Intrusive memories are memories for negative autobiographical events that come to mind without being deliberately recalled (Hackmann, Ehlers, Speckens, & Clark, 2004). Previous research has demonstrated that intrusive memories, and negative reactions to intrusive memories, are an important feature of depression (Starr & Moulds, 2006; Williams & Moulds, 2008b) and contribute to the maintenance of depression longitudinally (Newby & Moulds, 2011c). It has also been established that intrusive memory experience is related to individual differences in cognitive control, specifically in proactive interference resolution (Verwoerd, Wessel, & de Jong, 2009; Verwoerd, Wessel, de Jong, Nieuwenhuis, & Huntjens, 2011). The present thesis aimed to extend upon these existing findings, using the Dual Mechanism of Control theory, which distinguishes between proactive and reactive modes of control (Braver, Gray, & Burgess, 2007). Furthermore, in view of some recent ambiguity of the defining feature of an intrusive memory, as compared to a negative involuntary memory more generally (Kvavilashvili, 2014; Moulds & Krans, 2015), another goal of the thesis was to incorporate a wider focus of involuntary memories, rather than focusing only on traditionally studied intrusive memories. Participants from the student population and local community were tested. Overall, results provide some evidence for a negative involuntary memory related deficit in proactive control, on both a classic and an emotional version of the AX-Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT). Conversely, there was no link between intrusive or involuntary memory experience and reactive control. A brief mindfulness and self-compassion based intervention, designed to reduce negative reactions to intrusive memories, was also tested. The intervention was successful in reducing intrusive-memory distress, and recommendations for the future development of the intervention are presented.

Bakgrund: Vid psykisk sjukdom kan behov av heldygnsvård uppstå för att den enskilde personen inte skall utgöra någon fara för sig eller för tredje part. Vården kan vara av nytta trots att personen i fråga inte ger medgivande till vård, vilket medför ett etiskt dilemma för vårdpersonalen. Syfte: Att belysa patienters upplevelse av att vårdas enligt tvångslagstiftning vid en psykiatrisk avdelning. Metod: En litteraturstudie har genomförts som omfattar 11 kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Resultatet visar att patienterna antingen upplevde att inläggningen varit till nytta eller till skada och att flertalet patienter upplevde en bristande autonomi och en känsla av minskat människovärde. Slutsats: Slutsatsen är att patienternas syn på inläggningen beror på dennes upplevelse av bevarad autonomi och möjlighet till delaktighet. Personal som har ett förhållningssätt som främjar detta, främjar också att patienten upplever den tvångslagstiftade vården som nödvändig. Detta förtydligar vikten av att i vården arbeta personcenterat och med ett förhållningssätt som främjar patientens autonomi och delaktighet. / Background: When a person is mentally ill, they might need hospitalisation against their ill, to protect them from themselves or to third parties. The care may be beneficial even though the person does not give consent to treatment, resulting in an ethical dilemma for caregivers. Aim: To elucidate patients' experiences of being cared for under a compulsory admission at a psychiatric ward. Method: A literature review has been carried out covering 11 qualitative research articles. Results: The results show that patients either feel that the admission was beneficial or detrimental, and that most patients experience a lack of autonomy and a sense of diminished human dignity. Conclusion: It is concluded that patients' views on the admission depends on his or hers experience of preserved autonomy and the opportunity to participate. Staff who have an attitude that promotes this, also encourages the patient to experience the compulsory care as necessary. This clarifies the importance of working personcentered with an approach that promotes patient autonomy and participation.

