Title: IT Security in Biomedicine Author: Ing. Anna Schlenker Supervisor: Ing. Milan Šárek, CSc. Abstract: The aim of this work is to propose a solution to the biomedical data security strategy. The work provides an overview of the most commonly used biometric methods designed to identify or authenticate users. From these methods, the keystroke dynamics was chosen and used in the application solution. The reliability of this method has been tested by classical and modern classification methods. The greatest benefit of the work is the use of the created application in combination with the measurement using integrated electromyography to objectify the evaluation of the work related to keyboard typing in terms of local muscle load. Keywords: Biometrics, Data Security, Keystroke Dynamics, Local Muscle Load

The development of keystroke logging programs and their use to study the writing process affords an opportunity to combine keystroke logging together with diagnostic tests to provide further information about the test-taking process beyond the given answers. This exploratory study provides a starting point for the usage of keystroke logging programs when taking diagnostic linguistic tests. Twenty-one Swedish students in upper secondary school took a morphological test in English that assesses morphological knowledge – which recent studies suggest is related to reading and writing development – using the keystroke logging program GenoGraphiX-LOG. Temporal and revision data, as well as GenoGraphiX-LOG’s provided statistical and visualization tools, were used to investigate the cognitive processes of the participants in relation to morphological knowledge. Haye’s model of the writing process and the Morphological Pathways Framework (MPF) was used to ground the analysis in current cognitive theory. The results reveal that higher-level processes such as evaluation and planning can be seen with the help of keystroke logging, as well as the integration of morphological information and spelling. The current analytical and visualization tools provided by GenoGraphiX-LOG require further development to streamline their usage together with diagnostic linguistic tests. / Utvecklingen av program för registreringen av tangenttryckningar och deras användning inom forskning om skrivprocesser bidrar ytterligare information om provtagningsprocessen utöver provsvaren. Denna explorativa studie ger en startpunkt för användningen av program för tangenttryckningsregistrering tillsammans med diagnostiska lingvistiska prov. Tjugoen svenska elever i andra året på gymnasiet utförde ett morfologiskt prov på engelska som utvärderar morfologisk kunskap – vilket relaterar till läs- och skrivutvecklingen enligt nya studier – med hjälp av programmet GenoGraphiX-LOG. Temporal och revideringsdata användes, tillsammans med programmets verktyg för statistisk redovisning och visualisering, för att undersöka deltagarnas kognitiva processer i relation till deras morfologiska kunskap. Hayes modell av skrivprocessen och Morphological Pathways Framework (MPF) användes för att förankra analysen i aktuell kognitiv teori. Resultaten visar att högre processer såsom evaluering och planering kan synliggöras med hjälp av registrering av tangenttryckningar. De nuvarande analytiska och visualiseringsverktygen i GenoGraphiX-LOG behöver utvecklas vidare för att effektivisera dess användning med diagnostiska lingvistiska prov.

Standardized methodologies for usability evaluation have been of interest to the Human-Computer Interaction(HCI) community for years due to their perceived advantages over non-standardized ones. Such methodologies include standardized questionnaires designed to measure usability, although it has been argued that such questionnaires can only measure user satisfaction and not usability in general. This study was conducted together with the editorial experience (EDX)team at Sveriges Television AB (SVT) in order to identify appropriate standardized methods for usability evaluation of the content management system they are currently developing, while at the same time exploring how questionnaire formats such as the System Usability Scale(SUS) could benefit from being complemented by objective measurement methods such as the keystroke-level model (KLM) and productive time. The project ran test sessions with participants using a benchmark version of the current content management system and a prototype of a redesigned version. SUS, KLM and productive time were then applied to both versions and compared. The results showed no significant difference in the usability of the two versions, although the study lacks reliable data to draw any strong conclusions. However, the data does raise interesting questions that may provide the groundwork for future research. This includes findings that may question the validity of SUS when used for the evaluation of prototypes and the benefits of objective measures to self-administered questionnaires.

