Les cellules souches suscitent de grands espoirs pour la thérapie cellulaire et l'ingénierie tissulaire. Les CSM du tissus foetaux (sang placentaire et gelée de Wharton du cordon ombilical), à l'origine d'épiblaste embryonnaire, sont considérées comme plus primitives que les CSM provenant de sources adultes. Les conditions de culture ayant un impact sur le comportement des cellules, dans notre étude, nous avons exploré l'effet de la concentration de l'oxygène sur l'expansion, l'immunophénotypage et la différenciation de ces cellules. L'objectif de ce travail est d'identifier la méthode optimale d'isolation des CSM issues de tissus foetaux. Compte tenu du faible taux de succès dans l'isolement des CSM extraites du sang placentaire, nous nous sommes dirigés vers les CSM-GW. Nous y avons déterminé in situ, les marqueurs spécifiques exprimés dans la gelée de Wharton et à la périphérie. Des études sur la morphologie, la cinétique de croissance, et sur l'expression phénotypique des marqueurs de surface, des CSM-GW, ont été effectuées sur une longue durée (7 passages) à différentes conditions de culture. Nous avons montré que la GW est composée d'une abondante matrice extracellulaire riche en collagènes et glycosaminoglycannes et que les cellules possèdent un phénotype variable selon leur localisation dans la gelée. Ce tissu est capable de fournir une quantité importante de CSM (6,7x105 Cs/cm de cordon) qui gardent une morphologie constante. Enfin, quel que soit le passage, la concentration de l'oxygène ne semble pas avoir d'effet sur le phénotype des cellules. En revanche, une faible teneur en oxygène durant l'expansion semble diminuer le temps de doublement des cellules, favoriser la chondrogénèse et inhiber la différenciation ostéogénique. Enfin, quelles que soient les conditions de culture, la différenciation adipogénique des CSM-GW semble difficile à obtenir / Stem cells are the hopes for cell therapy and tissue engineering. MSCs from fetal tissue (umbilical cord blood and WJ), which are a source of embryonic epiblast grow relatively faster comparing to other adult sources. The culture condition can affect cell behavior. In our study, we explored the effect of oxygen concentration on the expansion, immunophenotyping, and differentiation of these cells. The aim of this work is to identify the optimal method for isolation of MSCs derived from fetal tissue. Given the low rate of success in the isolation of MSCs from cord blood, we headed to WJ-MSCs. We have determined in siu, the specific markers expressed in the WJ and in the perivascular region. Studies on the morphology growth kinetics, and phenotypic expression of surface makers of MSCs isolated from WJ were made over a long period (7 passages) in different culture conditions. We have shown that WJ is composed of an abundant extracellular matrix rich in collagen and glycasominoglycans and have variable phenotype depending from their localization in the jelly. This tissue is able to provide a large amount of MSCs (6.7x105 Cs/cm of cord) that maintain a constant morphology. Finally, regardless of the passage, the oxygen concentration does not effect on the phenotype of the cells. In contrast, a low oxygen concentration during expansion appears to decrease the doubling time of MSCs, promote chondrogenesis and inhibit osteogenic differentiation. Finally, whatever the culture conditions, adipogenic differentiation of WJ-MSC seems difficult to obtain

INTRODUÇÃO: Células-tronco mesenquimais da geleia de Wharton (GW-CTM) exibem a capacidade de modular a resposta das células T e geralmente esses efeitos imunomoduladores são anti-inflamatórios. Devido ao seu potencial imunossupressor, as CTM emergiram recentemente como uma ferramenta promissora para terapia celular. No entanto, essas células têm uma vida útil limitada in vitro, com redução progressiva da sua capacidade de autorrenovação e parada irreversível do ciclo celular. O resultado deste processo é a perda da funcionalidade das CTM, o que limita a sua utilização para fins terapêuticos. Pouco se sabe sobre a variabilidade individual das amostras de GW-CTM e como isso poderia afetar sua expansão in vitro, seu potencial imunomodulador e o processo de envelhecimento. Neste estudo, avaliamos o perfil de citocinas imunomoduladoras e a capacidade das GW-CTM inibir a proliferação de células T durante o processo de senescência replicativa para determinar se a resposta esperada é afetada. MÉTODOS: GW-CTM foram cultivadas até a senescência replicativa ser atingida; as amostras foram coletadas numa fase inicial (passagem 5), numa etapa intermediária (passagem 15) e na senescência replicativa (passagem geralmente entre 20 e 25) para análise do perfil basal de moléculas imunomoduladoras. GW-CTM foram cocultivadas com amostras de duas células mononucleares de sangue periférico (PBMC), obtidas de doadores de plaquetas saudáveis. PBMC foi estimulado com fitohemaglutinina (PHA) durante 72 horas e cocultivado com três amostras de GW-CTM diferentes para medir a supressão da proliferação das células T. Os experimentos foram realizados utilizando as passagens P5 e P10. As análises foram feitas por PCR em tempo real, western blot e citometria de fluxo. RESULTADOS: Nossos resultados mostram que a expressão gênica e a secreção de moléculas imunomoduladoras variam entre amostras de GW-CTM, sem padrão específico. Em cocultura, todas as GW-CTM foram capazes de inibir a proliferação de células T CD3+ ativadas por mitogéno, embora em diferentes graus. E cada PBMC respondeu à cocultura com um nível diferente de inibição. Além disso, o perfil imunomodulador de todas as GW-CTM foi essencialmente mantido, mesmo após várias passagens. