Eit viktig område av språkvitskapen tar føre seg korleis born lærer språk. Denne masteroppgåva ser konkret på korleis tre norske born tileignar seg funksjonelle kategoriar, meir spesifikt hjelpeverb, negasjon, topikalisering, kv-spørsmål og underordning. To av hypotesane som er nytta for å undersøke dette er framhaldshypotesen og modningshypotesen. Ut frå båe er det utkrystallisert relativt generelle prediksjonar om syntaktisk språkutvikling, og i denne oppgåva er hypotesane primært nytta til å sjå om språkutviklinga til dei tre informantane er lineær eller ikkje lineær, altså i kva rekkefølgje den syntaktiske strukturen kjem til uttrykk gjennom språket deira over tid. Oppgåva har eit spesielt fokus på C-domenet, og analyseverktøyet som er nytta for å undersøke dette er ein hypotese om det sårbare C-domenet og ein syntaktisk modell av ein splitta CP. Datagrunnlaget som er nytta for å undersøke det ovannemnde er transkripsjonar av nyinnsamla opptak av spontan tale frå tre norske jenter i alderen 24 til 31 månader. Opptaka er gjorde med jamne mellomrom i eit halvt år. Den språkutviklinga ein finn i dataa som ligg til grunn for oppgåva, gir ikkje eintydig støtte til nokon av dei tre nemnde hypotesane, men ulike element av funna passar med delar av hypotesane. Spesielt syner linearitet seg å vere eit komplekst tema fordi setningsstrukturen på éi side ikkje ser ut til å utvikle seg trinnvis frå botnen og opp, men på ei anna side syner det ein kan kalle eit stabilitetsproblem, der dei høgaste delane av strukturen oftare er ikkje målspråklike enn dei lågare delane. I denne oppgåva vert dette skildra som at setningsstrukturen har meir og mindre stabile komponentar.

Ce mémoire traite des structures affines et de leur rapport à la géométrie de l'information. Nous y introduisons la notion de T-plongement. Il permet de montrer que l'ensemble des structures affines complètes du tore T^2 est une courbe projective de RP^2. En substituant à la contrainte topologique (compacité) une contrainte dynamique (action canonique de Aff_0(1) dans le démi-plan de Poincaré H^2)on démontre que l'ensemble S des structures Aff_0(1)-invariantes dans H^2 est une surface projective connexe dans RP^5 ne contenant aucun point complet. Un de mes résultats remarquables concerne la classification des éléments de S pour la relation d'isomorphisme.Nous exploitons un outil récent: la KV-cohomologie. Outre le rôle fondamental joué par la KV-cohomologie dans l'étude des points rigides dans certains modules des structures affines, elle nous a permis d'aborder avec succès une problématique qui est au centre de la géométrie de l'information. Cette problématique concerne la détermination des structures affines invariantes dans les variétés modèles statistiques qui sont invariantes par toute transformation non singulière de l'espace des paramètres. Celles-ci ont une signification pertinente en statistique. / This dissertation deals with modules of affinely flat structure and with their relationships between these structures and the information geometry. The so-called T-embedding is used to prove that the set of complete locally flat structures is an irreducible projective curve in RP^2. In the same way we prove that the set S of Aff_0(1)-invariant locally flat structure in H^2 is a connected projective surface in RP^5, which does not contain any complete point. We also give the classification up to isomorphism of S. We use the KV-cohomology to study the rigidity problem for locally flat structures. The main concern of information geometry is the study of geometrical invariants in statistical models. We perform the KV-cohomology to bring in control this problem.

