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Thesis (M.A. (Media Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / This study examined the effect of digital news reporting on professional journalistic practice focusing on fake sport news websites. It evolves from the fact that, despite the progressive benefits of the digital revolution, the rise of fake news websites has become common practice associated with the clickbait that spreads rumours posted on unofficial accounts often with a journalistic pretext. The aim of this study was to examine how fake digital sport news reporting impacts on professional journalistic practice. The objectives of the study were: to describe the nature of internet-based fake sport news stories and websites; to assess the credibility of sport news disseminated through fake news sites, and to determine the implications of fake sport news stories and websites on standard news practice. The descriptive design within the qualitative interpretive paradigm was used to determine the negative effect that fake sport news has on professional journalistic practice. Qualitative content analysis of ten sample news excerpts and in-depth interviews with sixteen expert informants were complementarily used to collect data. Interpretive phenomenological analysis was applied to generate discursive themes which yielded the study outcomes. The data from screenshots and interviews were collected, corroborated and analysed, using content and thematic analysis techniques. After analysing both the screenshots and the interviews, a total of eight themes emerged from the study. The study notes how fake sport news and its associated litany of misinformation and/or disinformation has contributed to the creation of false hypes about sports news to the detriment of professional journalism practice. The study revealed that fake sport news is prominent on social media and poses a major challenge to journalistic integrity and credibility. From the various screenshots, fake headlines were identified as a contributing factor to the rise of fake news stories. It was also found that fake sport news has a negative effect on journalism practice, as it spreads lies, makes people more interested in emotional stories and forces credible news agencies to also use sensational headlines to gain the attention of an audience. The interviews revealed that characteristics of fake sport news stories are exaggerated, misleading, have no source or attributions, no by-lines or unknown authors and misrepresent so-called facts. iv vi The study recommends that research, fact-checking, naming and shaming people/websites that popularize fake sport news should be made known to the public; proper training and assertion of certain rules, regulations and ethics for new reporters and journalists to follow and stick to; there must be thorough research and cross checking of information gained from a secondary source; a governing body to possibly monitor and crack down on serial propagators and spreaders of fake sports news stories; sport journalists should alert readers of fake sport news and fake sport news websites, as these are common in sport due to the popularity of sport news sites; and sport journalists should stay away from reporting/re-writing and sharing fake news in order to maintain credibility and ethics in sport news reporting.

