Processos de fragmentação são muito utilizados para identificar estruturas em espectrometria de massas. O estudo da dissociação de íons em fase gasosa induzida por radiação infravermelha adiciona dados energéticos aos processos de fragmentação desses íons. O mecanismo de dissociação induzida por radiação infravermelha envolve a absorção seqüencial de fótons, aumentando progressivamente a energia interna do íon até que o limite de dissociação seja atingido. No presente trabalho, a radiação de corpo negro emitida por um fio de tungstênio aquecido é utilizada para promover a dissociação de íons em fase gasosa. A reação é observada em um espectrômetro de massas por transformada de Fourier. Os íons moleculares de o-metilacetofenona, m-metilacetofenona, p-metilacetofenona e o-cloroacetofenona foram estudados com a técnica. A dependência das constantes de velocidade de dissociação com a temperatura de radiação foi explorada, fornecendo valores de energia de ativação de Arrhenius. Os íons estudados apresentaram resultados semelhantes com aqueles obtidos com o íon molecular de acetofenona, com exceção do íon gerado por o-metilacetofenona. Esse íon apresenta valores de constantes de velocidades bem menores e uma energia de ativação bem acima do observado com os outros íons. Tal comportamento levantou a hipótese de isomerização do íon molecular para uma estrutura enólica mais estável. O íon foi então investigado por cálculos teóricos e por reações específicas íon-molécula. Os resultados indicam que a isomerização é possível, o que também explica a lentidão da reação de dissociação observada. / Fragmentation processes are explored in mass spectrometry to identify structures of ions and neutral molecules. The study of ion dissociation reaction in the gas phase induced by infrared absorption also provides energetic data related to the fragmentation processes. The mechanism of the dissociation by infrared radiation involves sequential photon absorption that progressively raises the internal energy of the ion population until the dissociation threshold. In the present work, the blackbody radiation emitted by a heated tungsten wire is used to promote ion dissociation in gas phase. The reaction is observed in a Fourier transform mass spectrometer. The molecular ions of o-methylacetophenone, m-methylacetophenone, p-methylacetophenone and o-chloroacetophenone were studied with this technique. The dependency of the dissociation rates with the radiation temperature was explored, providing Arrhenius activation energies values. The ions cited above and the molecular ion of acetophenone displayed similar behavior, with the exception of the ion produced by o-methylacetophenone. This ion has dissociation rates much smaller than the others and higher activation energy. This behavior raised the idea of isomerization of the molecular ion to the more stable enolic form. The ion was then investigated with theoretical calculation and with specific reaction with neutral molecules. The results show that the isomerization is possible and this explains the observed slowness of the dissociation reaction.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseTSSM.pdf: 23662587 bytes, checksum: 4ef26b2b65e46560d905cc700258cd0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / In ethanol production process from hemicellulosic fraction, the use of xylooligomers (XOS) as substrate reduce the contamination risk, favoring its application at industrial scale. Thus, a biocatalyst, containing xylanases, xylose isomerase (XI) and yeast co-immobilized in calcium alginate gel, was developed and XOS simultaneous hydrolysis, isomerization and fermentation (SHIF) process was studied. Firstly, xylanases from Multifect CX XL A03139 (XAS-5), a commercial enzyme preparation, and the recombinant xylanase from Bacillus subtilis (XynA) were selected to compose biocatalyst beads. XAS-5 presented better conversion (78.7%) and higher xylose production in the hydrolysis of beechwood xylan, while XynA showed exclusive endoxylanase activity. The immobilization and stabilization of XynA were performed in chitosan-glutaraldehyde, chitosan-glyoxyl and agarose-glyoxyl. Although the enzyme was efficiently immobilized on all supports, the