Coordinated movement is critical not only to sports technique and performance but to daily living and as such represents a fundamental area of research. Coordination requires being able to produce the right actions at the right time and has to incorporate perception, cognition, and forceful neuro-muscular interaction with the environment. Coordinated movements of the hands and fingers are some of the most complex activities undertaken where continuous learning and adaptation take place, but the temporal variability of the most basic movement components is still unknown. This thesis investigates the extent of temporal variability in the execution of four different simple hand and finger coordination tasks, with the purpose to find the various intrinsic temporal variability which limit the ability to coordinate the hands in space and time. Study one showed that in a synchronized bi-lateral two finger tapping test (<<1 cm movement to target) the best participant had a temporaltiming variability of 4.8 ms whereas the largest time variability could be as high as 24.8 ms. No obvious improvement was found after transfer practice, whereas the average time variability for asynchronized tapping decreased from 62.1 ms to 30.3 ms after instructed practice indicating a likely change in task grouping. Study two showed that in a unilateral thumb-index finger pinch and release test, the largest mean timing variability was 12 ms for pinching irrespective of performing the task in a slow alert manner or at a faster speed. However, the mean temporal variability for release was only 6.3 ms when the task was performed in a more alert manner and indicates that release is more accurately controlled temporally than grip. Study three suggested that in a unilateral sagittal plane throwing action of the lower arm and hand, that elbow and wrist coordination for dynamic index finger tip location was better with a radial-ulnar deviation, darts-type, throwing action than a wrist flexor-extensor type action, basketball free throw type action (the mean variability was 37.5 ms and 27.2 ms, respectively). Study four compared the variability in bi-lateral finger tapping between voluntary tapping and involuntary finger contraction tapping. Electrically stimulated neural contractions had significantly lower force onset variability than voluntary or direct magnetic stimulation of muscles (6 ms, 9.5 ms, and 10.3 ms for electrically stimulated, voluntary and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation stimulated contraction). This work provides a comprehensive analysis of the temporal variability in various fundamental digital movement tasks that can aid with the understanding of basic human coordination in sporting, daily living and clinical areas.

<p>Involuntary episodic memories are memories that come into consciousness without preceding retrieval effort. These memories are commonplace and are relevant to multiple mental disorders. However, they are vastly understudied. We use a novel paradigm to elicit involuntary memories in the laboratory so that we can study their neural basis. In session one, an encoding session, sounds are presented with picture pairs or alone. In session two, in the scanner, sounds-picture pairs and unpaired sounds are reencoded. Immediately following, participants are split into two groups: a voluntary and an involuntary group. Both groups perform a sound localization task in which they hear the sounds and indicate the side from which they are coming. The voluntary group additionally tries to remember the pictures that were paired with the sounds. Looking at neural activity, we find a main effect of condition (paired vs. unpaired sounds) showing similar activity in both groups for voluntary and involuntary memories in regions typically associated with retrieval. There is also a main effect of group (voluntary vs. involuntary) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a region typically associated with cognitive control. Turning to connectivity similarities and differences between groups again, there is a main effect of condition showing paired > unpaired sounds are associated with a recollection network. In addition, three group differences were found: (1) increased connectivity between the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus and the recollection network for the voluntary group, (2) a higher association between the voluntary group and a network that includes regions typically found in frontoparietal and cingulo-opercular networks, and (3) shorter path length for about half of the nodes in these networks for the voluntary group. Finally, we use the same paradigm to compare involuntary memories in people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to trauma-controls. This study also included the addition of emotional pictures. There were two main findings. (1) A similar pattern of activity was found for paired > unpaired sounds for both groups but this activity was delayed in the PTSD group. (2) A similar pattern of activity was found for high > low emotion stimuli but it occurred early in the PTSD group compared to the control group. Our results suggest that involuntary and voluntary memories share the same neural representation but that voluntary memories are associated with additional cognitive control processes. They also suggest that disorders associated with cognitive deficits, like PTSD, can affect the processing of involuntary memories.</p> / Dissertation

Research has revealed a variety of negative health consequences for older adults who stop driving, and with the "graying of America," this will be a frequently encountered issue for healthcare providers. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are differences in quality of life and depressive symptoms between former drivers who made the decision to stop driving voluntarily and former drivers who made the decision involuntarily (either in a resistant or in a reluctant manner). In this cross-sectional cohort comparison study, community dwelling older adults were asked to complete questionnaires of depression (using the Geriatric Depression Scale), and quality of life (QOL) (using the Short Form Health Survey-36 questionnaire). Descriptive statistics include data for each individual group separately; separate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data to determine if differences in QOL and depression exist between the groups. Results: the small sample (n=18) was predominantly comprised of women (15/18), most were widowed, and the age of participants was 81 years. No differences were detected between the three group means for the GDS, F(2, 15) = .782 (p = .47). Results for the SF-36 revealed differences between the group means in the mental health component summary was F(2,13) = 4.209, (p = .039). Conclusions: There are few differences between involuntary and voluntary former drivers demographics, but differences may exist between involuntary and voluntary former drivers' quality of life.