During our education to become lighting designers at Jönköping University, the artificial lighting has been in focus. Therefore we wanted to learn more about daylight. We chose to do this from a visual approach in open plan offices. Since daylight is part of the architects´ responsibility to master, we wanted to examine what architects think of when they plan daylight environments in open plan offices and how this is expressed in the buildings with focus on the visual factors. Our questions at issue are: What knowledge do architects have concerning daylight planning, and how do they use this knowledge in their practice? How well do the chosen daylight environments meet the end-users need of a good visual environment? The study consists of three case studies, carried out in the same way. Each case study contains an analysis of the daylight environment in a modern building with open plan offices. A responsible architect was interviewed about the intensions for the building, and about his or her general thoughts about daylight. Three end-users were also interviewed about their experiences of their working environment and the daylight conditions in each building. In total three buildings were analysed, three architects and nine end-users were interviewed. The result shows that it is hard to tell what knowledge architects have about daylight, since it is a part of the overall design of the building. It is also very individual whether the architect displays an interest, and work with daylight issues in an active way. We can see differences in this matter between the interviewed architects. The analysed buildings also show varying results in the visual qualities. The results from our environment analyses are at most part confirmed by the end-users in each building. The problems we have found concerning the daylight environment are primarily the solar shadings and the layout of furnishing. Our conclusion is that architects could benefit from collaboration with lighting designers in daylight issues. This is because lighting designers have more knowledge about the visual conditions of the eye, and a more explicit focus on the end-user. To ensure a good collaboration the lighting designers also need to increase their knowledge about daylight in buildings, and about the building construction as a whole. / Under vår utbildning till ljusdesigners på Jönköpings Tekniska Högskola har fokus legat på det elektriska ljuset. Då vi ville lära oss mer om det minst lika viktiga dagsljuset, valde vi att undersöka detta ur ett visuellt perspektiv i kontorslandskap. Dagsljuset är arkitektens ansvar att behärska, varför vi ville undersöka vad arkitekter tänker på när de planerar dagsljusmiljöer i kontorslandskap, och hur detta yttrar sig i den färdiga byggnaden med fokus på de visuella faktorerna. Följande frågeställningar formulerades: Vilken kunskap har arkitekter om dagsljusplanering och hur använder de sig av denna kunskap i praktiken? Hur väl uppfyller utvalda dagsljusmiljöer brukarens behov av en god visuell miljö? Studien bygger på tre fallstudier utförda på samma sätt. Varje fallstudie innefattar en analys av dagsljusmiljön i en modern byggnad innehållande kontorslandskap. En ansvarig arkitekt intervjuades om intentionerna med respektive byggnad, samt om dennes tankar kring dagsljus i allmänhet. I respektive byggnad intervjuades även tre brukare om deras upplevelse av arbetsmiljön och dagsljuset. Totalt analyserades tre byggnader, och tre arkitekter samt nio brukare intervjuades. Resultatet visar att det är svårt att uttala sig om arkitekters kunskap om dagsljus, då det ingår som en del i gestaltningen av hela byggnaden. Det är även väldigt individuellt huruvida arkitekten intresserar sig för och aktivt arbetar med dagsljusfrågor. Vi ser stora skillnader i det avseendet hos de arkitekter vi intervjuade. De analyserade byggnaderna visar även skiftande resultat i dagsljusmiljöns visuella kvaliteter. Resultatet av våra miljöanalyser bekräftas till stor del av brukarna i respektive byggnad. Problemområden för den visuella dagsljusmiljön som vi fann, är i första hand solavskärmningar samt möblering i rummet. Vår slutsats är att arkitekter kan ha nytta av att samarbeta med ljusdesigners i dagsljusfrågor då ljusdesigners har en större kunskap om ögats visuella förutsättningar och ett tydligare brukarperspektiv. För att ett gott samarbete ska kunna upprättas krävs samtidigt att ljusdesigners ökar sin kunskap om dagsljus i byggnader, och om byggnaders konstruktion som helhet.