agarose-glyoxyl-XynA derivative was notable for exhibiting remarkable stabilization under tested conditions (8600 times). Studies of SHIF process were carried out with birchwood xylan, leading to ethanol production (0.160 g/g and 0.092 g/L.h) and xylose accumulation, which indicated XI activity decrease. Further experiments were then performed to to identify possible inhibitors of XI (pH, Ca2+, Mg2+ and xylooligosaccharides). Ca2+ was identified as an inhibitor, while Mg2+ acts as an activator of the enzyme, and both actions are potentiated at acidic pHs. XI is also inhibited by XOS, with a decrease of 31.6% in XI activity in the presence of 7.0 g/L of xylobiose. For this reason, it was decided to evaluate SIF process with a recombinant yeast, capable of expressing XI. In batch runs, GSE16-T18 (T18) yeast encapsulated in alginate gel was capable to ferment xylose efficiently, consuming 40 g/L of xylose in 4 h and producing 14.4 g/L of ethanol, with yield of 0.422 g/g and productivity of 3.61 g/L.h. Calcium alginate gel encapsulation also contributed to protect yeast from the action of inhibitors, such as acetic acid. The encapsulated T18 was able to perform 10 consecutive cycles in repeated batch (yeast extract-peptone medium with 40 g/L of xylose), keeping the same productivity and high yields. It also fermented efficiently sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, containing 60 g/L of fermentable sugars and high grade of inhibitors. The modified yeast to be more tolerant to acetic acid, GSE16-T18 HAA1, was also studied, exhibiting superior performance in comparison to T18 for hydrolysate fermentations. Continuous experiments were conducted in a fixed bed reactor using the T18-HAA1 yeast immobilized, with different xylose concentrations (40, 60, 80 and 120 g/L) in the feed medium. The reactor was operated up to 15 days, without bacterial contamination, with yield of 0.45 g/g, productivity of 4.8 g/L.h and selectivity of 31 gethanol/gxylitol (60 g/L of xylose in the feed). For the concentrations higher than 60 g/L, the conversion decreased after 4 days of continuous operation, indicating loss of cell viability due to hazardous effect of ethanol when present at 30 g/L or more, as well as limitation of oxygen and nutrients in the system. / No processo de produção de etanol a partir da fração hemicelulósica, a utilização de xilooligômeros como substrato reduz o risco de contaminação, favorecendo o emprego da tecnologia em escala industrial. Para isso, um biocatalisador contendo xilanases, xilose isomerase (XI) e levedura co-imobilizadas em gel de alginato de cálcio foi desenvolvido e o processo de hidrólise, isomerização e fermentação simultâneos (SHIF) de xilooligômeros foi estudado. Primeiramente, as xilanases presentes no produto Multifect CX XL A03139 (XAS- 5) e a xilanase recombinante de Bacillus subtilis (XynA) foram selecionadas para compor os beads do biocatalisador. XAS-5 apresentou melhor conversão (78,7%) e maior produção de xilose na hidrólise da xilana de faia, enquanto XynA apresentou exclusiva atividade de endoxilanase. Realizou-se a imobilização e estabilização da XynA em quitosanaglutaraldeído, quitosana-glioxil e agarose-glioxil. Apesar da enzima ser eficientemente imobilizada nos três suportes, o derivado agarose-glioxil-XynA se destacou por apresentar uma estabilização notável nas condições testadas (8600 vezes). Estudos do processo SHIF foram realizados com xilana de bétula, observando-se produção de etanol (0,160 g/g e 0,092 g/L.h) e acúmulo de xilose, indicando redução da atividade da XI. Realizou-se então, um estudo para identificar possíveis inibidores da XI (pH, Ca2+, Mg2+ e XOS), constatando-se que Ca2+ é um inibidor enquanto Mg2+ é um ativador da enzima, sendo suas ações potencializadas em pHs ácidos. Comprovou-se também que XI é inibida por XOS, observando-se queda da atividade de XI (31,6%) na presença de 7,0 g/L de xilobiose. Desta forma, tornou-se interessante avaliar o processo SIF com uma levedura recombinante, capaz de expressar XI. Em ensaios em batelada, a levedura GSE16-T18 (T18), encapsulada em gel de alginato, mostrou-se eficiente na fermentação de xilose, consumindo 40 g/L de xilose em 4 h e produzindo 14,4 g/L de etanol, com