Orientador: José Adriano Fenerick / Banca: Gustavo José de Toledo Pedroso / Banca: Marcia Regina Tosta Dias / Resumo: Esta dissertação teve como objetivo reconstruir e analisar a trajetória artística do Grupo Um (1976 - 1984) a partir de duas perspectivas complementares. Pela primeira delas, foram interpretados os impasses encontrados pelo conjunto para possibilitar a gravação, a prensagem e a distribuição de seus três álbuns lançados entre 1979 e 1982, à luz das intensas transformações da indústria fonográfica brasileira desse período. Na busca por apoio para a viabilização de seus trabalhos, os integrantes do conjunto potencializaram a retórica de produção musical independente, que ganhava força nesse mesmo período. Mantiveram, também, intensas aproximações com o Centro de Promoções Artísticas Lira Paulistana, e uma relação nuançada com a construção da ideia de vanguarda paulista. A segunda perspectiva de análise recai sobre as proximidades e distanciamentos entre a música produzida pelo Grupo Um e a fricção de musicalidades presente no jazz brasileiro. Para tanto, foi realizado um panorama da evolução jazzística durante o século XX, situando o cenário da virada dos anos 1970 para os anos 1980 no Brasil e no mundo. Além disso, alguns aspectos da obra discográfica do conjunto foram assinalados no intuito de refletir e discorrer sobre os possíveis sentidos de sua utilização naquele momento, a partir dos elos com o estilo fusion de jazz. / Abstract: This dissertacion intended to rebuild and to analyse the artistic trajectory of the ensemble Grupo Um (1976 - 1984) following two complementary perspectives. The first one has interpreted the standoffs founded by the group in order to make it viable the recording, pressing and selling, of its three albuns between 1979 and 1982, surrounded by the intense transformation of the brazilian phonographic industry at the time. At the searching for supporting to make it viable, they have potentialized the rhetorics of independent musical production, that was gaining force at the same period. They manteined, also, intense aproximations with the Centro de Promoções Artísticas Lira Paulistana and nuances with the construction of the very idea of the vanguarda paulista. The second perspective of analyses lies in the approximation and distancing of the music produced by Grupo Um and the friction of musicalities that were present in the brazilian jazz. Therefore, a panoram of the jazz evolution in the 20th century was made, situating the turning point scenario of the 1970's in Brazil and in the world. Besides that, some aspects of the ensemble discography are pointed out in the will to reflect and punctuate about its possible meanings of utilisation at that moment, regardening its ties with the jazz fusion style. / Mestre

Ce travail porte sur les rapports esthétiques entre Lester Young, saxophoniste ténor de jazz, et ses successeurs, sur la période 1935-1955. Il s’agit, en analysant les différents processus, procédés et figures qui déterminent Lester Young comme archétype, de définir comment celui-ci a agi sur ses contemporains et sur les courants du jazz. S’interrogeant sur les notions d’influence et de modélisation, l’ouvrage se veut aussi une réflexion plus générale sur les processus de continuité et de retour dans l’histoire esthétique. / This study is about the aesthetic links between jazz tenor saxophonist Lester Young and his successors, from 1935 to 1955. By analysing the different processes, ways and figures which determine Lester Young as an archetype, this work attempts to define which effects Young had upon his contemporaries and the various jazz movements. By focusing on the notions of influence and modelling, this thesis is also more generally a reflection about the processes of continuity and return in aesthetic history.

For over one hundred years the drum kit has been a driving force in shaping popular music, yet in popular culture the kit is not taken as seriously as other instruments, with drummer jokes abound. This hierarchy is reflected across academia and music literature, where the drum kit is least discussed amongst other instruments commonly found in popular music. Looking within the context of early jazz—one of the first styles of music the drum kit helped shape—historians and publishers were keen to ensure leading horn players told their story, while the drummers, who rarely secured similar levels of fame or recognition, had comparatively little chance to record their story. Detailed histories of the instrument are therefore scarce, incomplete, or riddled with inaccuracies and misunderstandings. This thesis presents a clear and detailed history of the instrument, from its beginnings to its early form in the mid 1930s. I then examine how the early drum kit was represented at the time through recordings, one of the most important methods of documenting how this instrument was used. Finally, I investigate how drummers performing on early drum kits today approach their playing, and how they deal with the problems identified in this thesis. In doing so I used optical character recognition (OCR) on digital archives, newspapers, interviews, magazines, catalogues and photographs from the early twentieth century, much of which has only become available in the past few years. Using these primary sources, I have constructed a reliable history and have unearthed new sources that shed light on the history and development of the instrument. Furthermore, through my own experiences and interviews of current early drum kit players, I have shown how this instrument in its early form is played, and how it differs from the instrument we know today.