<p>During our education to become lighting designers at Jönköping University, the artificial lighting has been in focus. Therefore we wanted to learn more about daylight. We chose to do this from a visual approach in open plan offices. Since daylight is part of the architects´ responsibility to master, we wanted to examine what architects think of when they plan daylight environments in open plan offices and how this is expressed in the buildings with focus on the visual factors.</p><p>Our questions at issue are:</p><ol><li>What knowledge do architects have concerning daylight planning, and how do they use this knowledge in their practice?</li><li>How well do the chosen daylight environments meet the end-users need of a good visual environment? </li></ol><p>The study consists of three case studies, carried out in the same way. Each case study contains an analysis of the daylight environment in a modern building with open plan offices. A responsible architect was interviewed about the intensions for the building, and about his or her general thoughts about daylight. Three end-users were also interviewed about their experiences of their working environment and the daylight conditions in each building. In total three buildings were analysed, three architects and nine end-users were interviewed.</p><p>The result shows that it is hard to tell what knowledge architects have about daylight, since it is a part of the overall design of the building. It is also very individual whether the architect displays an interest, and work with daylight issues in an active way. We can see differences in this matter between the interviewed architects.</p><p>The analysed buildings also show varying results in the visual qualities. The results from our environment analyses are at most part confirmed by the end-users in each building. The problems we have found concerning the daylight environment are primarily the solar shadings and the layout of furnishing.</p><p>Our conclusion is that architects could benefit from collaboration with lighting designers in daylight issues. This is because lighting designers have more knowledge about the visual conditions of the eye, and a more explicit focus on the end-user. To ensure a good collaboration the lighting designers also need to increase their knowledge about daylight in buildings, and about the building construction as a whole.</p> / <p>Under vår utbildning till ljusdesigners på Jönköpings Tekniska Högskola har fokus legat på det elektriska ljuset. Då vi ville lära oss mer om det minst lika viktiga dagsljuset, valde vi att undersöka detta ur ett visuellt perspektiv i kontorslandskap. Dagsljuset är arkitektens ansvar att behärska, varför vi ville undersöka vad arkitekter tänker på när de planerar dagsljusmiljöer i kontorslandskap, och hur detta yttrar sig i den färdiga byggnaden med fokus på de visuella faktorerna.</p><p>Följande frågeställningar formulerades:</p><ol><li>Vilken kunskap har arkitekter om dagsljusplanering och hur använder de sig av denna kunskap i praktiken?</li><li>Hur väl uppfyller utvalda dagsljusmiljöer brukarens behov av en god visuell miljö?</li></ol><p>Studien bygger på tre fallstudier utförda på samma sätt. Varje fallstudie innefattar en analys av dagsljusmiljön i en modern byggnad innehållande kontorslandskap. En ansvarig arkitekt intervjuades om intentionerna med respektive byggnad, samt om dennes tankar kring dagsljus i allmänhet. I respektive byggnad intervjuades även tre brukare om deras upplevelse av arbetsmiljön och dagsljuset. Totalt analyserades tre byggnader, och tre arkitekter samt nio brukare intervjuades.</p><p>Resultatet visar att det är svårt att uttala sig om arkitekters kunskap om dagsljus, då det ingår som en del i gestaltningen av hela byggnaden. Det är även väldigt individuellt huruvida arkitekten intresserar sig för och aktivt arbetar med dagsljusfrågor. Vi ser stora skillnader i det avseendet hos de arkitekter vi intervjuade.</p><p>De analyserade byggnaderna visar även skiftande resultat i dagsljusmiljöns visuella kvaliteter. Resultatet av våra miljöanalyser bekräftas till stor del av brukarna i respektive byggnad. Problemområden för den visuella dagsljusmiljön som vi fann, är i första hand solavskärmningar samt möblering i rummet.</p><p>Vår slutsats är att arkitekter kan ha nytta av att samarbeta med ljusdesigners i dagsljusfrågor då ljusdesigners har en större kunskap om ögats visuella förutsättningar och ett tydligare brukarperspektiv. För att ett gott samarbete ska kunna upprättas krävs samtidigt att ljusdesigners ökar sin kunskap om dagsljus i byggnader, och om byggnaders konstruktion som helhet.</p>

The theme of this master‘s thesis is distribution network development and configuration in the part of Brno – Trnitá. There is expected to be investments there in the next few years. The thesis consists of two parts. For better understanding of this problem, the first theoretical part concerns with the description of electrical network (subdivision in accordance with voltage levels, conductor types, network types and other electrical network parts), solution of grid’s steady state (as a linear task and also non-linear task, elimination of the balancing node, the iterative method) and Brno distribution network characteristics. The second part concerns with distribution network development and configuration depending on anticipated load development in Trnitá. The result is proposal for transformer station construction Opuštěná fitted with three transformers of nominal output SN = 40 MVA and network configuration change required both for providing new consumption supply as well as sustaining current one.

No description available.