rendimento de 0,422 g/g e produtividade de 3,61 g/L.h. O encapsulamento em gel de alginato de cálcio também protegeu a levedura da ação de inibidores, como o ácido acético. A T18 encapsulada foi capaz de realizar 10 ciclos consecutivos em bateladas repetidas (meio contendo extrato de levedura, peptona e 40 g/L de substrato), mantendo mesma produtividade e elevado rendimento, além de fermentar eficientemente hidrolisado hemicelulósico de bagaço de cana, contendo 60 g/L de açúcares fermentescíveis e alto teor de inibidores. A levedura GSE16-T18 HAA1, modificada geneticamente para ser mais tolerante ao ácido acético, foi também estudada, com resultados superiores a T18 nas fermentações de hidrolisado. Fermentações em modo contínuo foram realizadas em reator de leito fixo utilizando a levedura T18-HAA1 imobilizada, com diferentes concentrações de xilose na alimentação (40, 60, 80 e 120 g/L). O reator foi operado por até 15 dias, sem ocorrência de contaminação por bactérias, com rendimento 0,45 g/g, produtividade em etanol de 4,8 g/L.h e seletividade de 31 getanol/gxilitol (60 g/L de xilose na alimentação). Para as concentrações superiores a 60 g/L, a conversão diminuiu após 4 dias de operação contínua, indicando perda de viabilidade celular devido à ação do etanol quando presente em concentrações acima de 30 g/L e da limitação de oxigênio e nutrientes no sistema.

L’arille de Momordica cochinchinensis (gac), un fruit de la famille des Cucurbitacées, est la source végétale la plus riche en lycopène et β-carotène. Ces deux composés ont, respectivement, un rôle de puissant antioxydant et de provitamine A, intéressant les compléments santé. Tout d'abord, un procédé d’extraction fractionnée douce a été développé pour extraire ces caroténoïdes naturels en gardant leur qualité originale. Puis, le lycopène et le β-carotène extraits ont été caractérisés et analysés. Au moins 95 % des extraits sont composés de l’isomère all-trans. Ils ne sont pas dégradés pendant le traitement thermique représentant les procédés de formulation. Leur stéréo-mutation thermique a été évaluée. Le lycopène est plus antioxydant et donc plus rapidement isomérisé que le β-carotène à haute température. L’isomérisation augmente leur activité antioxydante, qui a été évalué par test chimique TEAC et sur l’hémolyse des cellules sanguines (KRL) in vitro. Les deux caroténoïdes de l’arille de gac sont beaucoup plus antioxydants que le Trolox contre l’hémolyse. En comparant avec d’autres sources de β-carotène, les caroténoïdes extraits de gac dans ces conditions douces restent antioxydants même à des concentrations plus élevées contrairement à ceux extraits dans des conditions classiques qui deviennent prooxydants. Ces résultats permettent de discuter la bioactivité des caroténoïdes d'après leur qualité et de leur origine, c’est à dire leur source et leur procédé d’extraction. D’un point de vue applicatif, outre le procédé de fractionnement qui est industrialisable, le traitement thermique appliqué permet de contrôler la fonctionnalité des produits riches en caroténoïdes. / The aril of Momordica cochinchinensis (gac), plant from the Cucurbitaceae family, is the richest source of lycopene and β-carotene, which are a strong antioxidant and a pro-vitamin A, respectively, interesting for health-complements. First, a process of soft extraction-fractionation was developed for extracting effectively the natural carotenoids from gac without loss of their original quality. Then, the lycopene and β-carotene extracted from gac were analyzed and characterized. At least 95% of the extracts were composed of the all-trans isomer. They were not degraded during the heat-treatment mimicking formulation processing. Their thermal stereo-mutation was evaluated. Lycopene is more antioxidant, it is thus isomerized more rapidly than β-carotene at high temperature. The isomerization of carotenoids increases their antioxidant activity that was evaluated by the chemical test TEAC and through the hemolysis of red blood cells (KRL) in vitro. The lycopene and β-carotene from gac are notably more antioxidant than Trolox. By comparing with other sources of β-carotene, carotenoids extracted from gac in these soft conditions keep their antioxidant properties, even at high concentration, contrasting with extracts obtained in classical conditions that become prooxidant. From these results, the bioactivity of carotenoids is discussed from their quality and their origin that is their source and extraction process. For application, in addition to the fractionation process which is easily transferable to the industry scale, the heat-treatment used in this study is interesting for controlling products rich in functional carotenoids

