No description available.

This research is focused on the multi-stress aging phenomena and lifetime estimation of 15 kV EPR cable. In order to gain the suitable parameters for the lifetime estimation, the aging study on the EPR cable samples as well as on the cable layers’ dielectrics samples was carried out at the High Voltage Laboratory of Mississippi State University. During the multi-stress aging study of 15 kV EPR cable samples, the EPR cable samples underwent electrical stress, thermal stress, and environmental effects. The aging time for the EPR cables varied from 650 hrs to 1300 hrs. An empirical aging model describing the cables’ lifetime was derived from the partial discharge measurements results. The aging study on the EPR cable layers’ dielectrics was achieved as well. The EPR insulation material samples were aged by combined electrical and thermal stress, while the material samples of inner semi-conducting layer, outer semi-conducting layer, and outer low-density polyethylene (LDPE) jacket were aged by thermal stress. The measurement data was used for the newly proposed lifetime estimation method. A new lifetime estimation method was introduced for the EPR cables. The method assumed that the failures of cables results from the expansion of voids/cavities initiated from the defects in the EPR insulation layer. The proposed lifetime estimation method applied the finite element method (FEM) to solve the electric field distribution inside the EPR cable with the existence of voids/cavities. The parameters were derived from the aging study on the EPR insulation material samples. Assuming the voids/cavities would expand in the direction of the maximum electric field stress, the lifetime of the EPR cables was then estimated through the iteration. The introduced method helped to establish a relationship between the aging study of insulation material samples and the aging of EPR cable samples, which was long missing in the past studies. It also provided a new way to assess the reliability of the EPR cable.

The thesis focuses on designing and characterizing SiC 3.3 kV Diffused Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (DMOSFET)s with a Ron that is significantly lower than that of current commercial devices. The On-state resistance and breakdown voltage are then adjusted by adding a Super-Junction structure. Because of the pillar structure below the p-base area, the depletion will occur both vertically and horizontally and keeps the electric field distribution throughout the drift layer constant. The Super Junction Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (SJ MOSFET) has a good advantage compared to DMOSFETs. Due to its capacity to tolerate higher breakdown voltages and the fact that it does not require an increase in cell pitch to reach higher voltages, the Super-Junction approach is now the subject of effective research as compared to IGBTs and DMOSFETs. Silicon Carbide , a material with a wide bandgap that facilitates high temperature operation, high blocking voltage, high current flow and high switching frequency, is used to construct the device. In order to maintain a consistent electric field throughout the device, the concentration of the n and p pillars was chosen with a good charge balance between them. The outcomes of designing and simulating a DMOSFET, a Semi-SJ MOSFET, and a Full SJ MOSFET are compared in this research. The semi SJ device resulted in a Ron of 18.4 mΩcm2 and a Vb of 4.1 kV. The full SJ device reached a Ron of 12.4 mΩcm2 and a breakdown voltage of 4.2 kV. One optimized device was chosen from the semi SJ devices and used in several TCAD simulations, and the outcomes were evaluated based on the JFET width, pillar thickness, and charge imbalance between the p and n pillars. In this study, the device was also modelled for 6.5 kV and 10 kV SiC blocking voltage capabilities; the findings are also discussed. / Denna uppsats fokuserar på att utveckla och karakterisera 3.3 kV kiselkarbidbaserade DMOSFET-transistorer med betydligt lägre framspänningsfall jämfört med kommersiella halvledarkomponenter. Framspänningsfallet och spärrspänningen modifieras genom att använda en pelarliknande halvledarstruktur i drift regionen, dvs. en super-junction [SJ] struktur. På grund av pelarstrukturen under p-bas området, uppträder utarmningsområdet av laddningsbärare både vertikalt och horisontellt och ger ett konstant elektriskt fält genom drift-regionen. Super-junction transistorer har flera fördelar jämfört med komponenter i DMOSFET struktur. På grund av sin kapacitet att motstå högre spärrspänningar och genom att strukturen inte behöver en större enhetscellbredd för att nå högre spärrspänning, så är just nu super-junction strukturer i stort forskningsfokus jämfört med IGBT och DMOSFET komponenter. Kiselkarbid, ett material med ett brett bandgap, möjliggör komponenter för höga temperaturer, höga spärrspänningar, höga elektriska strömmar, samt höga växlingsfrekvenser, har använts för att bygga de undersökta komponenterna. För att generera ett konstant elektriskt fält över drift-regionen, så har dopningsnivåerna för n- och p- pelarna valts för att hålla en bra laddningsbalans mellan dem. Simuleringsresultaten av dessa komponentstrukturer, DMOSFET, halv-SJ MOSFET, och hel-SJ MOSFET är jämförda i detta projekt. Halv-SJ MOSFET transistorn resulterade i ett framspänningsfall på 18.4 mΩcm2 och når en spärrspänning av 4.1 kV. Hel-SJ MOSFET strukturen uppnår ett framspänningsfall på 12.4 mΩcm2 och med spärrspänning av 4.2 kV. En optimerad halv-SJ struktur valdes ut för att genomföra ytterligare TCAD simuleringsstudier om effekterna av JFET bredd, pelartjocklek, samt laddningsobalans mellan n- och p- pelarna. I den här studien simulerades även komponentstrukturer för 6.5 kV och 10 kV spärrspänningsklasser; även dessa resultat diskuteras i rapporten.

