Contexto: É progressivo e significativo o número de empresas que estão distribuindo seus processos de produção de software ao redor do mundo visando ganhos de produtividade, redução de custos e melhorias na qualidade. Por isso, o Desenvolvimento Distribuído de Software (DDS) tem suscitado grande número de pesquisas na área de engenharia de software nos últimos anos e, os engenheiros, em reconhecimento à grande influência desta forma de trabalho, estão em busca de modelos e processos que facilitem produção de software, com equipes geograficamente dispersas. Além dos engenheiros, gerentes e executivos têm enfrentado desafios e dificuldades em diferentes níveis, envolvendo fatores gerenciais, em especial quanto ao monitoramento de projetos. O monitoramento de projetos de software é determinante para que se obtenha êxito em seu desenvolvimento. Quanto ao desenvolvimento de software, uma técnica que conquistou destaque é o Kanban, empregado junto à metodologias ágeis, neste sentido, é possível ressaltar também o uso de Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) em modelos que presam pelo gerenciamento e monitoramento de projetos. Objetivo: Nesta perspectiva, o objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é comprovar a seguinte hipótese: “Um projeto distribuído de software pode ter o cronograma de suas atividades monitoradas, por meio de um processo que aplique a técnica do Kanban e a modelagem BPMN”. Para tal, foi implementado um processo que aplica a técnica mencionada, junto à notação, como instrumento para a validação da hipótese. Métodos e Procedimentos: Com o propósito de comprovar a referida hipótese, foi utilizado o método experimental, o qual contou com 82 participantes, que trabalharam distribuidamente. Resultados: Após a realização do experimento, foram sistematizadas as informações; estes revelaram que a hipótese supracitada é válida, por conseguinte o processo proposto, que aplica as técnicas do Kanban e a modelagem BPMN, é efetivo no monitoramento do cronograma das atividades em um projeto distribuído. Espera-se que, com este resultado, a técnica Kanban, pouco explorada no DDS seja vista como vantajosa, por gerentes de projetos distribuídos, deste modo também melhorar o monitoramento das atividades em projetos desta natureza, e ampliar os materiais de pesquisa na área. / Context: It is progressive and significant number of companies that are distributing their software production processes around the world aiming gatasting productivity, reduced costs and improved quality. Therefore, the Development Distributed Software (DDS) has attracted large number of pesquisas in software engineering in recent years, and engineers, in recognition of the great influence of this form of work, they are looking for models and processes that facilitate production software, with geographically dispersed teams mind. In addition to engineers, managers and executives have faced challenges and difficulties, at different levels, involving managerial factors in spe cial as the project monitoring. Monitoring of software projects is crucial in order to obtain success in its development. As for the development of software, a technique that gained prominence is the Kanban inpreached by the agile methodologies, in this sense, it is also possible to emphasize the use of Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) models that presam for managing and project monitoring. Objective: In this perspective, the objective of this master thesis is to prove the following hypothesis: "A software distributed design can have cronograma of their activities monitored through a process to apply the technique of Kanban and modeling BPMN. " To this end, it implemented a process that applies the aforementioned technique, with the notation as a tool to validate the hypothesis. Methods and Procedures: In order to prove that mortgage is, we used the experimental method, which was attended by 82 participants, who tra-balharam dis-tribuidamente. Results: After the experiment, were systematized intraining; These revealed that the above hypothesis is valid, therefore the proposed process, which applies the techniques of Kanban and BPMN modeling is efftive in monitoring the schedule of activities in a distributed project. Espear that, with this result, Kanban technique, little explored in DDS is seen as advantageous for project managers distributed thus also me lhorar monitoring activities in projects of this nature, and expand the materials research in the area.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:14:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1994-10-11T00:00:00Z / Descreve as técnicas da filosofia 'Just in Time' e apresenta as modificações necessárias aos Sistemas Gerencias para que se tornem coerentes com a filosofia JIT, bem como meçam adequadamente a melhoria contínua da Empresa. Critica tanto o Custeio' Direto como o Custeio por Absorção, apresentando como alternativa o Custeio 'ABC'. Mostra como o JIT facilita o Custeio dos Produtos e destaca os aspectos estratégicos da Avaliação de Desempenho. Finalmente discorre sobre um estudo de caso apresentando propostas de melhoria.