‬‭Journalists‬‭ are‬‭ increasingly‬‭ expected‬‭ to‬‭ be‬‭ active‬‭ on‬‭ social‬‭ media‬‭ to‬‭ enhance‬‭ their‬‭ reporting‬‭ and‬‭ personal‬‭ brands.‬‭ They‬‭ must‬‭ blend‬‭ personal‬‭ and‬‭ professional‬‭ content‬‭ and‬‭ navigate‬‭ the‬‭ distinct‬‭ logic‬‭ of‬‭ social‬‭ media‬‭ while‬‭ also‬‭ balancing‬‭ the‬‭ expectations‬‭ of‬‭ the‬‭ media‬‭ organizations.‬‭ The‬‭ purpose‬‭ of‬‭ this‬‭ study‬‭ is‬‭ to‬‭ investigate‬‭ Swedish‬‭ journalists’‬‭ perspective‬‭ on‬‭ personal‬‭ branding‬‭ on‬‭ social‬‭ media‬‭ in‬‭ relation‬‭ to‬‭ journalistic‬‭ values,‬‭ by‬‭ answering‬‭ the‬‭ following questions:‬‭ How‬‭ do‬‭ journalists‬‭ perceive‬‭ the‬‭ relationship‬‭ between‬‭ personal‬‭ branding‬‭ on‬‭ social‬‭ media‬‭ and‬‭ journalistic norms, ideals and practices?‬‭ What‬‭ attitudes‬‭ are‬‭ evident‬‭ in‬‭ the‬‭ journalists’‬‭ perception‬‭ of‬‭ personal‬‭ branding‬‭ on‬‭ social‬‭ media?‬‭ How‬‭ do‬‭ journalists‬‭ perceive‬‭ the‬‭ integration‬‭ of‬‭ journalistic‬‭ norms,‬‭ ideals‬‭ and‬‭ practices‬‭ in the use of social media?‬‭ Do‬‭ they‬‭ perceive‬‭ any‬‭ kind‬‭ of‬‭ conflicts‬‭ between‬‭ personal‬‭ branding‬‭ on‬‭ social‬‭ media‬‭ and‬‭ journalistic norms, ideals and practices?‬‭ The‬‭ study‬‭ adopts‬‭ a‬‭ qualitative‬‭ method,‬‭ using‬‭ eight‬‭ semi-structured‬‭ interviews‬‭ to‬‭ collect‬‭ the‬‭ empirical‬‭ material.‬‭ It‬‭ was‬‭ analyzed‬‭ through‬‭ a‬‭ thematic‬‭ analysis‬‭ together‬‭ with‬‭ the‬‭ theoretical‬‭ framework‬‭ consisting‬‭ of‬‭ journalistic‬‭ ideology,‬‭ boundary‬‭ work,‬‭ branding‬‭ strategy‬‭ and‬‭ personal‬‭ branding.‬‭ According‬‭ to‬‭ the‬‭ findings,‬‭ Swedish‬‭ journalists‬‭ have‬‭ mixed‬‭ feelings‬‭ about‬‭ personal‬‭ branding‬‭ on‬‭ social‬‭ media.‬‭ While‬‭ a‬‭ strong‬‭ personal‬‭ brand‬‭ benefits‬‭ both‬‭ individual‬‭ journalists‬‭ and‬‭ their‬‭ journalistic‬‭ mission,‬‭ social‬‭ media‬‭ poses‬‭ numerous‬‭ challenges,‬‭ requiring‬‭ them‬‭ to‬‭ balance‬‭ their‬‭ personal‬‭ and‬‭ professional‬‭ identities‬‭ responsibly.‬‭ The‬‭ journalists‬‭ recognize‬‭ that‬‭ while‬‭ traditional‬‭ journalistic‬‭ ideals‬‭ can‬‭ be‬‭ integrated‬‭ into‬‭ social‬‭ media‬‭ use‬‭ and‬‭ the‬‭ strategies‬‭ of‬‭ personal‬‭ branding,‬‭ they‬‭ require‬‭ adaptation‬‭ to‬‭ social‬‭ media's‬‭ logic.‬‭ Maintaining‬‭ the‬‭ boundaries‬‭ of‬‭ legitimate‬‭ journalism‬‭ is‬‭ challenging‬‭ in‬‭ the‬‭ evolving‬‭ media‬‭ landscape,‬‭ despite‬‭ journalists'‬‭ desire‬‭ to‬‭ adhere‬‭ to‬‭ professional‬‭ standards.‬‭ The‬‭ findings‬‭ reveal‬‭ how‬‭ this‬‭ new‬‭ practice affects journalism, influencing both individual careers and the broader industry.‬‭

The objective of this work is the overall analysis of imaging the literary figures of journalists who appear in contemporary detective and crime novels in North America. Result of work is the creation of basic typology of literary figures journalists - detectives (men), who dominates in these novels. In the first part the author deals with the problems of literary characters and its analysis. Author presents a basic overview of the most significant literary figures of journalists who appeared in the literature across the provenances and history. In the second chapter Helena Eliášová deals with the history and main characteristics of detective and crime fiction. The third chapter is focused on the position of journalists in North America and briefly outlines the North American media system and the dominant elements in it. The fourth chapter presents the basic typology of journalists - a man in the contemporary criminal detective novel of North America. In the fifth chapter, the author deals with the problem of creating and eliminating myths of journalist as a detective character. It focuses on displaying his physiognomy and abilities and characteristics. In the final chapter, the author focuses on the stereotypes that are associated with the figure of the classic journalists and shows the variations...

