Keyword queries are extremely easy for a user to write. They have become a standard way to query for information in web search engines and most other information retrieval systems whose users are usually laypersons and might not have knowledge about the database schema or contained data. As keyword queries do not impose any structural constraints on the retrieved information, the quality of the obtained results is far from perfect. However, one can hardly improve it without changing the ways the queries are asked and the methods the information is stored in the database. The purpose of this thesis is to propose a method to improve the quality of the information retrieving by adding weights to the existing ways of keyword queries asking and information storing in the database. We consider weighted queries on two different data structures: weighted binary relations and weighted multi-labeled trees. We propose adaptive algorithms to solve these queries and prove the measures of the complexity of these algorithms in terms of the high-level operations. We describe how these algorithms can be implemented and derive the upper bounds on their complexity in two specific models of computations: the comparison model and the word-RAM model.

Keyword queries are extremely easy for a user to write. They have become a standard way to query for information in web search engines and most other information retrieval systems whose users are usually laypersons and might not have knowledge about the database schema or contained data. As keyword queries do not impose any structural constraints on the retrieved information, the quality of the obtained results is far from perfect. However, one can hardly improve it without changing the ways the queries are asked and the methods the information is stored in the database. The purpose of this thesis is to propose a method to improve the quality of the information retrieving by adding weights to the existing ways of keyword queries asking and information storing in the database. We consider weighted queries on two different data structures: weighted binary relations and weighted multi-labeled trees. We propose adaptive algorithms to solve these queries and prove the measures of the complexity of these algorithms in terms of the high-level operations. We describe how these algorithms can be implemented and derive the upper bounds on their complexity in two specific models of computations: the comparison model and the word-RAM model.

A variety of experiments were carried out to study the dispersion and microstructure of carbon nanotubes in aqueous suspensions and polymer composites with the goal to improve the electrical conductivity of the composites containing nanotubes. Epoxy composites containing covalently and noncovalently functionalized nanotubes were compared in terms of electrical and mechanical behavior. Covalent functionalization of nanotubes is based on chemical attachments of polyethylenimine (PEI) whereas noncovalent functionalization takes place through physical mixing of nanotubes and PEI. The electrical conductivity is reduced in composites containing covalently functionalized nanotubes due to damage of the tube?s conjugated surface that reduces intrinsic conductivity. Conversely, the mechanical properties are always better for epoxy composites containing covalently functionalized nanotubes. Clay particles were used as a rigid dispersing aid for nanotubes in aqueous suspensions and epoxy composites. When both nanotubes and clay were introduced into water by sonication, the suspension is stable for weeks, whereas the nanotubes precipitate almost instantly for the suspension without clay. In epoxy composites, nanotubes form separated clusters of aggregation, whereas a continuous threedimensional nanotube network is achieved when clay is introduced. Electrical conductivity of the epoxy composite is shown to significantly improve with a small addition of clay and the percolation threshold is simultaneously decreased (from 0.05 wt% nanotubes, when there is no clay, to 0.01 wt% when 2 wt% clay is introduced). The addition of clay can also improve the mechanical properties of the composites, especially at higher clay concentration. Weak polyelectrolytes (i.e., pH-responsive polymers) were also studied for their interaction with nanotubes and the electrical properties of the dried composite films. When dispersed by sonication, Nanotubes show pH-dependent dispersion and stability in poly(acrylic acid) water solution, as evidenced by changes in suspension viscosity and cryo-TEM images. The nanotube suspensions were then dried under ambient conditions and the composite films exhibit tailorable nanotube dispersion as a function of pH. The percolation threshold and maximum electrical conductivity are reduced when the pH is changed from low to high. Some other pH-responsive polymers were also studied, but their pH-dependent viscosity and conductivity were not as large or reversible as poly(acrylic acid).