Le potassium (K+) est impliqué dans la régulation de l’excitabilité cellulaire, la régulation du cycle cellulaire, la viabilité cellulaire, la neuroprotection et le maintien des fonctions microgliales et oligodendrocytaires. Le dysfonctionnement des canaux potassiques, décrit dans plusieurs maladies neurodégénératives comme la Maladie d’Alzheimer (MA), la sclérose en plaques (SEP), la maladie de Parkinson et la maladie de Huntington, pourrait être une potentiel cible thérapeutique. Les mécanismes toxiques sous-jacents de ces pathologies neurodégénératives impliquent des oxystérols, dérivés oxydés du cholestérol, et des acides gras en relation avec le métabolisme peroxysomal. Le 7-cétocholestérol (7KC), le 24S-hydroxycholestérol (24S-OHC) et l'acide tétracosanoïque (C24: 0), souvent trouvés à des taux élevés au niveau du cerveau et dans le plasma de patients atteints de maladies neurodégénératives (MA, maladie de Nieman-Pick, SEP, maladie de Parkinson, maladie de Huntington et X-ALD conduisent une rupture de l’équilibre Redox qui aboutirait à la neurodégénérescence. Dans ce contexte, il est intéressant de déterminer l’éventuelle connexion entre environnement lipidique et homéostasie potassique. L’étude in vitro a été réalisée sur des olygodendrocytes murins 158N et les cellules microgliale BV-2. Nous avons montré que la lipotoxicité du 7KC, 24S-OHC et C24:0 implique une rétention du K+ faisant intervenir les canaux potassium voltage dépendant (Kv). Ces résultats ont montré que l'inhibition des canaux Kv conduisant à une augmentation la [K+]i contribue à la cytotoxicité du 7KC, 24S-OHC et C24:0. Nous nous sommes focalisés sur le canal Kv3.1b. La retention du K+ induite par les oxystérols (7KC et 24S-OHC) serait sous le contrôle de Kv3.1b. L’étude clinique réalisée sur du plasma de MA a révélé une corrélation négative entre le taux d’acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA) et la concentration de K+. Chez les souris transgéniques J20, modèle de la MA, l’étude de la topographie d’expression de Kv3.1b et d’Abcd3, au niveau de l’hippocampe et du cortex, a montré une baisse de l’expression de ces deux marqueurs. Dans leur ensemble, les résultats obtenus ont établi des relations entre lipotoxicité, métabolisme peroxysomal et altération de l’homéostasie potassique dans la neurodégénérescence et suggèrent une possible modulation de l’expression et de l’activité de kv3.1b dans la physiopathologie des maladies neurodégénératives. / Potassium (K+) is involved in the regulation of cellular excitability, cell cycle regulation, cell viability, neuroprotection and maintenance of microglial and oligodendrocytic functions. Potassium dysfunction, described in several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, may be a potential therapeutic target. The underlying toxic mechanisms of these neurodegenerative pathologies involve oxysterols, which are oxidized cholesterol derivatives, and fatty acids including those associated with peroxisomal metabolism. 7-ketocholesterol (7KC), 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) and tetracosanoic acid (C24:0), often found at increased levels in the brain and plasma of patients with neurodegenerative diseases (Nieman-Pick disease, MS, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and X-ALD) lead to a breakdown of the redox equilibrium leading to neurodegeneration. In this context, it is interesting to determine the possible connection between the lipid environment and potassium homeostasis The in vitro study was carried out on 158N murine oligodendrocytes and microglial BV-2 cells. We have shown that the lipotoxicity of 7KC, 24S-OHC and C24:0 implies retention of K+ involving the voltage dependent potassium channels (Kv). These results have shown that inhibition of Kv channels lead to an increase in [K +] i contributing to the cytotoxicity of 7KC, 24S-OHC and C24:0. The retention of K+ induced by oxysterols (7KC and 24S-OHC) would be under the control of Kv3.1b. A clinical study, on plasma of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, revealed a negative correlation between docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and K+ concentration. In the J20 mice, a transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease, the expression of Kv3.1b and Abcd3 was decreased in the hippocampus and cortex. Overall, the results obtained established relationships between lipotoxicity, peroxisomal metabolism and potassium homeostasis in neurodegeneration and suggest a possible modulation of the expression and activity of kv3.1b in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. So, modulation of Kv3.1 could constitute a new therapeuthic approach against some neurodegenerative diseases.

The theme of this diploma thesis is fittings of heating systems and it is divided into three parts. The first part deals with this topic on theoretical level. In the second part, there is a calculations and drawings that deals with heating and water heating of the apartment building in Uherské Hradiště. This part is solved in two variants concerning hydraulic balancing and regulation of the heating system. The last part of the thesis is an experimental solution and processing of pressure loss results of selected valves. These results are compared with the values reported by the manufactures of the valve.

This Master's thesis deals with solution of nonstandard operation connection of E.ON's 22kV distribution network in given area, considering the possibilities of operating dispersed electric power sources currently available, as well as possible power sources connected to the distribution network in the future and its potential operation limitation. A part of this paper is a description of calculation methods used for network evaluation in steady state, with emphasis on linear calculations used by E-Vlivy program, in which the operational possibilities are simulated. Therefore, a description of this program is also included. Suggested operation possibilities correspond with E.ON's valid distribution network operation rules. The outcome of this paper will serve to E.ON's 22kV network's controllers as materials for network operating in nonstandard operation states.

This Master's thesis is focused on connecting of new power sources into electrical network, particularly, the steady state and allowed voltage variation in network nodes, which occur in steady state before and after connection of a new power source into distribution network, with regard to valid legislation. The new power source in question is the new wind farm Drahany with active power of 45 MW, which should be connected into distribution network 110kV, operated by distribution company E.ON. The aim of this work is to find the most suitable connection point of a wind farm into distribution network, considering transmission capacity of individual electric lines and voltage variations in network nodes, as well as Drahany wind farm's investor's expenses on construction of a connection line to connection point and the distribution network's operator's expenses on modification of the connection point. Also, methods of calculating of electric networks in steady state are described in this paper, particularly, linear calculations, because these are needed for the calculations in E-vlivy program, in which the possible options of Drahany wind farm's connection into network 110 kV, in various places, were modeled. The description of the E-Vlivy program is also included in this paper. The E.ON company's materials form the basis for this Master's thesis, which will later serve as one of the documents needed for Drahany wind farm’s connection point evaluation into distribution network 110 kV.