Magistro darbe ištirta ir iš dalies įvertinta 10 kV kabelinių linijų Šiauliuose būklė: nustatytas bendras šio tipo kabelinių linijų ilgis, kabelių tiesimo metų ir kabelių tipų santykis, movų skaičius ir jų tipai, pateikta prognozė, kokių gedimų gali kilti ateityje. / The aim of the master's paper is to investigate and evaluate the 10 kV cable line state in Šiauliai city.The LESTO Šiauliai unit has provided information about the 10 kV cable lines used in Šiauliai city: common length of this type of cable lines, cable laying year and cable types, numbers of couplings numbers and their types. The information obtained was processed using Excel and Matlab, a cable length and installation year ratio and coupling types reflective graphics were prepared.

Ulvsunda is a former industrial area in Stockholm facing a politically uncertain future. The intention of the project is to explore what developing it under these very circumstances would imply. How do you design for uncertain futures? For time-limited use? In a first phase I looked at the densification of a block of land, and in a second phase the development of specific buildings. The response I propose are buildings general in their interior structure and at the same time very specific in their urban expression. Individual spaces are auctioned out repetitively over time according to a concept called ‘Solids’, responding to the demands on the area over time. / Ulvsunda är ett ’före detta’ industriområde i Stockholms som befinner sig i ett planeringsmässigt vacuum. Syftet med det här projektet är att undersöka vad en utveckling under just de förutsättningarna kan innebära. Hur designar man för en osäker framtid; för tidsbegränsad användning? I en första fas studerade jag förtätnings- och stadsrumsstrategier och i en andra fas utvecklades specifika byggnader. Mitt förslag innebär byggnader med en öppen intern struktur matchat med ett specifikt yttre. Användning tilldelas genom ett system av auktioner över tid enligt ett koncept som kallas ’Solids’, på så vis kan byggnaderna svara på platsens krav över tid.