The growing presence of the Internet in day-to-day tasks, along with the evolution of computational systems, contributed to increase data exposure. This scenario highlights the need for safer user authentication systems. An alternative to deal with this is by the use of biometric systems. However, biometric features may change over time, an issue that can affect the recognition performance due to an outdated biometric reference. This effect can be called as template ageing in the area of biometrics and as concept drift in machine learning. It raises the need to automatically adapt the biometric reference over time, a task performed by adaptive biometric systems. This thesis studied adaptive biometric systems considering biometrics in a data stream context. In this context, the test is performed on a biometric data stream, in which the query samples are presented one after another to the biometric system. An adaptive biometric system then has to classify each query and adapt the biometric reference. The decision to perform the adaptation is taken by the biometric system. Among the biometric modalities, this thesis focused on behavioural biometrics, particularly on keystroke dynamics and on accelerometer biometrics. Behavioural modalities tend to be subject to faster changes over time than physical modalities. Nevertheless, there were few studies dealing with adaptive biometric systems for behavioural modalities, highlighting a gap to be explored. Throughout the thesis, several aspects to enhance the design of adaptive biometric systems for behavioural modalities in a data stream context were discussed: proposal of adaptation strategies for the immune-based classification algorithm Self-Detector, combination of genuine and impostor models in the Enhanced Template Update framework and application of score normalization to adaptive biometric systems. Based on the investigation of these aspects, it was observed that the best choice for each studied aspect of the adaptive biometric systems can be different depending on the dataset and, furthermore, depending on the users in the dataset. The different user characteristics, including the way that the biometric features change over time, suggests that adaptation strategies should be chosen per user. This motivated the proposal of a modular adaptive biometric system, named ModBioS, which can choose each of these aspects per user. ModBioS is capable of generalizing several baselines and proposals into a single modular framework, along with the possibility of assigning different adaptation strategies per user. Experimental results showed that the modular adaptive biometric system can outperform several baseline systems, while opening a number of new opportunities for future work. / A crescente presença da Internet nas tarefas do dia a dia, juntamente com a evolução dos sistemas computacionais, contribuiu para aumentar a exposição dos dados. Esse cenário evidencia a necessidade de sistemas de autenticação de usuários mais seguros. Uma alternativa para lidar com isso é pelo uso de sistemas biométricos. Contudo, características biométricas podem mudar com o tempo, o que pode afetar o desempenho de reconhecimento devido a uma referência biométrica desatualizada. Esse efeito pode ser chamado de template ageing na área de sistemas biométricos adaptativos ou de mudança de conceito em aprendizado de máquina. Isso levanta a necessidade de adaptar automaticamente a referência biométrica com o tempo, uma tarefa executada por sistemas biométricos adaptativos. Esta tese estudou sistemas biométricos adaptativos considerando biometria em um contexto de fluxo de dados. Neste contexto, o teste é executado em um fluxo de dados biométrico, em que as amostras de consulta são apresentadas uma após a outra para o sistema biométrico. Um sistema biométrico adaptativo deve então classificar cada consulta e adaptar a referência biométrica. A decisão de executar a adaptação é tomada pelo sistema biométrico. Dentre as modalidades biométricas, esta tese foca em biometria comportamental, em particular em dinâmica da digitação e em biometria por acelerômetro. Modalidades comportamentais tendem a ser sujeitas a mudanças mais rápidas do que modalidades físicas. Entretanto, havia poucos estudos lidando com sistemas biométricos adaptativos para modalidades comportamentais, destacando uma lacuna para ser explorada. Ao longo da tese, diversos aspectos para aprimorar o projeto de sistemas biométricos adaptativos para modalidades comportamentais em um contexto de fluxo de dados foram discutidos: proposta de estratégias de adaptação para o algoritmo de classificação imunológico Self-Detector, combinação de modelos genuíno e impostor no framework do Enhanced Template Update e aplicação de normalização de scores em sistemas biométricos adaptativos. Com base na investigação desses aspectos, foi observado que a melhor escolha para cada aspecto estudado dos sistemas biométricos adaptativos pode ser diferente dependendo do conjunto de dados e, além disso, dependendo dos usuários no conjunto de dados. As diferentes características dos usuários, incluindo a forma como as características biométricas mudam com o tempo, sugerem que as estratégias de adaptação deveriam ser escolhidas por usuário. Isso motivou a proposta de um sistema biométrico adaptativo modular, chamado ModBioS, que pode escolher cada um desses aspectos por usuário. O ModBioS é capaz de generalizar diversos sistemas baseline e propostas apresentadas nesta tese em um framework modular, juntamente com a possibilidade de atribuir estratégias de adaptação diferentes por usuário. Resultados experimentais mostraram que o sistema biométrico adaptativo modular pode superar diversos sistemas baseline, enquanto que abre um grande número de oportunidades para trabalhos futuros.