Submitted by MÁRCIO GARCIA RODRIGUES null (marciogarcia@maxionsc.com) on 2016-04-28T15:54:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Marcio Garcia_280416.pdf: 2456536 bytes, checksum: b79ef40cb702a054ccb7d7f939704cf6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-02T12:54:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_mg_me_guara.pdf: 2472389 bytes, checksum: 1c7d0b1b7f5b2d9c139a65d762cda63a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T12:54:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_mg_me_guara.pdf: 2472389 bytes, checksum: 1c7d0b1b7f5b2d9c139a65d762cda63a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-21 / A crescente variedade de produtos nos sistemas atuais de produção é um grande desafio para a logística interna de abastecimento de materiais numa linha de montagem final, o abastecimento logístico precisa estar em concordância com a programação de produção de forma a disponibilizar para montagem o material necessário, no momento certo e na quantidade correta. A linha de montagem objeto do estudo acompanha esta tendência. Nela são montados modelos variados de chassis. Desta forma, o objetivo geral da pesquisa é desenvolver um modelo de abastecimento para linha de montagem multiprodutos, onde o ponto principal do trabalho é a definição do conceito mais adequado de acordo com o tipo e quantidade do material a ser abastecido. Através de uma pesquisa-ação foi proposto um modelo de abastecimento de linha que demonstrou uma redução de aproximadamente 50% da área ocupada na borda de linha, em consequência da redução de materiais, e aumento de 3% da produtividade, em virtude das reduções das indisponibilidades e perdas por set-up de abastecimento. / The increasing variety of products in current production systems is a big challenge for internal logistics supply of materials to a final assembly line, the logistic supply must be in step with the production program, in order to provide the necessary material for assembly at the right time and in the correct quantities. The assembly line which is the object of this study follows the trend. On it, several models of chassis are assembled. Therefore, the general objective of this research is to develop a supply model for a multi-product assembly line, with the main focus of the work on determining the most suitable concept in terms of the type and amount of material to be supplied. Through research-action, a model to supply the line has been proposed, which demonstrated a reduction of approximately 50% of the area occupied alongside the line, due to the reduction in materials, and an increase of 3% in productivity, owing to the reductions in outages and losses during supply set-up.

Certains environnements ont besoin de plusieurs compilateurs, par exemple un pour le système d'exploitation, supportant la norme C/C++ complète, et l'autre pour les applications, qui supporte éventuellement un sous-ensemble de la norme, mais capable de fournir plus de performance. Le maintien de plusieurs compilateurs pour une plateforme cible représente un effort considérable. Il est donc plus facile d'implémenter et de maintenir un seul outil responsable des optimisations particulières au processeur ciblé. Il nous faut alors un moyen de relier ces compilateurs à l'optimiseur, de préférence, en gardant au passage certaines structures de données internes aux compilateurs qui, soit prendraient du temps, soit seraient impossible à reconstruire à partir du code assembleur par exemple. Dans cette thèse, nous introduisons Tirex, une représentation textuelle intermédiaire pour échanger des informations de bas niveau, déjà dépendantes de la cible, entre les compilateurs, les optimiseurs et les autres outils de la chaîne de compilation. Notre représentation contient un flot d'instructions du processeur cible, mais garde également la structure explicite du programme et supporte la forme SSA (Static Single Assignment). Elle est facilement extensible et très flexible, ce qui permet de transmettre toute donnée jugée importante à l'optimiseur. Nous construisons Tirex par extension de MinIR, une représentation intermédiaire elle-même basée sur un encodage YAML des structures du compilateur. Nos extensions de Tirex comprennent: l'abaissement de la représentation au niveau du processeur cible, la conservation du flot de données du programme, ainsi que l'ajout d'informations sur les structures de boucles et les dépendances de données. Nous montrons que Tirex est polyvalent et peut être utilisé dans une variété d'applications différentes, comme par exemple un environnement d'exécution virtuel (VEE),et fournit une base forte pour un environnement d'analyse du programme. Dans le cadre d'un VEE, nous présentons un interprèteur de la forme SSA et un compilateur just-in-time (JIT). Nous montrons comment