<p>Abstract</p><p>School of Education</p><p>Växjö University</p><p>Social Science specialised in Care</p><p>and Treatment of Juveniles and</p><p>Substance Abusers</p><p>C- Essay 10p</p><p>Titel Benzodiazepines in primary care</p><p>Authors Taskin Arslan and Mattias Edlund</p><p>Supervisor Stellan Jeppsson</p><p>Date March 2006</p><p>Number of pages 47</p><p>Keyword benzodiazepines, pharmaceutical abuse, tranquillizer, perspective of gender</p><p>With this essay we have tried to bring up the different causes why there are so many prescriptions of benzodiazepines, the primary cares part in all this and why there are more prescriptions for women than men.</p><p>The purpose of this study was to increase our knowledge about benzodiazepines, try to find out advantages and disadvantages in case of prescriptions of these preparation and if primary care was aware of these disadvantages in case of prescriptions especially at the matter of prescriptions for women.</p><p>Some of the questions we asked ourselves were: what kind of risk is connected to benzodiazepines? What kind of responsibility does the doctor have in case of prescriptions of benzodiazepines? How is it that the women constitute the group which receives most prescriptions of benzodiazepines?</p><p>Our method has been an explorative theoretical study combined with qualitative interviews.</p><p>In our studies we have found that there is a big awareness about the disadvantages of benzodiazepines prescriptions among the doctors in primary care. And that the conversation between doctor and patient is important for the search of underlying causes. Finally that why women are overrepresented in the matter of benzodiazepine prescription could be due to that women to a greater extent seeks help in non-institutional care than men.</p> / <p>Abstract</p><p>Institutionen för pedagogik/IKM</p><p>Växjö universitet</p><p>Pedagogik med inriktning mot</p><p>Ungdoms- och missbrukarvård</p><p>C- Uppsats 10p</p><p>Titel Bensodiazepins in primary care</p><p>Författare Taskin Arslan och Mattias Edlund</p><p>Handledare Stellan Jeppsson</p><p>Datum Mars 2006</p><p>Antal sidor 47</p><p>Nyckelord bensodiazepiner, läkemedel, lugnande, genusperspektiv</p><p>Detta arbete har försökt ta upp de olika orsakerna till varför det föreskrivs så mycket bensodiazepiner, primärvårdens roll i det hela och varför det föreskrivs mer bensodiazepiner till kvinnor än män. Syftet med denna studie var att fördjupa våra kunskaper om bensodiazepiner, försöka ta reda på fördelarna och nackdelarna vid föreskrivning av dessa preparat och om primärvården var medveten om dessa nackdelar speciellt när det gällde föreskrivning till kvinnor. Några av frågorna vi ställde oss var: Vilken risk finns kopplade till bensodiazepiner? Vilken roll respektive vilket ansvar har läkaren vid föreskrivning av bensodiazepiner? Hur kommer det sig att kvinnor utgör den grupp som erhåller flest bensodiazepinförskrivningar? Vår undersökning har varit en explorativ litteraturstudie kombinerad med intervjuer. Det vi har kommit fram till utifrån intervjuerna och litteraturen är att det finns en stor medvetenhet hos läkarna kring riskerna med föreskrivning av bensodiazepiner. Att samtalet mellan läkaren och patienten är viktigt för att utreda de bakomliggande orsakerna och att orsaken till att kvinnor är överrepresenterade vad gäller föreskrivningen av bensodiazepiner kan enligt litteraturen och läkarna vi varit i kontakt med bero på att kvinnor i större utsträckning än män söker hjälp inom vården</p>

Dynamic speech properties such as time warping, silence removal and background noise interference are the most challenging issues in continuous speech signal matching. Among all of them, the time warped speech signal matching is of great interest and has been a tough challenge for the researchers. An adaptive framing based continuous speech tracking and similarity measurement approach is introduced in this work following a comprehensive research conducted in the diverse areas of speech processing. A dynamic state model is introduced based on system of linear motion equations which models the input (test) speech signal frame as a unidirectional moving object along the template speech signal. The most similar corresponding frame position in the template speech is estimated which is fused with a feature based similarity observation and the noise variances using a Kalman filter. The Kalman filter provides the final estimated frame position in the template speech at current time which is further used for prediction of a new frame size for the next step. In addition, a keyword spotting approach is proposed by introducing wavelet decomposition based dynamic noise filter and combination of beliefs. The Dempster’s theory of belief combination is deployed for the first time in relation to keyword spotting task. Performances for both; speech tracking and keyword spotting approaches are evaluated using the statistical metrics and gold standards for the binary classification. Experimental results proved the superiority of the proposed approaches over the existing methods.