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos dados indicam que cada GW-CTM exibe um comportamento único, diferindo nos padrões de expressão e secreção de citocinas e capacidade imunomoduladora. Essa variabilidade intrínseca entre amostras pode influenciar a eficácia de GW-CTM quando utilizadas em terapia celular / INTRODUCTION: Wharton\'s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSC) exhibit the ability to modulate T cell responses and these immunomodulatory effects are usually anti-inflammatory. Due to their immunosuppressive potential, MSC have recently emerged as a promising tool for cell therapy. However, MSC have a limited lifespan in vitro, with a progressive reduction in their capacity for selfrenewal leading to irreversible arrest of cell division. The result of this process is the loss of stem cell functionality, which limits its use for therapeutic purposes. Information on the variability of individual cell samples impacting upon in vitro expansion, immunomodulatory potential, and aging processes is still lacking. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory cytokine profile and capacity to inhibit T cell proliferation of WJ-MSC progressing to replicative senescence to determine if the expected response is affected. METHODS: WJ-MSC were cultured until replicative senescence was reached and the samples were collected at an early stage (passage 5), at an intermediate stage (passage 15), and in replicative senescence (passage generally between 20 and 25) to analyze the basal profile of immunomodulatory molecules. WJ-MSC were co-cultured with samples from the same two peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), obtained from healthy platelet donors. PBMC were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 72 hours and tested against 3 different WJ-MSC to measure suppression of T cell proliferation. The experiments were performed using passages P5 and P10. Analyses were done by real-time PCR, western blot, and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Our results show that gene expression and secretion of immunomodulatory molecules varied among WJ-MSC samples with no specific pattern discernible. In co-culture all WJ-MSC were capable of inhibiting mitogen-activated CD3+ T cell proliferation, although to different extents and each PBMC responded with its unique level of inhibition. In addition, the immunomodulatory profile of each WJ-MSC sample was essentially maintained even after several passages. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that each WJMSC displays a unique behavior, differing in patterns of cytokine mRNA expression and immunomodulatory capacity. The intrinsic variability between samples may influence the effectiveness of WJ-MSC when employed therapeutically

The heart does not regenerate new functional tissue when myocardium dies following coronary artery occlusion, or is defective. Ventricular restoration involves excising the infarct and replacing it with a cardiac patch to restore the heart to a more efficient condition. The goal of this study was to design and develop a myocardial patch to replace myocardial infarctions. A basic design was developed that is composed of 3D microfibrous mats that house mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from umbilical cord matrix (Wharton&rsquo / s Jelly) aligned parallel to each other, and biodegradable macroporous tubings to supply growth media into the structure. Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) prepolimer was synthesized and blended with P(L-D,L)LA and/or PHBV, to produce aligned microfiber (dia 1.16 - 1.37 &amp / #956 / m) mats and macroporous tubings. Hydrophilicity and softness of the polymer blends were found to be improved as a result of PGS introduction. The Wharton&rsquo / s Jelly (WJ) MSCs were characterized by determination of their cell surface antigens with flow cytometry and by differentiating them into cells of mesodermal lineage (osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes). Cardiomyogenic differentiation potential of WJ MSCs in presence of differentiation factors was studied with RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. WJ MSCs expressed cardiomyogenic transcription factors even in their undifferentiated state. Expression of a ventricular sarcomeric protein was observed upon differentiation. The electrospun, aligned microfibrous mats of PHBV-P(L-D,L)LA-PGS blends allowed penetration of WJ MSCs and improved cell proliferation. To obtain the 3D myocardial graft, the WJ MSCs were seeded on the mats, which were then wrapped around macroporous tubings. The 3D construct (4 mm x 3.5 cm x 2 mm) was incubated in a bioreactor and maintained the uniform distribution of aligned cells for 2 weeks. The positive effect of nutrient flow within the 3D structure was significant. This study represents an important step towards obtaining a thick, autologous myocardial patch, with structure similar to native tissue and capability to grow, for ventricular restoration.

