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Meta-analysis is a tool used to combine the results from multiple studies into one comprehensive analysis. First developed in the 1970s, meta-analysis is a major statistical method in academic, medical, business, and industrial research. There are three traditional ways in which a meta-analysis is conducted: fixed or random effects, and using an empirical Bayesian approach. Derivations for conducting meta-analysis on correlations in the industrial psychology and organizational behavior (OB) discipline were reviewed by Hunter and Schmidt (2004). In this approach, Hunter and Schmidt propose an empirical Bayesian analysis where the results from previous studies are used as a prior. This approach is still widely used in OB despite recent advances in Bayesian methodology. This paper presents the results of a hierarchical Bayesian model for conducting meta-analysis of correlations and then compares these results to a traditional Hunter-Schmidt analysis conducted by Judge et al. (2001). In our approach we treat the correlations from previous studies as a likelihood, and present a prior distribution for correlations.

The current study examines the effects of the five core job characteristics (skill variety, task significance, task identity, autonomy, and feedback) proposed by Hackman-Oldham (1974) at the team level by investigating whether the model variables are related to the effectiveness of a motivationally-based team-level productivity enhancement intervention. Previous literature has almost exclusively focused on the effects of these job characteristics at the individual level and their direct relationships with employee attitudes and subjective measures of performance. This thesis aims to further the job characteristics literature by exploring the effects of the characteristics at the team level, as well as the moderating effect of the team construct of value congruence, while simultaneously exploring boundary conditions of the Productivity Measurement and Enhancement System (ProMES) developed by Pritchard (1990). Hypotheses postulated a negative relationship between the characteristics and intervention effectiveness; such that effectiveness is negatively impacted when the characteristics already exist at high levels. Results, though non-significant, are tenatively suggestive of this counter-intuitive negative relationship between four of the characteristics and intervention effectiveness. Value congruence between team leaders and members was not a significant moderator of the relationship between the characteristics and effectiveness. Results suggest that a more powerful study to further parse out these relationships would be valuable. iii

In the field of education, how high school principals develop as they gain experience is unclear. This study examined three beginner (one to three years of experience), four intermediate (four to eight years of experience) and three advanced (nine plus years of experience) high school principals and how experience affects performance on the job. Similarities were examined within the experience groups. The Greenfield Model and its five dimensions of an administrator's demand environment were used as a guide to look at the different levels of experience. This grounded theory study found: (1) beginner principals felt a sense of debt to the superintendent and district office for hiring them, (2) beginners did not approve how the previous principal managed the school, (3) intermediate principals have a different relationship with the district office than the beginner principals, (4) intermediate principals learned to delegate more work than beginners, (5) veteran principals, in addition to delegation, were committed to a personal set of core values, (6) veteran principals all planned to finish their careers as high school principals, where in contrast, all the beginner and intermediate principals, with the exception of one, planned to continue their careers into the district office, (7) this study confirmed the five dimensions of Greenfield's research that are unique to a school administrator. Within the five dimensions, different experience levels of principals applied the dimension differently. The outcomes from the interviews suggest that high school principals do mature over time and make decisions using a different core philosophy. School districts, university programs and first time high school principals need to consider the challenges that may be encountered during the first years as a high school principal. In future studies, it is recommended a comparative study be done with beginner principals, intermediate principals and veteran principals new to a site to see if the issues encountered are unique to a certain experience level.

Sedentary behavior has been among the major challenges facing employees working in offices subsequently failing to attain WHO recommendations on physical activity. Office employees are mostly at high risk of developing non-communicable diseases because most of their work is executed while sitting. This study aims to explore how employees have experienced the influence of physical activity on their job performance at work by using a qualitative research approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine employees working in the banking industry in Tanzania. A content analysis was used to analyze the collected data. The main findings of this study highlighted the need to create a workplace culture that encourages physical activity. Having regular movement in the office has promoted employees’ health and overall job performance. Furthermore, employees experienced challenges such as time constraints, and high job demands hindering them from participating in physical activity which needs to be addressed. Finally, workplace health promotion influenced their overall health and enhanced well-being. Through physical activity, they experienced improved cognitive functions and better health. Therefore, this study concludes that there should be increased support of physical activity in the workplace for the benefit of employees’ health leading to their job performance.

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No description available.