L’étude présentée est le résultat d’un inventaire des établissements prieuraux présents dans les anciens diocèses de Chalon et Mâcon, étroitement dépendants de la métropole de Lyon. Cet ensemble territorial correspond à l’axe de l’ancien royaume de Bourgogne.Sur les 183 prieurés retenus, il n’y en a que 69 relevant de Cluny, tous les autres appartenant à d’autres familles monastiques ou canoniales de l’ordre de Saint Augustin. La majorité de ces prieurés est l’objet d’une primo-occurrence dans les sources à la jonction des IXe Xe siècles. Les données récoltées ont permis d’établir une carte d’implantation en format poster annexée à la thèse, et un répertoire des sources qui sont en majorité manuscrites en latin. Les prieurés ont construit 200 églises ou chapelles. Les unes étaient réservées à l’usage exclusif des moines, les autres avaient une fonction mixte partagée avec les paroisses. L’étude sur le terrain a porté sur les aspects architecturaux extérieurs et intérieurs, les décors sculptés des chapiteaux et bas-reliefs ou tympans, ainsi que les fresques les plus significatives des 99 édifices restés debout. La vie interne des prieurés est rythmée par la prière régulière des heures canoniales. Il a eté possible de comparer plusieurs manuscrits liturgiques, dont le bréviaire de Saint-Victor-sur-Rhins, aux enluminures célèbres. L’origine sociale des moines, moniales et chanoines est majoritairement issue des familles féodales environnantes qui représentent également les parents à l’origine des plus nombreuses et riches donations. On a également trouvé l’intervention de milieux bourgeois, d’agriculteurs aisés et également quelques serfs. Le respect des règles et coutumes officielles s’associe à un vœu de stabilité qui interdit le passage des moines et chanoines d’une dépendance abbatiale à une autre. On a la preuve d’une coopération de ces clercs réguliers avec les prêtres séculiers dans la cura animarum des fidèles et dans l’encadrement des pèlerinages locaux nombreux et bien identifiés dans les bienfaits attendus par les pratiquants. Les prieurés sont souvent entourés par des enceintes et fortifications ou directement installés dans des châteaux que les moines construisent ou achètent. Ces constructions conçues à l’origine à titre de protection vis-à-vis des féodaux accapareurs transforment les prieurs en seigneurs ecclésiastiques peu différents des laïcs sur le plan juridique. Ils pratiquent rarement des affranchissements, mais exercent leurs droits, semble-t-il, avec plus de souplesse. Les moines et chanoines n’ont pas pratiqué de défrichement, car pour l’essentiel, celui-ci avait été réalisé en période gallo- romaine. Ils sont à l’origine d’aménagements ruraux par la création de chemins, ponts, canaux pour moulins et pêcheries.Tout en favorisant la culture de la vigne, ils ont gardé un équilibre avec la céréaliculture, l’élevage et l’exploitation des forêts. Des documents précis permettent de relever des écarts de conduite par rapport aux règles monastiques et canoniales. Il s’agit essentiellement de l’appât du gain, de vols, d’incontinence et concubinage, de non récitation des heures canoniales, de voies de fait envers des confrères ou des supérieurs. Ces fautes sont relativement rares, comparativement à cellesconnues dans d’autres diocèses. Le recensement de l’effectif global des moines et des chanoines donne un nombre évolutif total variant entre 580 et 720 personnes. Une tendance à la strate inférieure est surtout liée aux conséquences de la peste noire et de la guerre de cent ans au XIVe siècle. Ce siècle est également celui de la papauté d’Avignon puis du grand schisme d’occident. Cette période est marquée par le désordre lié à la nomination de prieurs attachés au pontife avignonnais, mais plus soucieux de percevoir les revenus des prieurés que d’en assurer l’entretien et la direction spirituelle. / The study presented here is the result from an inventory of the priories in the former dioceses of Chalon and Macon, closely dependent on the metropolis of Lyon .This territory corresponds to the main roads of the former realm of Burgundy. Among the 183 priories which have been retained, only 69 depended on Cluny, all the others belonged to the other monastic or canonic families of St Augustine’s order. The majority of these priories was mentioned for the first time by sources from late ninth and beginning of tenth century.The data collected have allowed to draw a map of the implanted sites in the form of a poster attached to the thesis and an index of the sources which are, for the most part, hand-written in latin. Priories built 200 churches or chapels. Some were reserved exclusively to the use of munks, others had a mixed function shared between parishes. The work in the field rested on outside and inside architectural aspects, the carved decorations of the capitals and low-reliefs or tympanums, together with the most significative frescoes of the 99 buildings still existing. The life inside the priory was rythmed by the regular prayers of the canonic hours. It has been possible to compare several