l'interprétation d'une représentation au niveau du processeur cible élimine la plupart des problèmes liés à l'exécution en mode mixte. Nous explorons également les questions liées à l'interprétation efficace d'une représentation de programme sous la forme SSA. / Some environments require several compilers, for instance one for the operating system, supporting the full C/C++ norm, and one for the applications, potentially supporting less but able to derive more performance. Maintaining different compilers for a target requires considerable effort, thus it is easier to implement and maintain target-dependent optimizations in a single, external tool. This requires a way of connecting these compilers with the target-dependent optimizer, preferably passing along some internal compiler data structures that would be time-consuming, difficult or even impossible to reconstruct from assembly language for instance. In this thesis we introduce Tirex, a Textual Intermediate Representation for EXchanging target-level information between compilers, optimizers an different tools in the compilation toolchain. Our intermediate representation contains an instruction stream of the target processor, but still keeps the explicit program structure and supports the SSA form(Static Single Assignment). It is easily extensible and highly flexible, which allows any data to be passed for the purpose of the optimizer. We build Tirex by extending the existing Minimalist Intermediate Representation (MinIR), itself expressed as a YAML textual encoding of compiler structures. Our extensions in Tirex include: lowering the representation to a target level, conserving the program data stream, adding loop scoped information and data dependencies. Tirex is currently produced by the Open64 and the LLVM compilers, with a GCC producer under work. It is consumed by the Linear Assembly Optimizer (LAO), a specialized, target-specific, code optimizer. We show that Tirex is versatile and can be used in a variety of different applications, such as a virtual execution environment (VEE), and provides strong basis for a program analysis framework. As part of the VEE, we present an interpreter for a Static Single Assignment (SSA) form and a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. We show how interpreting a target-level representation eliminates most of the complexities of mixed-mode execution. We also explore the issues related to efficiently interpreting a SSA form program representation.

Neste estudo, foi comparada a eficácia de dois modelos de gestão de materiais: o primeiro foi o modelo tradicional, com controle manual e com reposição de estoque baseado em cotas preestabelecidas, adotado pelo Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo (HU-USP), desde 1981; e o segundo modelo, implementado em 2008, com gestão informatizada e reposição de estoque segundo os princípios do just in time. Assim, os objetivos específicos foram comparar a quantidade e o custo dos materiais médico-hospitalares consumidos e em estoque antes e após a implantação do Sistema de Gestão de Materiais informatizado (SGM) e, identificar o consumo dos kits cirúrgicos e anestésicos após a implantação do novo sistema. Trata-se de um estudo comparativo com abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvido no Centro Cirúrgico do HU-USP. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizados quatro instrumentos: planilha de movimento cirúrgico e a caracterização do paciente; planilha de consumo do material; planilha de kits cirúrgicos e anestésicos; e a planilha de dados sobre estoque de materiais. A população foi constituída por 400 itens de materiais médico-hospitalares do setor de Centro Cirúrgico, no período de fevereiro a maio de 2007 e fevereiro a maio de 2008. Os resultados mostraram que o consumo de materiais do Centro Cirúrgico em 2008 reduziu 8,13% em relação ao ano de 2007 e o custo total dos materiais consumidos tiveram um acréscimo de 2,20%, não tendo representação estatística significativa. Quanto aos kits de procedimentos cirúrgicos e anestésicos, nos quatro meses estudados no ano de 2008, 64,7% do consumo de materiais fizeram parte do kit e 35,3% foram materiais avulsos consumidos durante a cirurgia. Foram utilizados 81tipos de kits sendo que, 54 (66,6%) apresentaram um consumo de material abaixo de 51,9%. Houve uma redução de materiais em estoque no Centro Cirúrgico em 2008 de 26,22% em relação ao ano de 2007 e uma redução de 12,46% do custo / This study involved the comparison of the efficiency of two models of management of hospital medical materials: the first was the traditional model, manually controlled and with stock reposition based on pre-determined quotas adopted by the Hospital Universitário of the University of São Paulo (HU-USP) since 1981; the second model, implemented