COLLAGEN IN SITU GROWN CALCIUM PHOSPHATE SCAFFOLDS FOR OSTEOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION OF WHARTON&rsquo / S JELLY AND MENSTRUAL BLOOD STEM CELLS Karadas, &Ouml / zge M.Sc., Department of Biotechnology Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Vasif Hasirci Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gamze Torun K&ouml / se February 2011, 91 pages The importance of developing new techniques for the treatment of bone and joint diseases is increasing continuosly together with the increase of human population and the average life span. Especially bone fractures as a result of osteoporosis are often seen in humans older than 50 years old. The expenses of bone and joint disease operations are very high and the duration of recovery is long. Because of these reasons World Health Organization, The United Nations and 37 countries announced that the years 2000-2010 is the Bone and Joint Decade. Tissue engineering is an alternative approach to clinically applied methods. In this study collagen scaffolds crosslinked with genipin, to improve the stability of foams in culture media, were prepared by lyophilization. To mimic the natural bone structure calcium phosphate mineral phase in the foam was formed by wet chemical precipitation. Collagen concentration (0.75% and 1%, w/v), freezing temperature (-20 oC and -80 oC) of the collagen solution before lyophilization and immersion duration (2x4 h and 2x48 h) of the foams in calcium and phosphate solutions for wet chemical precipitation were changed as process v parameters of foam production. Pore size distribution and porosity analysis as well as compression test were performed for characterization of the scaffolds. The foam with 1% w/v collagen concentration, frozen at -20 oC before lyophilization and immersed for 2x4 h in calcium and phosphate solution was chosen for in vitro cell culture studies. The defined foam had 70% porosity and pore sizes varying between 50 and 200 &mu / m. The elastic modulus and compressive strength of the foam was calculated as 127.1 kPa and 234.5 kPa, respectively. Stem cells isolated from Wharton&rsquo / s jelly (WJ) and menstrual blood (MB) were seeded to foams to compare their osteogenic differentiation. Both cells are isolated from discarded tissues and used in this study as an alternative to the commonly used cells which are isolated by invasive techniques such as bone marrow stem cells. Cells were seeded to collagen foams with and without calcium phosphate (CaP). It was observed that WJ cells proliferated during 21 days on collagen foams without CaP, but MB cell number decreased after day 14. Collagen foams with CaP supported the alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity compared to tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) and foams without CaP. Contrarily lower cell numbers achieved on CaP containing collagen foams, possibly because of the calcium and phosphate concentration changes in the medium and as the result of osteogenic differentiation. ALP activity of both cell types increased almost 10 times and specific ALP activity (activity per cell) increased 40 times and 150 times for WJ and MB cells, respectively on the CaP containing foams compared to TCPS. Therefore, in this study it was shown that in situ CaP formed collagen foams induce osteogenic differentiation of WJ and MB cells, and these cells isolated from discarded tissues can be used as alternative cell sources in bone tissue engineering applications.