Der neuronale Zelluntergang bei einer Vielzahl von Krankheiten des ZNS, wie z.B. Morbus Alzheimer (AD) und Temporallappenepilepsie (TLE), wird mit oxidativem Stress sowie Fehlfunktionen von Kaliumkanälen in Verbindung gebracht. In dieser Studie soll die selektive neuronale Sensitivität auf oxidativen Stress durch die Messung der oxidativen Modulation von Kaliumströmen untersucht werden. Dabei werden sternförmige Neuronen der zweiten Schicht des entorhinalen Kortex (EC) (bei AD bereits früh geschädigt) mit pyramidalen Neuronen der dritten Schicht des EC (früh geschädigt bei TLE) sowie hippocampalen pyramidalen Neuronen der CA1 Region (bei AD und TLE erst spät geschädigt) miteinander verglichen. Mittels patch-clamp Ganzzellmessung zeigt diese Studie die differentielle Hemmung spannungsabhängiger transienter (IA) und „delayed-rectifier“ K+-Ströme (IK(V)) durch Arachidonsäure (AA) und Wasserstoffperoxid (H2O2). Die intrazelluläre Applikation von AA (1 pM) reduzierte IA in Neuronen des entorhinalen Kortex signifikant stärker verglichen mit Neuronen des CA1. ETYA imitiert diesen Effekt, dies schliesst die Metabolite der AA als Mediatoren des Effekts auf Kaliumkanäle aus. Weder AA noch ETYA reduzierten IK(V). Im Gegensatz dazu reduzierte H2O2 IA in Neuronen des CA1 effektiver als in Neuronen der Schichten II und III des entorhinalen Kortex. Die Reduktion des IA, vermittelt durch AA, wurde durch Radikalfänger (Glutathion, Ascorbinsäure, Vitamin E Analogon Trolox) blockiert. Dabei verstärkten manche dieser Antioxidantien den Effekt der AA, dies legt eine komplexere Modulation dieser Ströme in Schnitten verglichen mit Kulturen nahe. Dies sollte bei der Entwicklung antioxidativer Therapien von AD und TLE berücksichtigt werden. Bei der heterologer Expression von Kv1.4 und Kv4.2 in HEK-293 Zellen wurden funktionelle Kanäle gebildet und A-Typ Ströme ausgelöst. Diese Ströme wurden nach der Applikation von 1 pM AA stark reduziert. ROS scheinen neben ihrer zellschädigenden Wirkung physiologische Prozesse zu regulieren, indem sie eine Reihe von Signalwegen beeinflussen. Da spannungsabhängige Kaliumkanäle vielen wichtigen zellulären Funktionen zugrundeliegen, könnte die Modulation dieser Kanäle durch ROS einen Mechanismus für die Feinabstimmung zellulärer Prozesse darstellen. / Oxidative stress and dysfunction of potassium channels are believed to play a role in neuronal death in a number of CNS diseases (e.g. Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy). The present study addresses selective neuronal vulnerability to oxidative stress by studying oxidative modulation of potassium channels in entorhinal cortex (EC) layer II stellate neurons (cell loss early in AD) and layer III pyramidal neurons (early damage in TLE), in comparison to hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons (late damage in TLE and AD). Using whole-cell patch-clamp, differential inhibition of transient IA and delayed rectifier K+-currents IK(V) by arachidonic acid (AA) and H2O2 was demonstrated. Intracellular AA (1 pM) reduced IA in EC neurons significantly stronger than in CA1 neurons. AA affected the voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation as well. ETYA mimicked the effect of AA, excluding its metabolites as mediators of IA modulation. Neither AA nor ETYA reduced IK(V). In contrast, a non-lipid oxidizing agent, H2O2 reduced IA more effectively and robustly attenuated IK(V) in CA1, compared to EC neurons. AA-mediated reduction of IA was blocked by free radical scavengers (glutathione, ascorbic acid, Trolox). Antioxidants did not simply inhibit AA and H2O2 effects. In particular, they even enhanced AA effects, suggesting more complex modulation of these currents in slices, compared to culture. Moreover, intracellular antioxidants, themselves, influenced maximal conductance and voltage-conductance characteristics of IA and IK(V). This should be considered in design of anti-oxidative therapies in AD and TLE. Heterologous expression of Kv1.4 and of Kv4.2 cDNA in HEK-293 cells formed functional channels and elicited A-type currents, which shared similar biophysical characteristics with native IA from the hippocampus. These currents were strongly decreased upon administration of 1pM AA, demonstrating that at least one of multiple sites for AA action is situated on the pore-forming alfa-subunit of the A-channel. In conclusion, beside contribution to cell damage, ROS may regulate physiological processes by acting on different signalling pathways. Since voltage-gated K+-channels underlie many important cellular functions modulation of these channels by ROS would represent a mechanism for fine tuning of cellular processes.

No description available.

O conceito de preservação ambiental dos dias atuais não permite que haja exageros na utilização dos bens naturais, fazendo com que as pessoas se adaptem e reduzam a utilização, ou promovam a reciclagem de materiais. Nessa conjuntura, esse trabalho de doutorado versa sobre a especificação e a necessidade de se obter novos padrões estruturais e elétricos de cruzetas a serem utilizados nas redes de distribuição de 15 kV e procurará desenvolver opções compatíveis com a preservação do meio ambiente. Neste sentido, o principal foco está direcionado à definição de novas geometrias para as cruzetas de madeira, induzindo a uma redução direta na utilização das madeiras retiradas de florestas tropicais. Cabe colocar que quando da proposição de uma nova geometria, todos os aspectos elétricos e mecânicos relacionados à definição deste novo padrão devem ser descritos e comprovados em termos da viabilidade prática e t´técnica de aplicação, dispondo-se de várias análises e procedimentos de testes que o garantam frente às possíveis operações que o sistema elétrico, na classe de tensão de 15 kV, venha a enfrentar. Na realização do trabalho, utilizou-se três softwares, o Alternative Transients Program (ATP), o FLUX 3D e o DIgSILENT PowerFactory, para as simulações dos transitórios eletromagnéticos, simulações de campos elétricos e análises de desempenho das linhas, respectivamente. Pela metodologia aplicada, os resultados observados ressaltam uma considerável margem de segurança no comprimento da estrutura da cruzeta atualmente empregada em campo, permitindo a diminuição desejada e confiável para um modelo alternativo. / The current concept of environmental preservation does not allow any exaggeration in the use of natural resources, leading people to adapt themselves and reduce the use, or promote the recycling of materials. At this juncture, this doctoral work focuses on the specification and the need to obtain new structural and electrical patterns for crossarms to be used in 15 kV distribution networks and seek to develop compatible options with the preservation of the environment. In this sense, the main focus is directed toward the definition of new geometries for wood crossarms, inducing an evident reduction in the use of wood taken from tropical forests. It is important to place that when a new geometry is proposed, all electrical and mechanical aspects related to the definition of this new pattern should be described and demonstrated in terms of practicability and technic of application, arranging various analyzes and testing procedures that guarantee it against the possible operations that the electrical system with voltage rating of 15 kV can be face. In carrying out the work, three softwares (ATP, FLUX 3D e DIgSILENT) were used for the simulation of electromagnetic transients, the simulation of electric fields and analysis of performance of the lines, respectively. For the methodology applied, the observed results highlight a significant safety margin in the length of the crossarm structure currently employed in the field, allowing the desired and reliable reduction for an alternative model.