Anknytningsärenden hos Migrationsverket innefattar individer som söker anknytning till partner i Sverige. I och med flyktingkrisen som Sverige upplevde under 2015 - 2016 har många anknytningsärenden dragit ut på tiden. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka upplevelsen av anknytningsprocessen för par där den ena partnern befinner sig i Sverige och den andra fortfarande är kvar utomlands och hur de hanterar denna process. Fenomenologiskt inspirerade frågor om relationen, upplevelserna och coping ställdes i telefonintervjuer. Deltagarna befann sig antingen i Sverige eller i utlandet. Studien visade separationens effekter på individernas relationer och gav inblick i deras förutsättningar. Deltagarna upplevde effekter av väntetiden i anknytningsprocessen så som ovisshet, maktlöshet, stress/ohälsa och ingen framförhållning. Det som utmärkte deras hanterande av väntetiden var att de nu fick leva ett virtuellt liv, de isolerade sig från sitt sociala liv och vissa tog lugnande medel/medicin. Förlängda anknytningsprocessen ledde till symptom av stress och hälsokomplikationer hos de som tvingas leva i ofrivilliga distansförhållanden.

Thesis advisor: Sanjay K. Chugh / Thesis advisor: Fabio Schiantarelli / My doctoral research focuses on the role of labor market frictions in shaping macroeconomic outcomes. I am currently pursuing three main lines of research that constitute the three chapters of this dissertation. The first chapter focuses on involuntary part-time employment as an additional margin used by firms to adjust to business cycle fluctuations. The chapter documents empirical regularities of involuntary part-time employment in the U.S. and furnishes a tractable analytical framework for studying this phenomenon that has gained so much attention in the years that followed the Great Recession. In the second chapter, which is joint work with Sanjay Chugh, Ryan Chahrour and Alan Finkelstein-Shapiro, we study the labor market wedge in the context of a search and matching model to understand how static and dynamic inefficiencies change over the business cycle. Measuring the labor market wedge and understanding its sources of movement is of great importance from a macroeconomic point of view, as existing research shows it holds a prominent place in explaining fluctuations in aggregate output. Finally, in the third chapter I study empirically the determinants of the job finding probability, a key object in the context of frictional labor markets. More specifically, I analyze how decisions on time allocation by the unemployed affect their chances of finding a job, and identify the activities that make more likely for an unemployed individual to receive and accept a job offer. Chapter 1. In recent years researchers and policymakers have shown renewed interest in involuntary part-time employment as a crucial indicator of labor market health. The fact that individuals have part-time jobs even though they would be willing to work more hours is evidence that resources in the economy are not employed at full capacity. This group represents almost 40 percent of total underemployment. Despite its large size and importance to policy-makers, surprisingly little literature addresses the empirical regularities or economic role this margin plays in determining labor market outcomes. In "Underemployment and the Business Cycle" I address several questions regarding involuntary part-time employment. First, how does involuntary part-time employment differ from the standard extensive and intensive margins? Second, what factors influence the choice of firms to use involuntary part-time workers? Third, how might economic policy contribute to the existence of involuntary part-time employment in the economy? And, fourth, have there been any changes over time in the response of involuntary part-time employment to changes in aggregate economic conditions and, if so, what explains them? To describe the empirical regularities of involuntary part-time employment, I use detailed micro-level data from longitudinally-linked monthly files of the Current Population Survey. A novel finding that emerges from the analysis of this dataset is that wages of involuntary part-time workers display higher volatility and lower persistence than those of their full-time counterparts, thus indicating a higher degree of flexibility. In addition, I find that changes in involuntary part-time employment are mostly explained by reallocation of workers from full-time to part-time positions within the firm, which involves more than just a mere reduction in hours worked. I then aggregate the data and compute business cycle statistics. Surprisingly, I find that the behavior of involuntary part-time employment resembles the behavior of unemployment more than the one of full-time employment. In fact, the results indicate that involuntary part-time employment is very volatile and strongly countercyclical. To understand the evidence I find at the micro and macro levels, I build an augmented search and matching model of the labor market featuring full-time and part-time employment, and a