Η σύγχρονη παραγωγή φαρμακευτικών και άλλων χημικών ουσιών και ο αναγκαίος τοξικολογικός τους έλεγχος επιφέρει την χρήση ενός μεγάλου αριθμού πειραματοζώων με αποτέλεσμα την αύξηση του κόστους αλλά και την έγερση ζητημάτων που σχετίζονται με την ασφάλεια και την βιοηθική. Στην βάση αυτού του προβληματισμού η ανάπτυξη νέων in vitro δοκιμασιών κυτταρο-τοξικότητας με δυνατότητα ακριβέστερης πρόβλεψης των αρχικών δόσεων οξείας από του στόματος τοξικότητας, προβάλλει ως αναγκαιότητα στις μέρες. Μέχρι τώρα έχουν χρησιμοποιηθεί σε in vitro δοκιμασίες μετασχηματισμένα, αθανατοποιημένα ή πρωτογενή κύτταρα καθώς και εμβρυικά βλαστικά κύτταρα (hESCs). Επίσης πρόσφατα χρησιμοποιήθηκαν μεσεγχυματικά βλαστικά κύτταρα από τον μυελό των οστών (BM-hMSCs). Τα κύτταρα αυτά ωστόσο παρουσιάζουν μειονεκτήματα που σχετίζονται με την δυσκολία απομόνωσης τους, την ετερογένεια τους, αλλά και τον πρόωρο φαινότυπο γήρανσης κατά την καλλιέργεια τους. Σε αυτή την μελέτη διερευνάται για πρώτη φορά η χρήση των βλαστικών κυττάρων της γέλης του Wharton (WJSCs) του ομφαλίου λώρου σε in vitro δοκιμασία κυτταροτοξικότητας. Τα κύτταρα αυτά παρουσιάζουν σημαντικά πλεονεκτήματα σε σχέση με άλλα μεσενχυματικά κύτταρα καθώς: απομονώνονται εύκολα, καλλιεργούνται εκτεταμένα με διατήρηση των βλαστικών τους ιδιοτήτων, δεν εγείρουν ηθικά ζητήματα για τη χρήσή τους, παρουσιάζουν γενετική και φαινοτυπική σταθερότητα και ήπιο ανοσολογικό προφίλ. Στην παρούσα μελέτη εξετάστηκαν παράλληλα και συγκριτικά με τα κύτταρα της γέλης του Wharton, οι κυτταρικές σειρές HepG2 (ηπατικού καρκινώματος) και NIH 3T3 (ινοβλάστες ποντικού) αλλά και τα μεσεγχυματικά κύτταρα λίπους AD-hSCs. Όπως προτείνεται από το πρωτόκολλο της ICCVAM δοκιμάστηκαν 12 ουσίες αναφοράς ενώ η μέτρηση της επιβίωσης των κυττάρων έγινε με την δοκιμασία MTS και NRU. Τα αποτελέσματα μας δείχνουν ότι τα κύτταρα της γέλης του Wharton μπορούν να αποτελέσουν αξιόπιστο και ελπιδοφόρο μοντέλο για δοκιμασίες in vitro τοξικότητας. Το μοντέλο αυτό μπορεί να λειτουργήσει συμπληρωματικά, ή ακόμα και να ξεπεράσει, ήδη επικυρωμένα μοντέλα κυτταροτοξικότητας . / The modern production of pharmaceuticals, other chemicals and their required toxicological controls results in the use of a large number of laboratory animals leading in increased costs as well as raising questions considering safety and bioethics. Alternatively, in vitro cytotoxicity assays are highlighted with the ability of a more accurate prediction of the starting dose of oral acute toxicity. Occasionally several cell lines have been used including transformed and immortalized cells or primary cells and embryonic stem cells (hESCs). For the same purpose adult mesenchymal stem cells derived from the bone marrow (BM-hMSCs) have been recently used but they exhibit difficulties in their isolation, heterogeneity, and premature senescence phenotype during their sub-cultivation. In this study for the first time we investigated the use of mesenchymal stem cells (WJSCs) isolated from fetal umbilical cord, in particular from the Wharton’s Jelly. These cells exhibit the advantage of easily being isolated and cultured in large quantities without ethical issues, genetic and phenotypic stability and subimmunological profile. Two different cell lines HepG2 (liver carcinoma) and NIH 3T3 (mouse fibroblasts) and mesenchymal adipose-derived stem cells AD-hSCs have been used and compared with the WJSCs in parallel. 12 substances have been tested for their cytotoxicity effect on cell survival using the MTS assay as suggested by ICCVAM. Our results indicate that this model is a reliable and promising approach for in vitro cytotoxicity tests on human cells and it can complement or even overpass validated cytotoxicity models.