<p>Keystroke logging records keyboard activity during writing. Time and position of all keystrokes are stored in a log file, which facilitates detailed analysis of all pauses, revisions and movements undertaken during writing. Keystroke logging further includes a replay function, which can be used as a tool for reflection and analysis of the writing process. During writing, writers continuously plan, transcribe, read, and revise in order to create a text that meets with their goals and intentions for the text. These activities both interact and trigger one another.</p><p>This thesis includes studies in which keystroke recordings are used as bases for visualisation of and reflection on the cognitive processes that underlie writing. The keystroke logging methodology is coupled with Geographical information systems (GIS) and stimulated recall in order to enhance the understanding of keystroke logged data as representations of interacting cognitive activities during writing. Particular attention is paid to writing revision and a taxonomy for analysis of on-line revision is proposed. In the taxonomy, revisions made at the point of inscription are introduced as ‘pre-contextual’ revisions, and highlighted as potential windows on cognitive processing during transcription. The function of pre-contextual revisions as revisions of form and concepts was ascertained in an empirical study, which also showed that 13-year-old writers revised more form and concepts at the point of inscription when they wrote in English as a foreign language (EFL) than in Swedish as a first language (L1).</p><p>In this thesis, a learning method, Peer-based intervention (PBI), is introduced and examined through case studies and statistical analysis. PBI is based on theories about cognitive capacity, noticing, individual-based learning and social interaction. In PBI, the keystroke-logging replay facility is used as a tool for reflection on and discussion of keystroke logged data, i.e. representations of cognitive processes active during writing. In the studies presented in this thesis, teen-aged and adult writers’ texts, written before and after PBI, were analysed according to text quality and revision. Descriptive and argumentative texts in both L1 and EFL were included in the studies. The results showed that PBI raised adult and teen-aged writers’ awareness of linguistic and extra-linguistic features, and that the effect varied across levels of learner ability, text type and language.</p>

Keystroke logging records keyboard activity during writing. Time and position of all keystrokes are stored in a log file, which facilitates detailed analysis of all pauses, revisions and movements undertaken during writing. Keystroke logging further includes a replay function, which can be used as a tool for reflection and analysis of the writing process. During writing, writers continuously plan, transcribe, read, and revise in order to create a text that meets with their goals and intentions for the text. These activities both interact and trigger one another. This thesis includes studies in which keystroke recordings are used as bases for visualisation of and reflection on the cognitive processes that underlie writing. The keystroke logging methodology is coupled with Geographical information systems (GIS) and stimulated recall in order to enhance the understanding of keystroke logged data as representations of interacting cognitive activities during writing. Particular attention is paid to writing revision and a taxonomy for analysis of on-line revision is proposed. In the taxonomy, revisions made at the point of inscription are introduced as ‘pre-contextual’ revisions, and highlighted as potential windows on cognitive processing during transcription. The function of pre-contextual revisions as revisions of form and concepts was ascertained in an empirical study, which also showed that 13-year-old writers revised more form and concepts at the point of inscription when they wrote in English as a foreign language (EFL) than in Swedish as a first language (L1). In this thesis, a learning method, Peer-based intervention (PBI), is introduced and examined through case studies and statistical analysis. PBI is based on theories about cognitive capacity, noticing, individual-based learning and social interaction. In PBI, the keystroke-logging replay facility is used as a tool for reflection on and discussion of keystroke logged data, i.e. representations of cognitive processes active during writing. In the studies presented in this thesis, teen-aged and adult writers’ texts, written before and after PBI, were analysed according to text quality and revision. Descriptive and argumentative texts in both L1 and EFL were included in the studies. The results showed that PBI raised adult and teen-aged writers’ awareness of linguistic and extra-linguistic features, and that the effect varied across levels of learner ability, text type and language.