Ce travail s’attache à étudier l’interaction en direct entre musiciens de jazz, en se focalisant sur un des éléments les plus fondamentaux dans la performance improvisée, l’acte de jouer dans le temps avec un autre. Que se cache-t-il derrière cette qualité engageante de la musique quand des musiciens collaborent et se coordonnent entre eux pour qu’ils aient le sentiment de jouer ensemble dans le temps (selon leur propre expression)? Afin d’étudier les fondements musicaux et psychologiques de cette expérience, nous créons des liens entre la recherche ethnographique existante sur les pratiques de jazz et les études psychologiques sur le temps et sur le timing. Cette thèse comprend trois études empiriques. La première étude a cherché à décrire l’émergence de cette expérience du temps partagé dans des performances d’improvisation libre entre deux musiciens de jazz professionnels. La deuxième étude est une analyse quantitative de la performance d’une section rythmique (batteur et contrebassiste), qui a pour base une micro-analyse acoustique de la pulsation dans quatre versions d’une chanson. Dans la troisième étude on s’est intéressé à la façon dont des auditeurs dits ‘naïfs’ entendent une musique qui est ‘dans le temps’ ou ‘en dehors du temps’. Pour cela nous avons effectué deux études expérimentales sur la perception du timing inter-musicien par des sujets sans éducation musicale formelle, en leur présentant des extraits musicaux manipulés.Dans leur ensemble ces études fournissent des preuves quantitatives qu’il existe une négociation temporelle dynamique entre les musiciens – un partage de temps – au niveau de la pulsation. De plus, ces résultats ont démontré la place centrale du développement narratif dans la performance musicale. L’influence de la construction est manifestée tant par l’organisation spontanée des improvisations musicales en épisodes structurés que par la mise en place collaborative de trajectoires expressive au niveau du développement du tempo local. Ces trajectoires constituent d’ailleurs une interprétation de l’œuvre musicale. Ainsi, ces résultats montrent que les musiciens maîtrisent ensemble les trajectoires expressives de leurs performances, et ce à la fois au niveau de la pulsation et au niveau de la narrativité. Il découle de ce travail l’idée qu’une performance ‘réussie’ (caractérisée par un temps partagé) implique beaucoup plus de flexibilité temporelle que ce que les recherches antérieures proposent. Ces observations nous amènent à définir un forme nouvelle de timing entre musiciens, que nous appelons le timing participatif, et qui est fondé sur l’interaction interpersonnelle motivée et incarnée plutôt que sur les processus individuels de timing expressif. / This dissertation investigates live interaction between jazz musicians with a focus on one of the most fundamental elements in improvisational performance, the seemingly simple act of being in time together. What is behind that powerful, engaging quality of music that comes about when musicians collaborate and coordinate so that they feel that are sharing what they themselves call good time? To investigate the musical and psychological underpinnings of good time, links were highlighted between both existing ethnographic work on jazz practices and psychological studies of time and timing. The thesis presents three empirical studies. The first study consists in a largely descriptive analysis of freely improvised jazz duet performances, and it aims to describe the emergence of good time between musicians playing together. The second study is a quantitative analysis of jazz rhythm section performance (drums and double-bass) based on an acoustic microanalysis of pulse in 4 versions of a song. The third study comprises 2 experiments on the perception of inter-musician timing by ‘naïve’ listeners, exploring how musically-untrained subjects experience the sound of being ‘in’ and ‘out of’ time in manipulated musical samples. Together, these studies provide quantitative evidence for temporal negotiation or turn-taking at the pulse level. Additionally they show the fundamental role of narrative development in musical performance evidenced by the spontaneous organisation of musicians’ improvisations into well framed episodes that have internal structure. It is also evidenced by the mutual establishment of an expressive trajectory of local tempo development that reflects or interprets the musical piece. Thus, these findings demonstrate that musicians together control their expressive performances at both an immediate pulse level and at an overarching level of narrative. An important outcome of this research is that ‘successful’ performance (one with good time) involves far greater temporal flexibility than previously established. These observations lead us to define an additional form of timing between musicians which we have called participatory timing and which is based on motivated and embodied interpersonal interaction rather than on expressive timing at the level of the individual.