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The royal jelly (RJ), a secretion produced by the hipopharingeal and mandibular glands of the nurse honeybees, have a variety of pharmacological activities, aside of being necessary for the castes differentiation and the queen Apis mellifera longevity. To identify the N-glycoproteins of two samples of RJ provinient from distinct origin and conditions, we used the concanavalin A affinity chromatography (ConA) associated to the mass spectrometry. The investigated samples of RJ were the brazilian RJ (GRB), produced experimentally in local apiary, and the Chinese RJ (GRC), mattered from China and commercially available. The protein profile in SDS-PAGE 1D was characteristic for GRB and GRC. The N-glycoproteins fractions eluted from the ConA column had presented nine polypeptides for GRB and 12 for GRC, with relative molecular mass (Mr) varying between 130 and 15 kDa. It was observed that the immediately aftercollects freezing of the GRB did not inhibited the appearance of bands with Mr lesser than 49 kDa. A total of 21 bands was excised from gel and digested with tripisin for analysis in MALDI-TOF MS. The bioinformatic analysis revealed that all the 16 proteins identified in the GRB and GRC samples belong to the A. mellifera apalbumins family (Apa-1, Apa-2 and Apa-3). The Apa-2 was the protein that had greater prevalence between the N-glycoproteins of the RJ, presenting Mr varying between 110 and 25 kDa. The fact that the Apa-2 had been identified with distinct Mrs can be related to glycosilation, oligomerization or degradation of this apalbumin. Therefore, the ConA affinity chromatography associated with the proteomic analysis made possible the identification of three members of the family of RJ main proteins (Apa-1, Apa-2 and Apa-3). Moreover, the comparative study of the GRB and GRC glycoprotein composition suggests similar standard between these samples and can be useful in future studies that evaluate the biological functions of the apalbumins pos-translational modifications. / A geléia real (GR), uma secreção produzida pelas glândulas hipofaringeal e mandibular das abelhas operárias, possui uma variedade de atividades farmacológicas, além de ser fundamental para a diferenciação das castas e longevidade da rainha de Apis mellifera. Com o objetivo de identificar alguns dos componentes bioativos deste produto da colméia, utilizou-se a cromatografia de afinidade de concanavalina A (ConA) associada à espectrometria de massa para identificar as N-glicoproteínas de duas amostras de GR obtidas de origem e condições distintas. As amostras de GR investigadas foram a GR brasileira (GRB), produzida experimentalmente em apiário local, e a GR chinesa (GRC), importada da China e disponível comercialmente. O perfil de proteínas em SDSPAGE 1D foi característico para GRB e GRC, com um maior número de polipeptídeos para GRC. As frações das N-glicoproteínas eluídas da coluna de ConA apresentaram nove polipeptídeos para GRB e 12 para GRC, com massa molecular variando entre 130 e 15 kDa. Observou-se que o congelamento imediatamente pós-coleta da GRB não impediu o aparecimento de polipeptídeos com Mr menor que 49 kDa. Um total de 21 bandas foi excisado do gel e digerido por tripsina para análise em MALDI-TOF MS. Para cada perfil de massa dos peptídeos (PMF) obtido, realizou-se a busca em banco de dados utilizando-se o software Mascot. Esta análise revelou que as 16 proteínas identificadas nas amostras de GRB e GRC pertencem à família das apalbuminas (Apa-1, Apa-2 e Apa-3) da abelha A. mellifera. A Apa-2 foi a proteína que teve maior prevalência entre as N-glicoproteínas da GR, apresentando Mr variando entre 110 e 25 kDa. O fato da Apa-2 ter sido identificada com Mrs distintas pode estar relacionado a fenômenos de glicosilação, oligomerização ou degradação desta apalbumina. Portanto, a cromatografia de afinidade de ConA associada a análise proteômica possibilitou a identificação de três membros da família das principais proteínas da GR (Apa-1, -2 e -3). Além disso, o estudo comparativo da composição de glicoproteínas da GRB e GRC sugere padrão similar entre estas amostras e pode ser útil em estudos futuros que avaliem as funções biológicas das modificações pós-traducionais das apalbuminas. / Mestre em Genética e Bioquímica