in 2008, was under an automated management and stock reposition system following the just-in-time parameters. The specific objectives of the study were thus (1) to compare the volume and the cost of the hospital medical materials used with the ones remained in stock before and after the implementation of the automated System of Management of Materials (SGM-Sistema de Gestão de Materiais); and (2) to determine the use of surgical kits and anesthetics also after the implementation of the new system. It also focused on a quantitative approach adopted in the Surgical Center of HU-USP. To achieve a comprehensive result, four types of Control Sheets were used to assemble the data: the surgical activity and the status of the patient; the volume of the material used; the surgical kits and anesthetics; and on the data of the stock of materials. The analysis involved 400 items of hospital medical materials of the Surgical Center sector in the month-periods of February to May of 2007 and of 2008. The results indicated an 8.13% reduction in the use of materials in the Surgical Center in 2008 as compared to 2007, and an increase of 2.20% in the total cost of material, the latter considered to be of no statistical significance. As far as the kits of surgical procedures and anesthetics are concerned, in the four-month period of 2008, 64.7% of the use of materials was out of the kit, and 35.3% represented other assorted materials used during the surgeries. 81 types of kits were used of which 54 (66.6%) decreased 51.9% in the use of kit-related materials. In 2008 there was a 26.22% stock reduction of materials in the Surgical Center as compared to 2007 and a 12.46% cost reduction

Este trabalho apresenta procedimentos que podem ser utilizados na programação da produção em um ambiente JIT. Esses procedimentos deveriam ser utilizados em sistemas clássicos de programação, onde a utilização do sistema kanban é inviável. O caso estudado se baseia em uma única máquina, com datas de entrega múltiplas e com penalidades distintas de adiantamento e de atraso para cada ordem. O objetivo a ser alcançado é a minimização do custo total. Para isso, é utilizado um procedimento de busca denominado beam search, para gerar as seqüências, e um algoritmo de inserção de ociosidade, para definir os programas. O algoritmo utilizado é uma generalização do algoritmo de GAREY et al. (1988) onde as penalidades são distintas para adiantamento e para atraso. O procedimento e o algoritmo são testados em várias condições sendo comparados com regras de despacho e com a função EXP-ET. Quando a função EXP-ET é utilizada com a possibilidade de inserção de ociosidade, o período de ociosidade ótimo é determinado. Assume-se que a dificuldade de solução do problema é dependente de dois parâmetros clássicos: fator de atraso médio e amplitude relativa das datas de entrega. Testes empíricos comparativos são realizados através de simulação computacional, onde se mede o tempo de solução e o valor alcançado pela função objetivo. Os resultados indicam que o desempenho dos vários procedimentos testados é altamente dependente dos dois parâmetros, mostrando que para a escolha de um procedimento apropriado, deve-se primeiramente conhecer o valor dos parâmetros. São fornecidos os resultados encontrados e os códigos computacionais utilizados no estudo. / This work presents some procedures which can be used in production scheduling problems in JIT environments. These procedures may be used in cases of classical production scheduling where the use of the kanban system is infeasible. The case studied is based on a single machine, with multiple due dates, and distinct earliness and tardiness penalties for each job. The objective function is to minimize total cost. A heuristic search procedure known as beam search is used to construct sequences of jobs, and an idleness insertion algorithm is used to obtain schedules. The algorithm used is a generalization of the GAREY et al. (1988) algorithm, where penalties are distinct for earliness and tardiness. The procedure and algorithm are tested in many conditions involving comparisons with dispatching rules and the EXP-ET function. When EXP-ET function is applied with possibility of idleness insertion, the optimal idleness period is provided. It was assumed that problem hardness is dependent on two classical parameters: average tardiness factor and relative range of due dates. Empirical comparative tests are conducted with computational simulation, where computational solution time and objective function value are evaluated. Results indicate that procedures performance is highly dependent on both parameters, showing that is necessary to know parameters values before choosing an appropriate procedure. The detailed results and computational code used in this study are also provided.