The growing presence of the Internet in day-to-day tasks, along with the evolution of computational systems, contributed to increase data exposure. This scenario highlights the need for safer user authentication systems. An alternative to deal with this is by the use of biometric systems. However, biometric features may change over time, an issue that can affect the recognition performance due to an outdated biometric reference. This effect can be called as template ageing in the area of biometrics and as concept drift in machine learning. It raises the need to automatically adapt the biometric reference over time, a task performed by adaptive biometric systems. This thesis studied adaptive biometric systems considering biometrics in a data stream context. In this context, the test is performed on a biometric data stream, in which the query samples are presented one after another to the biometric system. An adaptive biometric system then has to classify each query and adapt the biometric reference. The decision to perform the adaptation is taken by the biometric system. Among the biometric modalities, this thesis focused on behavioural biometrics, particularly on keystroke dynamics and on accelerometer biometrics. Behavioural modalities tend to be subject to faster changes over time than physical modalities. Nevertheless, there were few studies dealing with adaptive biometric systems for behavioural modalities, highlighting a gap to be explored. Throughout the thesis, several aspects to enhance the design of adaptive biometric systems for behavioural modalities in a data stream context were discussed: proposal of adaptation strategies for the immune-based classification algorithm Self-Detector, combination of genuine and impostor models in the Enhanced Template Update framework and application of score normalization to adaptive biometric systems. Based on the investigation of these aspects, it was observed that the best choice for each studied aspect of the adaptive biometric systems can be different depending on the dataset and, furthermore, depending on the users in the dataset. The different user characteristics, including the way that the biometric features change over time, suggests that adaptation strategies should be chosen per user. This motivated the proposal of a modular adaptive biometric system, named ModBioS, which can choose each of these aspects per user. ModBioS is capable of generalizing several baselines and proposals into a single modular framework, along with the possibility of assigning different adaptation strategies per user. Experimental results showed that the modular adaptive biometric system can outperform several baseline systems, while opening a number of new opportunities for future work. / A crescente presença da Internet nas tarefas do dia a dia, juntamente com a evolução dos sistemas computacionais, contribuiu para aumentar a exposição dos dados. Esse cenário evidencia a necessidade de sistemas de autenticação de usuários mais seguros. Uma alternativa para lidar com isso é pelo uso de sistemas biométricos. Contudo, características biométricas podem mudar com o tempo, o que pode afetar o desempenho de reconhecimento devido a uma referência biométrica desatualizada. Esse efeito pode ser chamado de template ageing na área de sistemas biométricos adaptativos ou de mudança de conceito em aprendizado de máquina. Isso levanta a necessidade de adaptar automaticamente a referência biométrica com o tempo, uma tarefa executada por sistemas biométricos adaptativos. Esta tese estudou sistemas biométricos adaptativos considerando biometria em um contexto de fluxo de dados. Neste contexto, o teste é executado em um fluxo de dados biométrico, em que as amostras de consulta são apresentadas uma após a outra para o sistema biométrico. Um sistema biométrico adaptativo deve então classificar cada consulta e adaptar a referência biométrica. A decisão de executar a adaptação é tomada pelo sistema biométrico. Dentre as modalidades biométricas, esta tese foca em biometria comportamental, em particular em dinâmica da digitação e em biometria por acelerômetro. Modalidades comportamentais tendem a ser sujeitas a mudanças mais rápidas do que modalidades físicas. Entretanto, havia poucos estudos lidando com sistemas biométricos adaptativos para modalidades comportamentais, destacando uma lacuna para ser explorada. Ao longo da tese, diversos aspectos para aprimorar o projeto de sistemas biométricos adaptativos para modalidades comportamentais em um contexto de fluxo de dados foram discutidos: proposta de estratégias de adaptação para o algoritmo de classificação imunológico Self-Detector, combinação de modelos genuíno e impostor no framework do Enhanced Template Update e aplicação de normalização de scores em sistemas biométricos adaptativos. Com base na investigação desses aspectos, foi observado que a melhor escolha para cada aspecto estudado dos sistemas biométricos adaptativos pode ser diferente dependendo do conjunto de dados e, além disso, dependendo dos usuários no conjunto de dados. As diferentes características dos usuários, incluindo a forma como as características biométricas mudam com o tempo, sugerem que as estratégias de adaptação deveriam ser escolhidas por usuário. Isso motivou a proposta de um sistema biométrico adaptativo modular, chamado ModBioS, que pode escolher cada um desses aspectos por usuário. O ModBioS é capaz de generalizar diversos sistemas baseline e propostas apresentadas nesta tese em um framework modular, juntamente com a possibilidade de atribuir estratégias de adaptação diferentes por usuário. Resultados experimentais mostraram que o sistema biométrico adaptativo modular pode superar diversos sistemas baseline, enquanto que abre um grande número de oportunidades para trabalhos futuros.