Le collagène de type I osseux subit une série de modifications post-traductionnelles au cours du processus de maturation. Un certain nombre de ces modifications sont quantifiables par dosage : c’est le cas des molécules de pontage enzymatiques pyridinoline (PYD) et désoxypyridinoline (DPD), de la pentosidine (PEN) qui est un produit de glycation, et de la forme native (α) et isomérisée (β) des C-télopeptides (α et β CTX) du collagène de type I. A l’aide d’un modèle de maturation in vitro d’os bovin foetal, nous avons montré que le taux de solubilisation du collagène osseux par la cathepsine K augmente avec la durée d’incubation des os à 37°C. Nous avons également montré que cette augmentation est corrélée au taux des modifications post-traductionnelles du collagène mesurées. Lors d’une étude précédente utilisant ce même modèle de maturation d’os foetal, nous avions déterminé que les modifications post-traductionnelles du collagène osseux influençaient les propriétés mécaniques de l’os. Dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse et pour compléter cette étude, nous avons mis au point un modèle pour étudier isolément l’influence des molécules de pontage PYD et DPD sur les propriétés mécaniques de l’os. Ce modèle utilise de l’os cortical bovin traité aux U.V. puis soumis à des tests de flexion trois points. Dans la même optique, nous avons contribué à la mise au point d’un dosage en chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance qui permet de quantifier à la fois les formes matures et immatures des molécules de pontage pyridinoliques (PYD, DPD, HLNL et DHLNL) sur le même chromatogramme / Type I bone collagen undergoes a series of posttranslational modifications during maturation process. Some of them are quantifiable by assays: the enzymatic cross-links pyridinoline (PYD) and deoxypyridinoline (DPD), the advanced glycation end product pentosidine (PEN), and the native (α) and isomerized (β) forms of the type I collagen C-telopeptides (α and β CTX). With an in vitro model of bovine fetal bone maturation, we showed that bone collagen solubilization by cathepsin K increases with the duration of bone incubation at 37°C. We also showed a correlation between this increase of solubilization and the level of measured collagen posttranslational modifications. In a previous study, using the same fetal bovine bone maturation, our results had suggested a link between bone collagen posttranslational modifications and bone mechanical properties. In the aim to complete this study, we developed a model to focus on PYD and DPD influence in bone mechanical properties. This model uses bovine cortical bone subjected to ultraviolet light before three points binding tests. In the same purpose, we contributed to develop a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography essay, quantifying mature and immature forms of pyridinium crosslinks (PYD, DPD, HLNL and DHLNL) in an unique chromatogram

Les gymnodimines, les spirolides, les pinnatoxines et les ptériatoxines constituent une famille de toxines d’origine marine de structures complexes, produites en faibles quantités par des microorganismes marins appelés dinoflagellés. Ces toxines sont connues pour bloquer les récepteurs nicotiniques de l’acétylcholine (nAChRs) sans que leurs modes d’action ne soient connus avec précision. D’après les différents tests biologiques réalisés à ce jour, il semblerait que le motif spiroimine, commun à toutes ces molécules, soit le pharmacophore principal, indispensable pour toute activité antagoniste. Le 13 dem SPX est un composé qui appartient à la famille des toxines à imines cycliques. Sa structure complexe présente un cœur à imine cyclique original, un macrocycle possédant un motif bis-spiroacétal