Obemannade flygfarkoster har varit omtalat sedan kriget mot terrorn startade 11 september 2001 och det förekommer fortfarande frågor kring hur systemet nyttjas och om det är moraliskt korrekt. Det finns många användningsområden för farkosterna som exempelvis lägesuppfattning, sökandet av försvunna personer, attackuppdrag med flera. Studien undersöker hur farkosterna används inom attackföretag samt den militära nyttan av systemet. Eftersom det finns olika uppfattningar kring hur systemet används i krig och konflikt så kommer studien att redogöra för olika uppfattningar samt att konkretisera dessa. Det moraliska synsättet på Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle, UCAV, i konflikt och krig skiljer sig åt. De som talar emot systemet menar att detta i sig är hotet och inte hur det nyttjas. Andra menar att taktiken idag är densamma i konflikt och krig sedan 1960-talet. Detta användningsområde är därför inget nytt enligt de etiska teorierna gällande konflikt och krig. Tillämpningen av systemet har skapat att individer har en negativ uppfattning av det, medan andra ställer sig positiva. Enligt denna studie kan det anses moraliskt försvarbart att nyttja detta system om kriget eller konflikten uppfyller majoriteten av de sju kriterierna i rättfärdig krigsteori, Just War Theory. Dock spelar andra faktorer in för att starta ett krig vilket komplicerar eventuellt användande av systemet. Såsom nationens befolkning, dess intresse av kriget/konflikten, vilken grad hotet har och vilken nytta nationen får ut av konflikten eller kriget. Om tidigare nämnda exempel överensstämmer med nationens intresse kan det påstås vara moraliskt försvarbart att använda UCAV för attackföretag. / Unmanned aerial vehicles, popularly known as drones, have been up to debate since the start of the war on terror, 11th September 2001, and there are still a lot of questions about their use and moral legitimacy. There are a lot of useful applications for this kind of vehicle for example, situational awareness, searching for lost people and attack missions. This study is going to investigate how these vehicles are being used within attack missions and and what their military utility are. Since there are a lot of different opinions on the system in war and conflict, the aim for this study is to make the ethics more concrete and evaluate what military utility this system gives. The moral aspects of UCAV, Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle, in conflict and war differ a lot from person to person. Those who are against this kind of system mean that the UCAV, in itself, is a threat and not as much to how it is used. Supporters of the system, on the other hand, argue that similar tactics have been used in war since the 1960s hence the system does not need any change in ethics and morals. However the system has got a negative reputation because of they way it is being used. This study shows that it is morally right to use UCAVs when the conflict or war meets a majority of the seven criteria of Just War Theory. However it is not as simple as that, there are a lot more factors that come in play. The population of the nation and its interests in the conflict or war, the threat level and what kind of profit the nation will acquire through it are important factors. If all of these criteria are met then the use of UCAVs for attack missions can be seen as morally just.