production function that combines both types of workers. The decision of whether a worker is full-time or part-time is made entirely by the firm, depending on the realizations of both aggregate and idiosyncratic productivity processes. The model is able to deliver the countercyclicality of involuntary part-time employment found in the data. The key mechanism to obtain this result is the relatively higher flexibility of part-time contracts that makes it more profitable for the firm to reallocate workers from full-time to part-time arrangements during recessions. Based on the model that captures key empirical facts, I conduct policy analysis to evaluate the effect of an increase in the cost of health insurance on involuntary part-time employment. The policy experiment predicts that an increase in the cost of health insurance provided by the firm to its full-time workers, such that their share in average full-time wages goes up by 1 percentage point, leads to an increase of steady state involuntary part-time employment by 10 percent, which nowadays would be equivalent to half a million additional involuntary part-time workers. I find evidence that involuntary part-time employment has become more volatile and persistent in the last 25 years. I study the impact that innovation in workforce management practices, a process that started in the 1990s and that has increased the degree of substitutability between full-time and part-time workers, may have had in changing the response over time of involuntary part-time employment to business cycle fluctuations. Impulse response analysis from the model indicates that an increase in the degree of substitutability makes involuntary part-time employment more sensitive to aggregate productivity shocks. Chapter 2. In "The Labor Wedge: A Search and Matching Perspective" we define and quantify static and dynamic labor market wedges in a search and matching model with endogenous labor force participation. Existing literature has generally centered on Walrasian labor markets in characterizing the inefficiencies, or ``gaps'', between labor demand and labor supply. However, given the conventional view in the profession that the matching process plays an important role in the labor market, the neoclassically-measured labor wedge suffers from a misspecification problem as it ignores the role of long-lasting relationships in explaining the cyclical pattern of the labor wedge. To construct the wedge we use a rigorously defined transformation function of the economy, which contains both the matching technology and the neoclassical production technology. Both technologies are primitives of the economy in the sense that a Social Planner must respect both processes. Given the model-appropriate transformation frontier and the household's static and dynamic marginal rates of substitution, we use data on the labor force participation rate, the employment rate, the vacancy rate, real consumption, real government spending, and real GDP to construct static and dynamic labor wedges. We find that, in a version of the model where all employment relationships turn over every period, the static labor wedge is countercyclical, a result that is consistent with existing literature. Once we consider long-lasting employment relationships, we can measure both static and dynamic wedges separately. We then find that, while the static wedge continues to be countercyclical, the dynamic (or intertemporal) wedge is procyclical. Since the latter is associated with the vacancy-posting decision of the firm, this result suggests that understanding the behavior of labor demand may be crucial to explaining the dynamic wedge. Our focus so far has been on obtaining a quantitative measure of both the static and dynamic wedges, and on analyzing their business cycle properties. Now we are working on extending this framework to provide a micro-founded explanation of the forces that could be driving the cyclical movements of the wedges. Chapter 3. Recent research has found that individuals who become unemployed allocate most of their forgone working hours into leisure rather than increasing the time devoted to job search activities. What is the rationale behind this decision? There are many factors that may affect the job search behavior of the unemployed. However, in this study I focus on a particular channel: the decision on how unemployed individuals allocate their time could be biased towards activities that increase their probability of finding a job. They might find more valuable to increase their social activities rather than looking formally for a job because this enhances their network, which could increase their chances of finding a job, even with less search effort. In "The Time Use Decisions of the Unemployed: A Survival Analysis", I conduct a duration analysis to estimate the effect of different time use allocations on the unemployment hazard rate using time use data from the Survey of Unemployed Workers in New Jersey. Defining "finding a job" as a failure, I estimate a single-spell, discrete-time duration model of unemployment with