liturgic manuscripts, among which the Saint Victor-sur-Rhin breviary with its famous illuminations.The social background of the munks, sisters and canons was mainly from the neighbouring feudal families which also represented the parents who gave the most numerous and important donations . We have also found donations made by middle-class families, wealthy farmers and some villeins. The respect of the rules and official customs was to be associated with a vow of stability which prevented the passage of munks and canons from dependence on one abbey to another. Proof has been made of a operation of these secular clerics with secular priests in the cur animanum of the congregation and in the supervision of local pilgrims, and well identified for the services expected of them by churchgoers. Priories were often surrounded by walls and fortifications or directly set in castles they built or bought. These buildings originally designed as a protection against acquisitive squires turned priors into clerical squires, not very different from laymen on a judicial level. They rarely carried out “emancipations” but they exercised their rights, so it seems, with more flexibility. Munks and canons didn’t proceed to the clearing of land because, for the most part , it had been done in the gallo-roman times .They started country-planning , making lanes, bridges, canals for windmills and fisherie . While promoting the cultivation of vineyards, they maintained a balance with the cultivation of cereal, cattle raising and the exploitation of forests. Detailed documents allow us to note lapses of conduct concerning monastic and canonic rules: mostly the lure of profit making, thefts, lack of restraint, concubinage, not reciting canonic hours ,assaulting fellow members and superiors. These faults were relatively rare compared to those known in other dioceses. The census of the global number of munks and canons amounted to a number varying from 580 to 720 people .A tendency to recruit in lower classes was mainly due to the consequences of the Black Plague and the Hundred years’war in the 14th century. The century was also the time when the Papacy was in Avignon then of the Big Schism in Occident.This was a time of disorder linked to the appointment of priors under the authority of the Pope in Avignon ,more interested in receiving the incomes of priories than insuring the maintenance and their spiritual authority . The canonic priories were composed of a minimum of 4 members whereas the monastic priories were often inhabited by 2 or 3 lay brothers .It happened that only one munk was present with the title and responsibilities of the management of what seemed to be a farm like any other.

Le concept de Responsabilité Sociale de l’Entreprise (RSE), développé à travers la seconde moitié du 20ème siècle aux Etats-Unis, constitue l’application des principes du développement durable dans les entreprises. Autrefois réservée au secteur des multinationales, la RSE s’étend à de nombreux types d’organisations dont les clubs sportifs professionnels français. L’objet de cette recherche est de montrer, dans la lignée des travaux néo-institutionnels sociologiques appliqués en sciences de gestion, que l’exercice de la RSE dans ces organisations répond avant tout à des objectifs de légitimation visant à faire conformer leurs activités aux attentes des parties prenantes de leurs environnements. En proposant un cadre d’analyse et en l’appliquant à quatre études de cas (Elan Chalon, Asvel, AJ Auxerre et Olympique Lyonnais), différents comportements en matière de RSE sont mis en évidence. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent que les pratiques en la matière revêtent avant tout un caractère cosmétique marqué par une faible intégration de la RSE à la stratégie globale des clubs. Dans une approche normative, des préconisations sont établies afin de dégager des perspectives de développement de la question de la RSE au sein de ces organisations. / The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), developed in the US throughout the second half part of the 20th century, is the application of the principles of sustainable development in businesses. Formerly used by the multinational sector only, the concept of CSR has spread nowadays over a large kind of organizations including French professional sports clubs. The purpose of this research is to show, in the continuity of neoinstitutionnalism, that CSR practices in these organizations are primarily answering to goals of legitimating, aiming to make their activities viable towards the expectations of their environment stakeholders. Suggesting a framework, and applying it to four case studies (Elan Chalon, Asvel, AJ Auxerre and Olympique Lyonnais), different CSR behaviours are highlighted. The results of this research stress that CSR practices firstly hold a “cosmetic” nature, in which CSR is not well integrated in the clubs’ global strategies. In a normative approach, numerous prescriptions are established to underline future prospects on the matter of CSR in these organizations.