La responsabilité internationale est un ensemble de conséquences liées à laviolation des obligations internationales, soit le lien juridique par lequel un sujet de droitinternational est tenu, envers un ou plusieurs autres sujets, d’adopter un comportementdéterminé ou de s’en abstenir. S’il y a un comportement illicite, la Communautéinternationale peut intervenir, c’est ce que l’on dénomme souvent « droit d’ingérence ». Cedernier a évolué récemment vers une nouvelle terminologie introduite dans le rapport de laCIISE : « responsabilité de protéger ». C’est un concept selon lequel les Etats souverains ontl’obligation de protéger leurs propres populations contre des catastrophes de grande ampleur.Dans la dynamique du dépassement de l’antagonisme entre souveraineté et intervention, nousanalyserons le comportement de la Communauté internationale face à la « responsabilité deprotéger », le rôle qui lui incombe lorsque l’Etat faillit à ses obligations. Au-delà de cesauteurs, il reste encore à définir quels sont les bénéficiaires de cette protection, sa mise enœuvre et ses limites. Si la notion de « responsabilité de protéger » ne constitue pas seulementune nouvelle terminologie, garantit-t-elle un degré de protection plus élevé par rapport au« droit d’ingérence ». / International responsibility is a set of consequences connected to the violation ofinternational obligations, this being the legal ties which bind a subject of international law toadopt a defined way of behaving towards another or others or to abstain. If there is illicitconduct the International Community can intervene, which is often named “right ofintervention”. The latter hasrecently developeda new terminology introduced in the (ICISS)report: “responsibility to protect”. It is a concept according to which the sovereign states havethe obligation to protect their own populations against large-scale catastrophes.From theperspective of going beyond the opposition between sovereignty and intervention we willanalyse the behaviour of the International Community faced with the “responsibility toprotect”, its incumbent role when the state fails in its obligations.Aside from its creators itremains to be seen who will benefit from this protection, its implementation and its limits. Ifthe notion of the “responsibility to protect” not only constitutes new terminology, does itchange an issue already raised by the “right of intervention”: military deployment with aimswhich are not purely military?

For a composer of today, the relationship between new music and music from many centuries past remains problematic. In order to create something new, it is necessary to go beyond previous techniques of composition in some way. At the same time, new music that has no connection with music of the past runs the risk of irrelevance. Just tuning offers one possibility for reconciling this problem. By effectively warping music of the past through the lens of altered tuning and contemporary composition techniques, music of the past may be understood in previously unknown ways. Part I, the critical essay, presents historical background and analysis of a cycle of three works in altered/just tuning. Part II presents scores of the works.

Řada programovacích jazyků byla schopna zvýšit svoji rychlost výměnou běhových systémů stavěných na míru za obecné platformy, které pro optimalizaci používají just-in-time překlad, jako jsou GraalVM nebo RPython. V této práci vyhodnocuji, zda je použití takovýchto platforem vhodné i pro jazyky se závislymi typy nebo důkazovými systémy. Tato práce představuje koncepty -kalkulu a teorie typů potřebné pro úvod do závislých typů s relevantními algoritmy, specifikuje malý závisle typovaný jazyk založený na $\lambda\Pi$ kalkulu, a prezentuje dva interpretery tohoto jazyka. Tyto interpretery jsou psané v jazyce Kotlin, první je jednoduchý, psaný ve funkcionálním stylu a druhý používá platformu GraalVM a Truffle. GraalVM je platforma založená na virtuálním stroji Javy (JVM), která přidává just-in-time překladač založený na částečném vyhodnocení (partial evaluation) a Truffle je knihovna pro tvorbu programovacích jazyků využívající tento překladač. Závěr práce vyhodnocuje běhové charakteristiky těchto interpreterů na různých zátěžových testech.Závěry práce jsou ale silně negativní. Vliv JIT překladu není znatelný ani přes snahu optimalizovat běžné algoritmy z teorie typů, které jsou zjevně nevhodné pro platformu JVM. Práce končí návrhy několika navazujících projektů, které by lépe využily možnosti Truffle a které by byly vhodnější pro implementaci závisle typovaných jazyků.