INTRODUÇÃO: Células-tronco mesenquimais da geleia de Wharton (GW-CTM) exibem a capacidade de modular a resposta das células T e geralmente esses efeitos imunomoduladores são anti-inflamatórios. Devido ao seu potencial imunossupressor, as CTM emergiram recentemente como uma ferramenta promissora para terapia celular. No entanto, essas células têm uma vida útil limitada in vitro, com redução progressiva da sua capacidade de autorrenovação e parada irreversível do ciclo celular. O resultado deste processo é a perda da funcionalidade das CTM, o que limita a sua utilização para fins terapêuticos. Pouco se sabe sobre a variabilidade individual das amostras de GW-CTM e como isso poderia afetar sua expansão in vitro, seu potencial imunomodulador e o processo de envelhecimento. Neste estudo, avaliamos o perfil de citocinas imunomoduladoras e a capacidade das GW-CTM inibir a proliferação de células T durante o processo de senescência replicativa para determinar se a resposta esperada é afetada. MÉTODOS: GW-CTM foram cultivadas até a senescência replicativa ser atingida; as amostras foram coletadas numa fase inicial (passagem 5), numa etapa intermediária (passagem 15) e na senescência replicativa (passagem geralmente entre 20 e 25) para análise do perfil basal de moléculas imunomoduladoras. GW-CTM foram cocultivadas com amostras de duas células mononucleares de sangue periférico (PBMC), obtidas de doadores de plaquetas saudáveis. PBMC foi estimulado com fitohemaglutinina (PHA) durante 72 horas e cocultivado com três amostras de GW-CTM diferentes para medir a supressão da proliferação das células T. Os experimentos foram realizados utilizando as passagens P5 e P10. As análises foram feitas por PCR em tempo real, western blot e citometria de fluxo. RESULTADOS: Nossos resultados mostram que a expressão gênica e a secreção de moléculas imunomoduladoras variam entre amostras de GW-CTM, sem padrão específico. Em cocultura, todas as GW-CTM foram capazes de inibir a proliferação de células T CD3+ ativadas por mitogéno, embora em diferentes graus. E cada PBMC respondeu à cocultura com um nível diferente de inibição. Além disso, o perfil imunomodulador de todas as GW-CTM foi essencialmente mantido, mesmo após várias passagens. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos dados indicam que cada GW-CTM exibe um comportamento único, diferindo nos padrões de expressão e secreção de citocinas e capacidade imunomoduladora. Essa variabilidade intrínseca entre amostras pode influenciar a eficácia de GW-CTM quando utilizadas em terapia celular / INTRODUCTION: Wharton\'s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSC) exhibit the ability to modulate T cell responses and these immunomodulatory effects are usually anti-inflammatory. Due to their immunosuppressive potential, MSC have recently emerged as a promising tool for cell therapy. However, MSC have a limited lifespan in vitro, with a progressive reduction in their capacity for selfrenewal leading to irreversible arrest of cell division. The result of this process is the loss of stem cell functionality, which limits its use for therapeutic purposes. Information on the variability of individual cell samples impacting upon in vitro expansion, immunomodulatory potential, and aging processes is still lacking. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory cytokine profile and capacity to inhibit T cell proliferation of WJ-MSC progressing to replicative senescence to determine if the expected response is affected. METHODS: WJ-MSC were cultured until replicative senescence was reached and the samples were collected at an early stage (passage 5), at an intermediate stage (passage 15), and in replicative senescence (passage generally between 20 and 25) to analyze the basal profile of immunomodulatory molecules. WJ-MSC were co-cultured with samples from the same two peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), obtained from healthy platelet donors. PBMC were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 72 hours and tested against 3 different WJ-MSC to measure suppression of T cell proliferation. The experiments were performed using passages P5 and P10. Analyses were done by real-time PCR, western blot, and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Our results show that gene expression and secretion of immunomodulatory molecules varied among WJ-MSC samples with no specific pattern discernible. In co-culture all WJ-MSC were capable of inhibiting mitogen-activated CD3+ T cell proliferation, although to different extents and each PBMC responded with its unique level of inhibition. In addition, the immunomodulatory profile of each WJ-MSC sample was essentially maintained even after several passages. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that each WJMSC displays a unique behavior, differing in patterns of cytokine mRNA expression and immunomodulatory capacity. The intrinsic variability between samples may influence the effectiveness of WJ-MSC when employed therapeutically