O jornalismo transnacional (in. cross border journalism; es. periodismo transfronteirizo; din. journalistik over grænser) ganhou visibilidade nos anos 2010 a partir de séries como o OffshoreLeaks e o SwissLeaks, por estabelecer uma rede de investigação colaborativa entre equipes de diferentes países em torno de temas de relevância continental ou mundial, que normalmente envolvem estratagemas nas finanças internacionais com fins ilícitos. Tais séries jornalísticas são o ponto de partida desta tese, sendo contextualizadas com a renovação dos marcos do jornalismo profissional, que inclui o jornalismo pós-industrial (ANDERSON, BELL&SHIRKY, 2013), o qual coincide com uma \"improvável época de ouro do jornalismo investigativo\" (LEWIS, 2009). Procura-se, na presente pesquisa, mapear um território de pioneiros dessa prática de imprensa, que atrai jornalistas veteranos e interessa até às redações clássicas. A partir das constatações do crescimento dessa prática, esta tese procura refletir sobre essa tendência e identificar nela fundamentos de um método, ainda que não plenamente consolidado. E de tal método extrair elementos para um conceito, cuja prática expõe as assimetrias da globalização e se projeta numa \"sociedade civil global\" (IANNI, 1996; KALDOR, 2003). Praticado por jornalistas investigativos como David Kaplan e jornalistas-pesquisadoras como a dinamarquesa Brigitte Alfter (2015) e a chilena Florencia Melgar Hourcade (2015), o jornalismo transnacional se beneficia do saber acumulado pelo \"jornalismo de dados\" e pelo \"jornalismo sem fins lucrativos\", o que estimula uma cultura não competitiva entre redações, fortalece empreendimentos não corporativos e dá abertura a uma estimulante discussão sobre identidade profissional. No campo teórico, esta tese investiga se essa nova fronteira profissional da imprensa subsidia de fato a emergência de uma opinião pública global de caráter generalista na medida em que abre um horizonte multifacetado e plural para o conceito de objetividade jornalística (agora entendida como transparência), e na medida em que incorpora valores de uma \"ética de jornalismo global\" (WARD, 2005, 2008, 2010). / The cross border journalism (es. periodismo transfronteirizo; din. journalistik over grænser; pt. jornalismo transnacional) gained visibility in the years 2010 from series like OffshoreLeaks and SwissLeaks, by establishing a network of collaborative reporting between teams from different countries around issues of continental or global relevance, which usually involves stratagems in international finances for illicit purposes. These journalistic series are the starting point of this thesis, and they are contextualized with the renovation of the milestones of professional journalism, including the post-industrial journalism (ANDERSON, BELL & SHIRKY, 2013) and its coincidence with an \"unlikely golden era of investigative journalism\" (LEWIS, 2009). The research tries to report this territory of pioneers of this new practice from press, which attracts veteran journalists and interests even the classic newsrooms. From the factual findings, this thesis aims to reflect on this trend identifying foundations of a method, although not fully consolidated, and tries to extract therefrom the elements of a concept, and relating its practice to an emergent \"global civil society\" (IANNI, 1996; KALDOR, 2003) and exposing the asymmetries of globalization. Practiced by investigative journalists like David Kaplan and journalists-researchers as the Danish Brigitte Alfter (2015) and the Chilean Florencia Melgar Hourcade (2015), the transnational method takes benefit from the accumulated knowledge by the \"data journalism\" and the \"nonprofit journalism\" and can stimulates a non-competitive culture among newsrooms. This journalism strengthens non-corporate enterprises and gives opening to a stimulating discussion about professional identity. In theory, this thesis investigates if this new professional frontier of press subsidizes indeed the emergence of a global public opinion in a \"generalist\" character as it opens to journalistic field a multifaceted and plural horizon to objectivity (now understood as transparency), and as it incorporates values from a \"global journalism ethics\" (WARD, 2005, 2008, 2010).

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Black journalists in South Africa have played a crucial role in exposing the political oppression of black South Africans during the Apartheid era. In this regard the Sowetan newspaper made a great contribution. However, the political role that black women journalists played at the Sowetan has been ignored, before and after 1994. After 1994, political black women journalists at the Sowetan continued to make strides despite the hostile environment that these women journalists worked in. The limitation of beats and assignments, lack of promotions and many other challenges that black women journalists faced during this period made their work environment unfriendly and hostile towards their performance. This study examines the political role made by black women journalists at the Sowetan newspaper from 1994 to 1999. The study shows how the black women journalists brought different perspectives in news at the Sowetan through their manner of reporting and also how they viewed matters within the context of a new democracy in South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Swart joernaliste in Suid-Afrika het ’n onontbeerlike rol gespeel in die onthulling van die politieke onderdrukking van swart Suid-Afrikaners tydens die apartheidsjare. In hierdie verband het die Sowetan-koerant ’n groot bydrae gelewer. Die politieke rol van swart vrouejoernaliste by die Sowetan is egter geïgnoreer, voor en ná 1994. Ná 1994 het politieke swart vrouejoernaliste by die Sowetan steeds opgang gemaak, ten spyte van die vyandige omgewing waarin hierdie vroue gewerk het. Beperkte opdragte en spesialisonderwerpe om te dek, ’n gebrek aan bevordering en die talle ander uitdagings wat swart vrouejoernaliste in hierdie tydperk moes trotseer, het hul werksomgewing onvriendelik en vyandig gemaak met betrekking tot hul werksverrigting. Hierdie studie ondersoek die politieke rol wat vanaf 1994 tot 1999 deur swart vrouejoernaliste by die Sowetan gespeel is. Die studie toon aan hoe die swart vrouejoernaliste ander nuusperspektiewe na die Sowetan gebring het, met die wyse waarop hulle verslag gedoen het en ook waarop hulle aangeleenthede in die breë verband van ’n nuwe demokratiese bestel in Suid-Afrika beskou het.