Le travail de Willem Boshoff s’articule autour de la date charnière d’avril 1994, les premières élections démocratiques en Afrique du Sud. Il fait des sculptures en granite et des installations de matériaux accumulés. L’artiste revendique son attachement à un art basé sur le langage, il est écrivain de dictionnaires. En revisitant les questions posées par les artistes du XXème siècle, textes et œuvres produits en Europe sont systématiquement vérifiés au regard de leur contrepartie sud-africaine. L’attitude de Boshoff, une mélancolique interrogation de son rôle de créateur, s’explique par les conditions politiques et son milieu culturel. L’artiste découvre des façons plus dynamiques de faire geste quand il adopte ce persona du druide. Lors de son objection de conscience au service militaire il avait appris qu’il est mieux de cacher la véritable signification d’un signe ou d’inventer des façons de disqualifier les textes. Les “Notes pour une esthétique aveugle” où l’essentiel n’est pas visible, inventent un dictionnaire à être lu avec les mains. Boshoff interroge ici les théories de perception qui munissent l’artiste sud-africain d’une façon de faire basculer le monde occidental vers une pensée qu’il peut réclamer sienne. La multiplicité des langues en Afrique du Sud s’ouvre à des questions de mémoire, d’écologie, de disparition, d’espace mental, des limites de la ficticité. Boshoff incite son spectateur à une opération de traduction qui peut être envisagée de façon tangible dans des œuvres tels que “Writing in the Sand” et les “Jardins de mots”. Le druide est le berger des mots et des plantes en danger d’oubli. Par le même geste il les protège contre la possibilité d’être pétrifiés ou fossilisés dans une théorie ou dans un dogme. Un champ d’intelligibilité du travail de Boshoff est créé à l’aide d’esprits apparentés: Sarkis, Mofokeng, Baumgarten, Gette, Mudzunga, Ulrichs, Zulu, Kosuth, Wafer, Bochner, Filliou, Darboven, Alÿs, Acconci, Langa, Marshall McLuhan, Ivan Vladislavić. / Willem Boshoff’s work articulates around a pivotal date, April 1994, the first democratic elections in South Africa. He may choose to work gigantic rocks of granite or establish vast installations of accumulated material. The artist claims that his work is based on language, often taking the form of Dictionaries. While reviewing the main questions by artists of the twentieth century, texts or artworks from Europe are systematically tested against their South African counterpart. Boshoff’s attitude is determined by a melancholic questioning of his role as a creator linked to a political situation and cultural milieu. He discovers more dynamic ways of presenting gestures when his artistic activity is related to the way of life of a druid. As a conscientious objector he learnt that it is often better to hide the true signification of a sign or to disqualify a text. Boshoff’s “Notes towards a blind Aesthetic”, where the essential is not visible, invent a dictionary to be read with the hands. Questioning perception theories provides the artist with a way of capsizing the occidental world towards patterns of thinking that he can claim for himself. The multiplicity of languages in South Africa opens up to questions of memory, ecology, disappearance, mental space as a site of creation, experiments with the limits of the fictional. The druid is one exceptional character amongst others in the contemporary art world. Boshoff obliges his visitor to participate in an act of translation which is given provisional but tangible form in such works as “Writing in the Sand” and the “Gardens of Words”. The druid becomes the guardian of words and plants in danger of being forgotten also safeguarding them against being petrified or fossilized into a set theory or dogma. Kindred spirits working on all continents are: Sarkis, Mofokeng, Baumgarten, Mudzunga, Ulrichs, Kosuth, Wafer, Bochner, Gette, Filliou, Darboven, Alÿs, Acconci, Langa, Marshall McLuhan and Ivan Vladislavić.

