Furthermore, relevant earlier research pertaining to the subject has been used. Asymmetrical information theory is handled through the Pecking Order theory, Agency Theory and the article ‘Market for Lemons’ (Akerlof, 1970). The Human capital theory is handled with the help, definitions and studies performed by Becker (1964, 1993), Schultz (1960), Cressy (1996), Mincer (1958) and Gardner (1973). Earlier research in the theoretical field consists of Hsu et. al (2014), Landström (1998), Mason & Stark (2004), and Mason & Harrison (2003). Two different explanatory models about decision-making were used – The Compensatory Model and ‘Elimination-by-aspect’. Method The study was conducted through an abductive approach and used a cross-sectional design where six cases were investigated. A qualitative research strategy was applied and the method of investigation was executed through semi-structured interviews which through an iterative work process generated empirical data. Conclusion The study finds that human capital plays a role in overcoming asymmetrical information when making investment decisions, but also as a tool for evaluating and learning from the entrepreneurs. For most investors, human capital plays a key role when deciding whether to invest or not.

The following dissertation contains two related essays. The first essay explores how institutional investor presence impacts investments during the global financial crisis. Using OLS, industry fixed effects, and Heckman 2SLS regression approaches, I explore two ways through which institutional investors could impact investments: liquidity and monitoring. My findings best support monitoring theory. I find that institutional investors monitor capital and R&D levels to maximize crisis period firm value. The second essay is a direct fallout from my first essay. In it, I investigate how institutional investor types influence investments. I ask, do certain types of investors improve liquidity or monitor firm investment behavior during the global financial crisis? My results suggest that long-term, dedicated institutional investors monitor firm investments more than short-term, transient investors. As a result, firms with greater dedicated investor presence perform better during the crisis periods than their peers.

許多研究指出開放外資投資國內股票市場的好處，但卻很少文獻探討外資是否有促進市場效率的功能。因此本研究旨在探討外資持股比例的高低是否會影響公司價格效率性。我們使用台灣證券交易所的資料，以2007至2016年間所有外資持股的台灣上市公司為樣本，進行分析。其中，我們使用日報酬的一階自我相關係數來衡量價格效率性，當係數趨近於零時，表示價格是有效率的且遵循隨機漫步。研究結果顯示，在台灣股票市場，無論是整體股票市場，或是分別以各產業及外資持股高低的四個組合來看，外資持股比例的增加並沒有助於公司價格效率性的提升。 / Various benefits of opening a market to foreign investors are indicated in prior studies. However, few studies point out whether foreign investors improve efficiency of stock prices. Using a large sample of TWSE-listed stocks over the period 2007 to 2016, we investigate the relation between foreign ownership and price efficiency. In our analysis, we use the first-order return autocorrelations, which should be zero if prices follow a random walk to compute price efficiency. After controlling for the change in foreign ownership, firm size, stock price and stock liquidity, finally, we find that stocks with greater foreign ownership are not priced efficiently whether in overall market or in each level of foreign ownership and also in different industries. In summary, these results suggest that the foreign investors could not improve price efficiency on the Taiwan stock market.