et un buténolide. Actuellement aucune synthèse totale de ce composé n’a été publiée. L’ensemble du travail présenté dans ce manuscrit a été consacré à des études pour synthétiser, d’une part, le cœur imine spirocyclique et d’autre part, à la préparation d’un intermédiaire avancé pour parvenir à la synthèse totale de ce composé.Dans un premier temps une étude méthodologique pour synthétiser des spiroimines simplifiées optiquement actives a été réalisée. Une approche originale et convergente à été développée reposant sur des réactions d’ADc asymétrique, d’isomérisation et de cycloaddition-[3+2] 1,3-dipolaire, à partir de substrats facilement accessibles.Dans un second temps nous avons exploré deux voies synthétiques pour parvenir à un intermédiaire avancé pour la synthèse du 13 SPX C. Pour ce faire, deux approches ont été envisagées. Seule la stratégie reposant sur des étapes d’addition-1,2 d’un nucléophile, suivie d’une cyclisation pour obtenir les composés spirocycliques puis hydrogénation par l’iridium(I) cationique a été abordée au cours de ces travaux. / Gymnodimines, spirolides, pinnatoxines and pteriatoxines constitute a family of marine toxins with complex structures. They are produced in small quantities by marine microorganisms called dinoflagellates. These toxins are known to block the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), but the exact mode of action remains to be determined. Biological tests have showed that the spiroimine moiety, the common feature of these molecules, is the main pharmacophore, essential for the antagonist activity. 13-dem SPX C belongs to the cyclic imine toxin family. Its complex structure shows an original cyclic imine core, a macrocycle that bears bis spiroketal moiety and a butenolide. Currently, no total synthesis of this toxin has been achieved. This Ph.D. work has been focused on methodological studies to synthesize cyclic imine core of 13-dem SPX C and on the synthesis of a very functionalized compound to reach 13-dem SPX C.In the first part, a methodological work to synthesize simple optically active spiroimines was achieved. This original 3 steps sequence was based on asymmetric ADc reactions, isomerization and 1,3-dipolar [3+2]-cycloaddition from easily accessible cycloketones.In the second time we imagined two synthetic ways to reach a highly functionalized moiety of 13-dem SPX C. Only the way that relies on 1,2-addition of nucleophile followed by a cyclization to get spirocyclic patterns and an iridium(I) catalyzed hydrogenation of endo alkene was tested.

The non-adiabatic quantum molecular dynamics (NA-QMD) method couples self-consistently classical nuclear motion with time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) in basis expansion for the electron dynamics. It has become a versatile approach to study the dynamics of atoms, molecules and clusters in a wide range of scenarios. This work presents applications of the NA-QMD method to important benchmark systems and its systematic extension to include quantum effects in the nuclear motion. Regarding the first objective, a complete study of the strong-field ionization and dissociation dynamics of nature’s simplest molecule H2+ is performed. By including all electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom and all reaction channels, molecular rotation is shown to play an important role in the ionization process. In addition, strong orientation effects in the energy deposition process of the Buckminster fullerene C60 in short intense laser pulses are surprisingly found in full dimensional calculations. Their consequences on the subsequent nuclear relaxation dynamics shed new light on available experimental data and future experiments are proposed to confirm the detailed predictions. Regarding the second objective, the NA-QMD formalism is basically extended to take electron-nuclear correlations into account. This extension is achieved by means of a trajectory surface hopping scheme in the adiabatic Kohn-Sham framework. First studied examples from collision physics and photochemistry illustrate the relevance and importance of quantum effects in the nuclear dynamics.

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No description available.