The set includes 1782 heads of culling Czech fleckvieh cattle eliminated from 1 January 2012 to 1 September 2015. Influences on the first calving age, calving interval and lifetime milk yield were detected for data in the set. The following items were integrated among selected lifetime milk yield influences : genotype, herd, first calving age and first calving month. It was also tested whether the age of the first calving of milking cows is influenced by genotype and a herd. The last tested hypothesis was related to the influence of genotype and a herd on the length of the carving interval. The influence of genotype, lactation and the age of first calving cows on the way of elimination was investigated in the set as well. Multi-factor analysis of variance were used for the calculation of differences among the individual tested groups . With respect to statistical significance there was a statistically significant effect (p <0.05)of the herd and genotype on the age of the first calving cows found out. From the set it is evident that cows calved earlier reached better lifetime milk yield than cows calved at the older age (p <0.05). Another statistically significant difference (p <0.05) was found out within the first month of calving. Milking cows calved during colder periods of the year reached the higher lifetime milk yield. The influence of genotype on milk yield was not proved in this set. This also holds to reproductive parametres, there was no influence of genotype and the age of first calving on calving interval. When observing the outcome in terms of how we can positively evaluate the elimination of voluntarily culled milking cows, which is 34% .This situation is significantly lower than it is stated in literature and shows a good zootechnical care of the herds. In terms of elimination method there were the most dairy cows culled because of fertility - 31%. This fact shows that fertility is one of the main factors influencing the managament and profitability of dairy herds of cattle.

L’objectif de cette étude est d’étudier l’impact de la fraction volatile odorante et de la fraction non-volatile sur la perception de la flaveur du caramel. Dans la première étape, la fraction volatile du caramel a été analysée par Chromatographie en Phase Gazeuse couplée à l’Olfactométrie (GC/O), par GC couplée à la Spectrométrie de Masse (GC/MS) et par heart-cutting MDGC. Les résultats mettent en évidence une centaine de composés volatils et démontrent la richesse aromatique du caramel. L’objectif de la deuxième étape était d’évaluer la contribution de ces composes volatils à la typicité odorante du caramel. Des études ont montré que l’intensité odorante n’était pas suffisante pour évaluer l’impact des composés. Ce travail de thèse propose une approche originale de recombinaison d’odeur à partir de composés triés selon leur qualité odorante. Les résultats montrent que la typicité odorante caramel est le fruit d’un équilibre entre les notes caramel, fruité, fruits secs, végétal, animal, grillé, floral et piquant. Des tests d’addition, d’omission et d’un plan d’expérience factoriel complet ont démontré l’existence d’interactions perceptives. L’objectif de la dernière étape était d’étudier l’impact de la fraction non volatile sur la perception de la flaveur du caramel. L’étude de la libération de composés d’arôme in vitro par analyses SPME/GC/MS dans différentes matrices non volatiles démontre l’existence d’interactions physico-chimiques entre les composés d’arôme et les macromolécules non volatiles. Ces premiers résultats laissent supposer que la fraction non volatile est susceptible de moduler la perception de la flaveur / The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the volatile odorant fraction and the non-volatile matrix on the perception of the caramel flavour. The first step focused on the analytical characterization of the volatile odorant fraction of aromatic caramel thanks to Gas Chromatography coupled to Olfactometry (GC/O), GC/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) and heart-cutting MDGC/MS/O. Results highlighted the presence of more than one hundred compounds and demonstrated the complexity of the caramel volatile fraction. The objective of the second step was to understand the contribution of odorant compounds identified to the caramel aroma typicality. Literature shows that odour intensity is not sufficient to evaluate the impact of compounds on the aroma. This thesis proposed an original approach to carry out the aroma recombination by taking into account odour qualities. Results showed that the caramel typicality results from a complex balance between caramel, fruity, vegetal, sharp, nutty, floral, roasted and animal odours. Omission, addition tests and a 24 factorial design showed the existence of perceptive interactions. The third step focused on studying the impact the macromolecules that constitute the non-volatile fraction on the perception of caramel flavour. In vitro aroma release was followed by SPME/GC/MS in different matrices varying in non-volatile composition. Results evidence physico-chemical interactions between aroma and macromolecule of the non-volatile fraction. Those preliminary results suggest that the non-volatile matrix is able to impact the flavour perception