本研究從勞動觀點出發，檢視台灣媒體組織中的非典型雇用新聞工作者的勞動樣貌，並探討在非典型雇用型態下勞資雙方在生產過程中的互動與關係轉變。非典型雇用新聞工作者則既是受雇於資方的勞工，同時也可視作個人企業。做為勞工，非典型新聞工作者的各項勞動條件幾乎都不如正職工作者；做為個人企業，非典型新聞工作者需獨自面對外在環境變動的風險。正向來看非典型雇用是對於僵化體制的抵抗與反動，脫離組織換取自主性與自由，甚至帶來權力翻轉改變；反向思考則以社會學家Buroway「製造甘願」的概念為基礎，說明非典型新聞工作者對於資方過度剝削的順服，心甘情願參與資方所組織的趕工競賽，透過官僚、科技與價值觀的控制形塑出順服的意識型態。 研究結果依契約型態將新聞媒體產業中的非典型勞動力分為派遣／約聘新聞工作者、自由新聞工作者與獨立／公民記者三種類型，一般非典型雇用新聞工作者勞動條件都比一般正職工作者差，而三種型態的非典型勞動力的契約嚴謹程度會影響到勞動條件與自主性。不同的自主程度會影響到工作者的職業認同感與甘願的機制，派遣與約聘工作者的勞動過程中充滿不甘願的元素但受限於理想與現實卻被迫甘願；自由新聞工作者看似自由自主，但對工作延續性的焦慮也迫使他們落入競爭的遊戲中並自我限縮；獨立與公民記者以無償勞動換取絕對的自主權，然而要在眾多論述中取得框架的定義權，只能以自我剝削換取主流與個人媒體的轉引與跟進，勞動所產生的價值與實際付出不成比例。 本研究建議未來新聞產業界建立良好的新聞鑑價制度，並大力推行公民委製新聞平台，藉此提升台灣新聞產業勞動者的勞動條件與新聞產出品質。 / This research examined the labor of atypical employed journalists in the news industry in Taiwan, discussing the relationship changing between the capitalist and the labor during the production process. Atypical employed journalists are on the one hand the temporary workers who suffer the worse labor condition than permanent employees. On the other hand, they viewed themselves as self enterprise that faced external risks alone. Positive speaking, atypical employment was the resistance of traditional rigid discourse. For the sake of freedom and autonomy, workers leaved organizations and anticipated power reversal. Negatively, based on Buroway’s concept of “manufacturing consent,” this study illustrated how atypical employees submitted to the capitalist’s over-exploitation, willing to making out organized by the capital through the ideology formed by bureaucracy, technology and value control. The results revealed that atypical employed journalists were separated into three kinds: dispatched/contract workers, freelancers and independent/citizen journalists. Generally speaking, those temporary workers’ the labor condition were worse that permanent employees and the type of contracts would affect their working condition and autonomy. Different degree of autonomy could therefore inference occupational identity and consent. Dispatched and contract workers were forced to make consent with the capitalists due to ideal and reality; freelancers seemed to enjoy the freedom and autonomy, but the anxiety to job sustainability forced them to join the competitive game and self-constraint; independent and citizen journalists’ free labor guaranteed the absolute autonomy, but they had to work hard and even self-exploit in order to take advantage of frame disputes in both main stream and personal media. The value conducted during the labor process and the effort they made were out of proportion. This study suggested establishing complete news valuation system, and supporting community-funded reporting to upgrade the labor condition and report quality in the news industry in Taiwan.

This research explores to what extent the community newspaper, Fourways Review, which is distributed to a geographically demarcated area in Johannesburg’s northern suburbs, is fulfilling the community’s expectations; how community members use the newspaper and how Fourways Review’s community journalists define their roles. The research uses a qualitative approach to collect data through face-to-face, in-depth interviews with a sample of 30 community members and eight news team members; and one week of participant observation in the newsroom. Data is analysed through a constant comparative technique. The research finds Fourways Review is accepted in the community but is not as community-minded as a community newspaper should be, which affects how the community members use the publication. Community member respondents attribute the criticism to the influence of a market-driven approach to reporting. This is echoed by the news team respondents who say news production is influenced by community, advertising and inter-departmental pressures. / Communication Science / M.A. (Communication Studies)