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF José E. Guzmán Borrero, for the Master of Music degree in Music Theory and Composition, presented on April 8, 2016, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: ISOCHRONAL: A SUITE FOR JAZZ ORCHESTRA MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Christopher Walczak The suite is a three movement composition for jazz orchestra in which I integrate contemporary compositional methods with the harmonic idioms of the jazz genre. The first movement, “Flight,” takes a minimalist (ca. 1970-1990) approach through the beginning of the piece, then incorporates a development section reminiscent of music from the Classical period with the use of two and three voice counterpoint. Followed by a traditional jazz solo section. The second movement, “'Round Ten” is a ballad featuring the post-tonal compositional method of dodecaphony (ca. 1925-1950) in tandem with melodic and harmonic jazz expressions reminiscent of Thelonious Monk. My compositional use of tone rows is similar to the methods of Benjamin Britten and Alban Berg, who used the row as a compositional guideline or tool. This is unlike the initial use of the row by its founder, Arnold Schoenberg, which restricted the composer by the necessity of using all twelve pitches (with no emphasis on a tonal center) and using it in a predetermined order. The ballad section of the second movement is similar to Thelonious Monk's music in its use of non-harmonic tones and sharp dissonances mixed with a repetitive melodic contour. The third and final movement, “Lights Out!” is an up-tempo piece that uses the dense harmonies reminiscent of Don Menza and Thad Jones’ arrangements. The harmonic structure of the piece is from the modal jazz period of the 1960s in which composers pushed the boundaries of the typical 32-bar song format. The melodic material in this movement includes material from the two previous movements.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Este trabalho busca compor um quadro das práticas cotidianas de jovens frequentadores das oficinas de jazz oferecidas pelo Centro Cultural Cartola (CCC). Contextualizado dentro de um universo tradicionalmente conhecido por sua origem no samba, esse território de arte e de expressão através do corpo e da música contempla outros movimentos musicais, principalmente o jazz e o moderno, possibilitando um conjunto de múltiplos sentidos e ressignificações na vida destes participantes. Como fundamentação epistemológica, foi utilizada a Teoria Ator-Rede (TAR), concebida como forma de abordar a fabricação dos fatos, ao abranger, simetricamente, natureza e sociedade, humano e não humano. Foram igualmente consideradas as possíveis configurações de interação e sociabilidade que envolvem território, sujeito e demais atores da rede, os quais conseguem reconhecer-se diante do outro, do diferente, e construírem um projeto individual e coletivo frente à sociedade multicultural em que estão inseridos. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas que, por sua vez, são complementos à descrição interpretativa registrada no diário de campo, permitindo a dimensão de improviso, de manejo das situações e de envolvimento nas incessantes redefinições processuais. O campo explorado foi, estritamente, o de jovens adolescentes, num recorte etário de 14 a 21 anos. Todos deveriam estar matriculados na escola ensino fundamental e médio e residir em comunidade, não sendo necessariamente a Mangueira. As abordagens contemplaram também as incontáveis participações do professor da oficina de jazz. Durante o processo, emanou-se a existência de um apaixonamento e de uma apropriação por parte de todos os envolvidos com a oficina: parte administrativa, pedagógica e docente, garantindo autonomia e diferencial no universo social do grupo, cujas escolhas legitimam o quanto o investimento na cultura produz artistas conscientes da beleza inerente à própria arte e aos afetamentos daí advindos. Interessante ressaltar que o samba funciona como marca histórica e temporal do CCC, mas a principal motivação ali percebida estava no encontro mediado pela dança, junção corpo/música, presente na vida dos participantes desde a infância, além do prazer de pertencerem a um grupo afim, movido por histórias semelhantes. Junto a isso, o professor exercia o papel de liderança velada, a mediar as relações e a produzir efeitos de coesão grupal, com suas ideias e incentivo à expressão pela dança, de modo a dar lugar a novas descobertas e ressignificação / This paper aims to compose a picture of the young peoples daily practices who attend the jazz workshops offered by Centro Cultural Cartola (CCC) - Top Hat Cultural Centre. Within the context of a universe traditionally known for its origins in the samba, this territory of art and expression through body and music that includes other musical movements, mainly jazz and modern, allowing a set of multiple meanings and new meanings in the lives of these attendees. On an epistemological foundation, we used the Actor-Network Theory (ART), designed to address the manufacturing of facts, when it covers symmetrically, nature and society, human and nonhuman. We also considered the possible configurations of interaction and sociability involving the territory, subject and other actors in the network, which can recognize each other to the other, to the different, and build an individual and collective project before the multicultural society where they are inserted. For this, interviews were conducted that, in turn, are added to the "interpretative" description recorded in the diary of field, allowing the dimension of