<p>In this thesis we have performed core-electron spectroscopy studies of gas phase molecular systems starting with smaller diatomic, continuing with triatomic and extending our research to more complex polyatomic ones. We can subdivide the results presented here into two categories: the first one focusing on electronic fine structure and effect of the chemical bonds on molecular core-levels and the other one dealing with nuclear dynamics induced by creation of a core hole. In our research we have mostly used synchrotron radiation based techniques such as X-ray Photoelectron (XPS), X-ray Absorption (XAS), normal and Resonant Auger (AES and RAS, respectively) and Energy-Selected Auger Electron PhotoIon COincidence (ES-AEPICO) spectroscopies.</p><p>We have demonstrated that resonant Auger spectroscopy can be used to aid interpretation of the features observed in XAS for Rydberg structures in the case of Cl₂ and C1s⁻¹π*¹ states of allene molecules. The combined use of high-resolution spectroscopy with <i>ab initio</i> calculations can help the interpretation of strongly overlapped spectral features and disentangle their complex profiles. This approach enabled us to determine the differences in the lifetimes for core-hole 2p sublevels of Cl₂ which are caused by the presence of the chemical bond. We have shown that contribution in terms of the Mulliken population of valence molecular orbitals is a determining factor for resonant enhancement of different final states and fragmentation patterns reached after resonant Auger decays in N₂O.</p><p>We have also performed a systematic study of the dependence of the C1s resonant Auger kinetic energies on the presence of different substituents in CH₃X compounds. For the first time we have studied possible isomerization reaction induced by core excitation of acetylacetone. We could observe a new spectral feature in the resonant Auger decay spectra which we interpreted as a signature of core-excitation-induced keto-enol tautomerism.</p>

Les fichiers additionnels sont les données cristallographiques en format CIF. Voir le site de la Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre pour un visualiseur: http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk / Ce projet de recherche vise l’élaboration de systèmes métallosupramoléculaires artificiels imitant le processus naturel de la photosynthèse. Idéalement, ces systèmes seraient capables de fournir l’énergie et la séparation de charge nécessaire pour catalyser des réactions à transfert multiélectroniques, tel que l’hydrolyse de l’eau ou la réduction du gaz carbonique. La réalisation d’un tel système catalytique créerait une source d’énergie renouvelable, sous forme d’énergie chimique, crée directement à partir de l’énergie solaire. Le système envisagé, schématisé sous la forme d’une antenne, possède trois parties distinctes. Tout d’abord, des chromophores forment un état excité en captant l’énergie de la lumière visible du soleil. Vient ensuite un centre de liaison qui lie tous les chromophores et qui collecte l’énergie de cet état excité à travers un transfert d’électron. Cet électron est de nouveau transféré vers la dernière partie, un centre réactionnel catalytique. Cet assemblage permet de créer une séparation de charge entre le chromophore et le centre réactionnel qui sont séparés par le centre de liaison, évitant ainsi la recombinaison de charge. Le projet se focalise sur la synthèse, la caractérisation et l’application en photocatalyse d’assemblages chromophore–centre de liaison–catalyseur. Tout d’abord, une étude de chromophores à base de fluorène et de rhénium a été effectuée dans le but d’évaluer le transfert électronique entre ces deux composants. Ensuite, des centres de liaisons à base de dimère de rhodium tétraamidinate ont été créés et étudiés afin d’établir leurs caractéristiques photophysiques et électrochimiques. Puis un d’entre eux a été assemblé avec des chromophores de rhénium, créant ainsi des espèces moléculaires discrètes contenant d’un à quatre chromophores. Et pour finir, ces assemblages ont été combinés avec un catalyseur à base de cobalt, puis ont été testés dans des expériences de photoproduction d’hydrogène. Cette dernière partie a requis l’élaboration d’un photoréacteur qui est aussi décrite en détail dans cet ouvrage. / This research project involves synthetic metallosupramolecular systems developed to mimic the natural process of photosynthesis. Ideally, these systems would be able to provide the energy and the charge separation needed to catalyze multielectron-transfer reactions, such as water-splitting or carbon dioxide reduction. The realization of such a catalytic system would create a renewable energy source, in the form of chemical energy, created directly from solar energy. The system envisioned has three distinct parts in the form of an antenna. First of all, chromophores go into an excited state, while capturing the visible light energy of the Sun. Then comes a hub which binds all the chromophores and collects this excited state energy through an electron transfer. This electron is then transferred again to the last part, a catalytic reaction center. This assembly creates a charge separation between the chromophore and the reaction center which are separated by the hub, thus avoiding the recombination of charge. The project focuses on the synthesis, characterization and application in photocatalysis of chromophore-hub-catalyst assemblies. First of all, a study of fluorene and rhenium based chromophores was made to assess the electronic transfer between these two components. Then, tetraamidinate rhodium dimer based hubs have been created and studied in order to establish their photophysical and electrochemical characteristics. Then one of these assemblies was formed with chromophores of rhenium, thus creating discrete molecular species containing one to four chromophores. And finally, these assemblies were combined with a cobalt-based catalyst and were tested for hydrogen photoproduction. The latter required the development of a photoreactor which is also described in detail in this thesis.