Master of Science / Department of Anatomy and Physiology / Mark L. Weiss / Wharton's jelly is a non-controversial source of mesenchymal stromal cells. Isolation of the cells is non-invasive and painless. The cells have been shown to have a wide array of therapeutic applications. They have improved symptoms when transplanted in a variety of animal disease models, can be used in tissue engineering applications to grow living tissue ex vivo for transplantation, and can be used as drug delivery vehicles in cancer therapy. The cells have also been shown to be non-immunogenic and immune suppressive. This thesis focuses on optimizing isolation protocols, culture protocols, cryopreservation, and characterization of cells in different growth conditions. Results from the experiments indicate that isolation of cells by enzyme digestion yields cells consistently, a freezing mixture containing 90% FBS and 10% DMSO confers maximum viability, and the expression of mesenchymal stromal cell consensus markers does not change with passage and cryopreservation. The results of the experiments also show that cells grow at a higher rate in 5% oxygen culture conditions compared to 21% oxygen culture conditions, serum does not have an effect on growth of the cells, serum and oxygen do not have effects on the expression of mesenchymal stromal cell consensus markers and the cells are stable without nuclear abnormalities when grown in 5% oxygen and serum free conditions for six passages after first establishing in serum conditions.

A sepse é uma doença relacionada como a presença de infeção junto a uma resposta inflamatória sistêmica; sua fisiopatologia envolve uma rede complexa de citocinas e mediadores inflamatórios que causam a injúria de diversos tecidos. Na atualidade são muitas as tentativas para diminuir a mortalidade, porém até agora, não existe uma estratégia específica para tratar a doença. As células-tronco mesenquimais da geleia de Wharton do cordão umbilical (CTM-GW) são conhecidas por expressar genes e fatores envolvidos na angiogênese e imunomodulação. Nós usamos o modelo de ligadura e punção do ceco (LPC) para analisar o papel da CTM-GW em disfunção orgânica relacionada à sepse. Foi utilizada a citometria de fluxo para avaliar o fenótipo das células isoladas. Dividimos ratos Wistar em grupos: sham (operação simulada); LPC; e LPC + CTM (106 CTM-GW i.p., 6 horas após LPC). Às 24 h pós-LPC, foram avaliadas a função renal, hepática e outras variáveis do estudo. As CTM-GW foram negativas para CD3, CD34, CD45 e HLA-DR, enquanto eles foram positivos para CD73, CD90 e CD105. O tratamento com CTM na sepse reduziu a mortalidade, melhorou a filtração glomerular (aferido pelo clearance de inulina), função tubular, reduziu a lesão hepática e demostrou uma ação anti-inflamatória. O tratamento também apresentou um efeito anti-apoptótico e protetor do tecido renal e do endotélio, mediante a regulação da expressão de VEGF, AQP2 e eNOS. Em conclusão as CTM-GW diminuem a injúria renal e hepática, portanto, pode desempenhar um papel protetor na sepse / Sepsis is a disease related to the presence of infection with a systemic inflammatory response. The pathophysiology involves complex cytokine and inflammatory mediator networks that cause injury to various tissues. Currently, there are many attempts to reduce mortality, but so far, there is no specific strategy for treating the disease. Human umbilical cord Wharton\'s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSCs) are known to express genes and factors involved in angiogenesis and immunomodulation. We used a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model to analyze the role of hWJ-MSCs in sepsis-related organ dysfunction. We used flow