time-varying covariates using semi-parametric techniques. Given that I work with interval-censored data, I conduct the analysis using discrete time survival analysis techniques. The results indicate that education/training activities have a significant and positive impact on the hazard rate, i.e. they increase the probability that an unemployed worker finds a job, while leisure has the opposite effect. Furthermore, neither job-search nor networking have a significant effect on the hazard rate in the baseline specification. However, this result changes when incorporating into the regression interaction terms of these variables with a dummy that takes the value one if the individual is a long-term unemployed and zero otherwise. In this case, the coefficient associated with networking becomes positive and significant, while the coefficient of the interaction term is negative. This implies that networking has a positive effect on the hazard rate for short unemployment spells, but this effect weakens if the individual has been unemployed for a longer period. On the other hand, even after incorporating the interaction term, job search remains insignificant. These findings shed light on why individuals may not want to devote additional time to formal job search: it does not pay off with a higher likelihood of receiving a job offer, regardless of the length of the unemployment spell. On the other hand, other activities, such as investing in education or networking, are positively related to the probability of finding a job -- at least for short unemployment spells -- and thus it makes more sense for these individuals to devote more time to them.

Bakgrund: Personer med allvarlig psykisk ohälsa kan behöva vårdas under tvång på en sluten psykiatrisk avdelning. För att kunna förbättra tvångsvården krävs en förståelse för dessa patienters upplevelser. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva patienters upplevelser av tvångsåtgärder inom psykiatrisk slutenvård. Metod: En litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats där resultaten från tio originalartiklar har analyserats enligt en innehållsanalys av Forsberg och Wengström (2015). Den teoretiska referensramen som valdes var Katie Erikssons omvårdnadsteori. Resultat: Resultatet påvisar att patienter har liknande upplevelser av tvångsvård i samtliga artiklars resultat. I alla resultat framkommer det att patienter har upplevt någon form av negativ känsla i samband med tvångsvård. Majoriteten av resultaten visar att patientens integritet, autonomi eller mänskliga värde blir kränkt i samband med tvångsvård, vilket i sin tur leder till ett försämrat psykiskt mående. En positiv upplevelse av tvångsvård kan uppnås då personalen ser till att patienten blir väl informerad, känner delaktighet och tillit, genom att få patienten att känna sig sedd, hörd och respekterad. Slutsats: Hur patienter upplever och påverkas av tvångsvård är individuellt och upplevelsen av vården är unik för varje patient. Samma typ av tvångsvård kan i vissa fall ge motsägelsefulla resultat för olika patienter. Det finns dock gemensamma nämnare som kan vara avgörande för patienternas upplevelser. Sjuksköterskan har stora möjligheter att skapa en positiv upplevelse av vården för patienten. Genom en humanistisk vård, som grundar sig i respekt, lyhördhet och medkänsla, där patienten blir delaktig i sin vård. / Background: People with severe mental illness may need to be cared for in a closed psychiatric ward. In order to improve coercive care, an understanding of these patients' experiences is required. Aim: The purpose was to describe patients’experiences of coercive measures in psychiatric inpatient care. Method: A literature study with qualitative approach where the results from ten original articles have been analyzed according to a content analysis by Forsberg and Wengström (2015). The theoretical frame of reference selected was Katie Eriksson's nursing theory. Result: The result shows that patients have similar experiences of coercive care in the results of all articles. In all results it appears that patients have experienced some form of negative feeling in connection with coercive care. Most of the results show that the patient's integrity, autonomy or human value is being violated in connection with coercion, which in turn leads to deterioration in mental health. A positive experience of coercive care can be achieved when the staff ensures that the patient is well informed, feel trust and is involved, by making the patient feel perceived, heard and respected. Conclusion: How patients experience and are affected by coercive care is individual and the experience of care is unique to each patient. The same type of coercive care may in some cases give contradictory results for different patients. However, there are common denominators that can be crucial for the patients' experiences. The nurse has great opportunities to create a positive experience of the care for the patient. Through a humanistic care, which is based on respect, responsiveness and compassion, where the patient becomes involved in their care.