O conceito de preservação ambiental dos dias atuais não permite que haja exageros na utilização dos bens naturais, fazendo com que as pessoas se adaptem e reduzam a utilização, ou promovam a reciclagem de materiais. Nessa conjuntura, esse trabalho de doutorado versa sobre a especificação e a necessidade de se obter novos padrões estruturais e elétricos de cruzetas a serem utilizados nas redes de distribuição de 15 kV e procurará desenvolver opções compatíveis com a preservação do meio ambiente. Neste sentido, o principal foco está direcionado à definição de novas geometrias para as cruzetas de madeira, induzindo a uma redução direta na utilização das madeiras retiradas de florestas tropicais. Cabe colocar que quando da proposição de uma nova geometria, todos os aspectos elétricos e mecânicos relacionados à definição deste novo padrão devem ser descritos e comprovados em termos da viabilidade prática e t´técnica de aplicação, dispondo-se de várias análises e procedimentos de testes que o garantam frente às possíveis operações que o sistema elétrico, na classe de tensão de 15 kV, venha a enfrentar. Na realização do trabalho, utilizou-se três softwares, o Alternative Transients Program (ATP), o FLUX 3D e o DIgSILENT PowerFactory, para as simulações dos transitórios eletromagnéticos, simulações de campos elétricos e análises de desempenho das linhas, respectivamente. Pela metodologia aplicada, os resultados observados ressaltam uma considerável margem de segurança no comprimento da estrutura da cruzeta atualmente empregada em campo, permitindo a diminuição desejada e confiável para um modelo alternativo. / The current concept of environmental preservation does not allow any exaggeration in the use of natural resources, leading people to adapt themselves and reduce the use, or promote the recycling of materials. At this juncture, this doctoral work focuses on the specification and the need to obtain new structural and electrical patterns for crossarms to be used in 15 kV distribution networks and seek to develop compatible options with the preservation of the environment. In this sense, the main focus is directed toward the definition of new geometries for wood crossarms, inducing an evident reduction in the use of wood taken from tropical forests. It is important to place that when a new geometry is proposed, all electrical and mechanical aspects related to the definition of this new pattern should be described and demonstrated in terms of practicability and technic of application, arranging various analyzes and testing procedures that guarantee it against the possible operations that the electrical system with voltage rating of 15 kV can be face. In carrying out the work, three softwares (ATP, FLUX 3D e DIgSILENT) were used for the simulation of electromagnetic transients, the simulation of electric fields and analysis of performance of the lines, respectively. For the methodology applied, the observed results highlight a significant safety margin in the length of the crossarm structure currently employed in the field, allowing the desired and reliable reduction for an alternative model.

Les demandes pour la préservation de l'environnement ainsi que les préoccupations pour un développement durable, ont augmenté considérablement ces dernières décennies à travers le monde. Ce souci environnemental est également présent dans l'industrie électrique et les approches d'éco-conception sont de plus en plus présentes dans la conception et la réalisation des composants et systèmes de transmission et de distribution (T & D) de l'énergie électrique. Cette étude est menée, dans le but d'analyser les impacts des systèmes de transmission de l'énergie électrique sur l'environnement, de localiser les principales sources de pollution environnementale. Les impacts environnementaux d'un cas réel du système de transmission à 765 kV AC du Venezuela sont étudies, à l'aide de l'Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV). Les principales sources de pollution de l'environnement du système de transmission sont localisées, qui sont les pertes d'énergie dans les lignes de transmission et les transformateurs de puissance ainsi que les émissions de SF6 des disjoncteurs. En outre, l'analyse des impacts environnementaux de l'Ultra Haute Tension (UHV) et Très Haute Tension (THT) de lignes de transmission est menée, concernant l'efficacité énergétique d'une série de lignes de transmission (500 kV AC, 765 kV AC, 1200 kV AC, ± 500 kV DC et ± 800 kV DC) et les émissions de CO2-équivalent en raison des pertes d'énergie dans les lignes de transmission ; et l'ACV d'une ligne de transmission à 1000 kV AC nouvellement construite en Chine.