Writing is one of the four skills that students learning a foreign language are supposed to acquire, and writing often has an important role in the language classroom. Furthermore, in the field of cultural and arts education, a process-oriented approach is considered essential for learning. However, even though we see an increased interest in emphasizing the writing process, in reality, what is often commented, discussed and graded is the final outcome - the product. Consequently, features of the writing process, like fluency, revisions, and pauses, are not considered. This thesis explores what information about the writing process might add to the picture. In this manner, the current study investigates the writing process of advanced Swedish EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners through keystroke logging programme. With the increased use of word processing tools, and not least with the development of keystroke logging tools, we now have the possibility to take also the details of the writing process into account. As Spelman Miller and Sullivan (2006:1) point out, “[a]s an observational tool, keystroke logging offers the opportunity to capture details of the activity of writing, not only for the purposes of the linguistic, textual and cognitive study of writing, but also for the broader applications concerning the development of language learning, literacy, and language pedagogy”. In the present study, a keystroke logging programme named Inputlog has been used, which allows researchers to get a better understanding of writing processes as well as cognitive processes during writing (Lindgren &amp; Sullivan, 2002).

Processen vid översättning av fasta fraser har hittills inte skänkts mycket uppmärksamhet inom den processorienterade översättningsvetenskapen. Denna deskriptiva studie försöker bidra med empiriskt material angående vissa aspekter av översättningsprocessen vid översättning av svenska fasta fraser till tyska. I undersökningen med sex tvåspråkiga försökspersoner, varav tre yrkesverksamma översättare och tre personer utan översättningserfarenhet, användes en kombination av en produktbaserad metod och processinriktade metoder som skrivloggning med Translog och retrospektion för att finna ut vilka översättningsstrategier vid översättningen av idiom och andra fasta fraser som väljs, på vilka vägar försökspersonerna kommer fram till sina slutliga val och om det kan skönjas några skillnader mellan yrkesöversättarna och lekmännen. Resultaten visar bl.a. att det var vanligast att översätta med parafrasering samt med en målspråksfras med liknande betydelse och liknande eller olik form, och att försökspersonerna kom fram till sina slutliga val med enbart få provisoriska skriftliga motsvarigheter, men genom en del längre överväganden kring betydelse och stil. Angående skillnader mellan de två testgrupperna framträder rätt tydligt att yrkesöversättarna överlag var försiktigare med användningen av direkta frasmotsvarigheter än de oerfarna deltagarna, men använde sig av parafrasering i mycket större utsträckning, samt att funderingar kring stilnivå, målgrupp och textfunktion i denna grupp var mera utpräglade. / The process in translating idioms and other fixed expressions has not yet been given much attention in process oriented translation studies. In this study involving three professional translators and three bilingual participants without any training or experience in translation, types and frequency of chosen translation strategies, the ways in which the participants arrived at their final choices, as well as possible differences between the two groups of participants were investigated, using a combination of product and process oriented methods such as keystroke logging with Translog and retrospection. Results indicate that paraphrasing and translation with an expression with similar meaning and similar or different form are the strategies most frequently used in both groups, and that there are only few occurrencies of preliminary versions in the writing process, but quite many examples of negotiation of meaning and style as expressed in the verbalizations. Compared with the novices the professional translators tended to be more cautious in their use of idiomatic equivalents and to consider aspects like target group or style and function of the target text more carefully.

Word prediction has been offered as support for children with spelling difficulties. The literature however has shown wide-ranging results, as the use of word prediction is at the cost of time and fatigue due to increased visual-cognitive demands. Spelling support with word prediction is through word completion, keystroke reduction and the interactive process between spelling and reading. The research project was a cross-over within-subject design using 80 Grade 4 – 6 children with spelling difficulties in a school for special needs. The research task took the form of entering 30 words through an on-screen keyboard, with and without the use of word prediction software. The subjects were divided into four groups, who completed the research task in combinations of one of two equivalent wordlists and the presentation order of the typing method used. The Graded Word Spelling Test, administered before the study began, served to investigate whether there was a relationship between the children’s current spelling knowledge and word prediction efficacy. The results indicated an increase in spelling accuracy with the use of word prediction, but at the cost of time and the tendency to use word approximations, which decreased as grade and age increased. Children’s current spelling knowledge could not serve as an indicator of who would be most likely to benefit from word prediction use. The cross-over design counter-balanced the effects of the inequalities in the two wordlists and the effects of practice and fatigue noted in the presentation order. Further research into the impact that more extensive training and practice would have on word prediction efficacy and the usefulness of word prediction in more functional writing is necessary. / Dissertation (M (Augmentative and Alternative Communication))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC) / unrestricted