Esta pesquisa teve como proposta discutir a respeito dos custos sociais nos empreendimentos hidrelétricos, com base em uma análise teórica a respeito do tratamento concedido às populações afetadas por Usinas Hidrelétricas (UHEs), quando se abordam questões como indenização e compensação financeira dos meios de sobrevivência. No primeiro momento, fez-se um breve levantamento bibliográfico sobre o conceito de custos sociais e a política energética da dam industry. Posteriormente, realizou-se um Estudo de Caso da UHE de Irapé (MG), com um breve relato sobre o processo ambiental para a obtenção da Licença Prévia (LP), Licença de Instalação (LI) e Licença de Operação (LO), assim como o desenvolvimento do Termo de Ajustamento de Conduta (TAC) depois denominado de Termo de Acordo (TA). Na prática, tentou-se perceber como foi o acordado entre a CEMIG e a população e o realizado pela população, perante dados obtidos por meio de pesquisa de campo. Por meio desses dados, buscou-se uma contraposição entre o discurso técnico e o saber local para a formação do custo social nos empreendimentos hidrelétricos. É importante ressaltar que na presente pesquisa foi realizada uma análise de documentos. Isso equivale a dizer que não se pretende generalizar o caso apresentado, apenas apontar especificidades, a fim de se questionar as totalidades. / The purpose of this research was to apresented what are the social costs in hydroelectric plants, from a theoretical analysis of how populations are affected by Power Plants (HPPs) are treated when, we talk about compensation and compensating financial means of survival, according to the Brazilian constitution are social rights of any Brazilian access to education, health, work, housing, leisure. The data acquired from the Energy Company of Minas Gerais (Cemig), allow questions about the relationship between entrepreneurial and involuntarily displaced population. First, it made a brief literature review on the concept of \"social costs\" and energy policy of \"dam industry. It was later made a case study of UHE Plant, MG, with a brief account of the environmental process for obtaining the Preliminary License (LP), Installation License (LI) and Operation License (LO) and the development of the Term of Conduct Adjustment (TAC) after called the Settlement Agreement (TA). We tried to realize in practice, as was planned by Cemig and lived by the population today before data obtained from field research. In addition, research also shows some testimonials of people who live in the region that were affected as well as the technicians of the Federation State of the Environment (FEAM) who participated in the development and monitoring of the Settlement Agreement and the representatives of the entrepreneur. Using these data, we sought a contrast between the technical discourse and local knowledge for the formation of social cost in hydroelectric projects. Importantly, this research is an analysis of documents. That is to say that it is not intended to generalize the presented case, only specific point in order to question the totalities.

Infertilitet beskrivs som en sjukdom i de reproduktiva organen där graviditet efter tolv månader eller mer med oskyddat samlag misslyckats. Infertiliteten drabbar cirka 10-15 procent av världens befolkning. Den allmänna sjuksköterskans roll blir aktuell på fertilitetskliniker där hen möter par som genomgår utredning eller behandling för infertilitet. Sjuksköterskans roll handlar i stort om att ge stöd, samtala och informera. Behandling av infertilitet kan ges i form av exempelvis inseminering eller provrörsbefruktning. Om behandlingen inte skulle resultera i biologiska barn finns adoption som alternativ för att få barn / Infertility is described as a disease in the reproductive organs where pregnancy after twelve months or more with unprotected intercourse failed. Infertility affects about 10-15 percent of the world's population. The role of the nurse becomes relevant at the fertility clinic where they meet infertile couples who are undergoing investigation or treatment. The role of the nurse is largely about providing support, dialog and information. Treatment of infertility can be given in the form of, for example, insemination or test tube fertilization. If treatment would not result in a biological child, adoption can be a alternative to having a biological child.