improvisation, management of situations and engaging in endless procedural resets. The explored field was, strictly, the young adolescents, in an age cut from 14 to 21. They all should be enrolled in school - primary and secondary education - and live in a community, not necessarily the Mangueira community. The approaches also regarded the countless contributions of the jazz workshop teacher. Along the process, there was the falling in love and an appropriation of all the ones involved in the workshop: the administrative, pedagogical and teaching members, ensuring autonomy and differential in the social universe of the group, whose choices legitimize how the investment in culture can produce artists aware of texisting art beauty and its coming results. It is interesting to make evidente that the samba works as a temporal milestone for CCC, but the main motivation that was noticed there, was the in meeting mediated by dance, junction body/music, present in the lives of the attendees since their childhood, beyond the pleasure of belonging to a group , influenced by similar stories. Along with that, the teacher held the role of a veiled leadership, to mediate the relationships and to produce effects of group cohesion, with his ideas and incentive for the dance expression, in order to make way for new discoveries and reframing

abstract: This multiple-case study addresses the nature of the out-of-school musical engagements of four undergraduate students who were enrolled as jazz studies majors in a large school of music in the U.S. southwest. It concerns what they did musically when they were outside of school, why they did what they did, what experiences they said they learned from, and how their out-of-school engagements related to their in-school curriculum. Research on jazz education, informal learning practices in music, and the in-school and out-of-school experiences of students informed this study. Data were generated through observation, interviews, video blogs (vlogs), and SMS text messages. Analysis of data revealed that participants engaged with music when outside of school by practicing, teaching, gigging, recording, playing music with others, attending live musical performances, socializing with other musicians, listening, and engaging with non-jazz musical styles (aside from listening). They engaged with music because of: 1) the love of music, 2) the desire for musical excellence, 3) financial considerations, 4) the aspiration to affect others positively with music, and 5) the connection with other musicians. Participants indicated that they learned by practicing, listening to recordings, attending live performances, playing paid engagements, socializing, teaching, and reading. In-school and out-of-school experience and learning had substantial but not complete overlap. The study implies that a balance between in-school and out-of-school musical experience may help undergraduate jazz studies students to maximize their overall musical learning. It also suggests that at least some jazz studies majors are fluent in a wide variety of music learning practices that make them versatile, flexible, and employable musicians. Further implications are provided for undergraduate jazz students as well as collegiate jazz educators, the music education profession, and schools of music. Additional implications concern future research and the characterization of jazz study in academia. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Music Education 2014

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Este trabalho busca compor um quadro das práticas cotidianas de jovens frequentadores das oficinas de jazz oferecidas pelo Centro Cultural Cartola (CCC). Contextualizado dentro de um universo tradicionalmente conhecido por sua origem no samba, esse território de arte e de expressão através do corpo e da música contempla outros movimentos musicais, principalmente o jazz e o moderno, possibilitando um conjunto de múltiplos sentidos e ressignificações na vida destes participantes. Como fundamentação epistemológica, foi utilizada a Teoria Ator-Rede (TAR), concebida como forma de abordar a fabricação dos fatos, ao abranger, simetricamente, natureza e sociedade, humano e não humano. Foram igualmente consideradas as possíveis configurações de interação e sociabilidade que envolvem território, sujeito e demais atores da rede, os quais conseguem reconhecer-se diante do outro, do diferente, e construírem um projeto individual e coletivo frente à sociedade multicultural em que estão inseridos. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas que, por sua vez, são complementos à descrição interpretativa registrada no diário de campo, permitindo a dimensão de improviso, de manejo das situações e de envolvimento nas incessantes redefinições processuais. O campo explorado foi, estritamente, o de jovens adolescentes, num recorte etário de 14 a 21 anos. Todos deveriam estar matriculados na escola ensino fundamental e médio e residir em comunidade, não sendo necessariamente a Mangueira. As abordagens contemplaram também as incontáveis participações do professor da oficina de jazz. Durante o processo, emanou-se a existência de um apaixonamento e de uma apropriação por parte de todos os envolvidos com a oficina: parte administrativa, pedagógica e docente, garantindo autonomia e diferencial