cytometry to evaluate hWJ-MSC phenotypes. We divided Wistar rats into groups: sham (sham-operated); CLP; and CLP+MSC (106 WJ-MSCs, i.p., 6 h after CLP). At 24 h post-CLP, we evaluated renal function, liver and other variables. hWJ-MSCs were negative for CD3, CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR, whereas they were positive for CD73, CD90 and CD105. In sepsis, treatment with MSC reduced mortality, improved glomerular filtration rate (measured by inulin clearance), tubular function, reduced liver damage and decreased the inflammatory markers. The treatment also showed an anti-apoptotic effect and protected the renal tissue and endothelium by up-regulation the expression of VEGF, AQP2 and eNOS. In conclusion, hWJ-MSCs decrease renal and hepatic injury, therefore, may play a protective role in sepsis

Les cellules stromales/souches mésenchymateuses de la gelée de Wharton humaines (CSM-WJ) représentent une source abondante et intéressante de cellules souches pour des applications en ingénierie cellulaire et tissulaire. Leur origine fœtale leur confère des caractéristiques spécifiques par rapport aux cellules stromales/souches mésenchymateuses isolées à partir de moelle osseuse humaine (CSM-MO). Tout d'abord, le but de ce travail est d'optimiser les conditions de culture des CSM-GW pour leur utilisation clinique ultérieure. Nous nous concentrons sur l'influence de la concentration en oxygène lors de l'expansion en monocouche de P1 à P7 sur plusieurs paramètres permettant de caractériser les CSM. Les résultats obtenus sont comparés à ceux obtenus avec les CSM-MO. Notre travail a montré des différences entre les deux sources cellulaires en termes de prolifération et de différenciation adipocytaire. D’après nos résultats, l'hypoxie, au cours de l'expansion, est un paramètre important à prendre en compte en ce qui concerne la prolifération et le potentiel de différenciation chondrocytaire. L'influence des facteurs obstétricaux sur les caractéristiques des CSM-GW est également explorée. Cette étude se situant également dans le cadre de l’ingénierie tissulaire du cartilage, la seconde phase du projet consiste à induire la différenciation des cellules en chondrocytes en ensemençant ces dernières dans un biomatériau à base d’alginate et d’acide hyaluronique, et sur une cinétique de 28 jours. Les résultats obtenus sont comparés à ceux obtenus avec les CSM-MO. Après 4 semaines de culture, les CSM-GW sont capables de s'adapter à leur environnement et d’exprimer des gènes et des protéines matriciels spécifiques du cartilage tels que le collagène de type 2, qui se trouve plus exprimé après différenciation à partir des CSM-GW qu’à partir de CSM-MO / Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells from human Wharton’s jelly (WJ-MSC) are an abundant and interesting source of stem cells for applications in cell and tissue engineering. Their fetal origin confers specific characteristics compared to Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells isolated from human bone marrow (BM-MSC). First, the aim of this work is to optimize WJ-MSC culture conditions for their subsequent clinical use. We focus on the influence of oxygen concentration during monolayer expansion on several parameters to characterize MSC. The results are compared to those obtained with BM-MSC. Our work distinguishes WJ-MSC from BM-MSC in terms of proliferation and adipogenic differentiation. Considering our results, hypoxia during cell expansion is an important parameter to take into account regarding proliferation potential but also chondrogenic differentiation potential. The influence of obstetric factors on WJ-MSC characteristics is also explored. In cartilage tissue engineering context, the second phase of the project is to induce cell differentiation into chondrocytes by seeding them in Alginate/Hyaluronic Acid hydrogel scaffold, and during 28 days. The results obtained are compared to those obtained with BM-MSC. After 4 weeks of culture, WJ-MSC are able to adapt to their environment and express specific cartilage-Related genes and matrix proteins such as type 2 collagen, which is found more expressed after differentiation fromWJ-MSC, than from BM-MSC