no universo social do grupo, cujas escolhas legitimam o quanto o investimento na cultura produz artistas conscientes da beleza inerente à própria arte e aos afetamentos daí advindos. Interessante ressaltar que o samba funciona como marca histórica e temporal do CCC, mas a principal motivação ali percebida estava no encontro mediado pela dança, junção corpo/música, presente na vida dos participantes desde a infância, além do prazer de pertencerem a um grupo afim, movido por histórias semelhantes. Junto a isso, o professor exercia o papel de liderança velada, a mediar as relações e a produzir efeitos de coesão grupal, com suas ideias e incentivo à expressão pela dança, de modo a dar lugar a novas descobertas e ressignificação / This paper aims to compose a picture of the young peoples daily practices who attend the jazz workshops offered by Centro Cultural Cartola (CCC) - Top Hat Cultural Centre. Within the context of a universe traditionally known for its origins in the samba, this territory of art and expression through body and music that includes other musical movements, mainly jazz and modern, allowing a set of multiple meanings and new meanings in the lives of these attendees. On an epistemological foundation, we used the Actor-Network Theory (ART), designed to address the manufacturing of facts, when it covers symmetrically, nature and society, human and nonhuman. We also considered the possible configurations of interaction and sociability involving the territory, subject and other actors in the network, which can recognize each other to the other, to the different, and build an individual and collective project before the multicultural society where they are inserted. For this, interviews were conducted that, in turn, are added to the "interpretative" description recorded in the diary of field, allowing the dimension of improvisation, management of situations and engaging in endless procedural resets. The explored field was, strictly, the young adolescents, in an age cut from 14 to 21. They all should be enrolled in school - primary and secondary education - and live in a community, not necessarily the Mangueira community. The approaches also regarded the countless contributions of the jazz workshop teacher. Along the process, there was the falling in love and an appropriation of all the ones involved in the workshop: the administrative, pedagogical and teaching members, ensuring autonomy and differential in the social universe of the group, whose choices legitimize how the investment in culture can produce artists aware of texisting art beauty and its coming results. It is interesting to make evidente that the samba works as a temporal milestone for CCC, but the main motivation that was noticed there, was the in meeting mediated by dance, junction body/music, present in the lives of the attendees since their childhood, beyond the pleasure of belonging to a group , influenced by similar stories. Along with that, the teacher held the role of a veiled leadership, to mediate the relationships and to produce effects of group cohesion, with his ideas and incentive for the dance expression, in order to make way for new discoveries and reframing

abstract: Jazz continues, into its second century, as one of the most important musics taught in public middle and high schools. Even so, research related to how students learn, especially in their earliest interactions with jazz culture, is limited. Weaving together interviews and observations of junior and senior high school jazz players and teachers, private studio instructors, current university students majoring in jazz, and university and college jazz faculty, I developed a composite sketch of a secondary school student learning to play jazz. Using arts-based educational research methods, including the use of narrative inquiry and literary non-fiction, the status of current jazz education and the experiences by novice jazz learners is explored. What emerges is a complex story of students and teachers negotiating the landscape of jazz in and out of early twenty-first century public schools. Suggestions for enhancing jazz experiences for all stakeholders follow, focusing on access and the preparation of future jazz teachers. / Dissertation/Thesis / D.M.A. Music Education 2013

O objetivo dessa dissertação é compreender de que maneira se relacionam três elementos presentes na narrativa de Kansas City (1996), do cineasta Robert Altman. Em primeiro lugar o jazz, cuja utilização vai além da concepção tradicional de música como trilha sonora em filmes; em segundo lugar, a imitação de modelos da indústria cultural, que aparece configurada nas personagens Blondie e Johnny O\'Hara; e em terceiro lugar, o cenário político, tanto da narrativa como da produção da obra respectivamente, as décadas de 1930 e 1990 do contexto norte-americano. / This research aims at understanding how three elements of Robert Altman\'s Kansas City (1996) are related to each other. In the first place the jazz, which is not used as mere soundtrack in this film; in the second place the imitation of culture industry models, personified in the characters Blondie and Johnny O\'Hara; and in the third place the political scenario, concerning both the narrative and the production of the film respectively the 1930s and the 1990s in the north-american context.