Plusieurs champs de recherche ont été combinés - mettant en évidence l'utilité de l'analyse cinématique, non seulement afin d'évaluer le comportement moteur, mais aussi afin de contribuer à la compréhension de la récupération motrice post-AVC. Au travers d'analyses cinématiques, les mouvements du membre supérieur hémiplégique ont été décomposés dans le temps et l'espace, afin d'en extraire l'échelle et les composantes structurelles. Cette décomposition systématique, d'abord connue pour son bien-fondé clinique, nous a permis d'identifier les marqueurs les plus pertinents du contrôle du membre supérieur parétique : i.e., la fluidité, la rectitude et la vitesse. Subséquemment, il a été démontré que i) les changements cinématiques se stabilisent au cours de la phase de rééducation, indiquant potentiellement la nécessité de modifier la stratégie thérapeutique; ii) les patient post-AVC sont capables de percevoir la fluidité du mouvement en réalité virtuelle, cette perception étant meilleure lorsque le feedback visuel ne concerne que le point du travail du membre; iii) l'espace de travail post-AVC n'est pas isotrope pour un patient hémiplégique; iv) chez les patients post-AVC, le niveau de ‘bruit neuromoteur' est augmenté; et v) la cinématique reflète la conséquence des stratégies d'adaptation à l'augmentation du bruit, ces stratégies étant basées sur un compromis entre des modes de contrôle d'erreur en feedforward et en feedback des actions motrices. Ainsi, il peut être conclut que la décomposition du mouvement dans le temps et l'espace est un moyen simple et efficace d'appréhender contrôle moteur chez l'Homme en situation normale et âpres AVC. L'enjeu est maintenant d'implémenter ces méthodes d'analyse cinématique dans les protocoles de rééducation post-AVC quotidienne afin de développer de larges bases de données permettant, à l'aide de méthodes de modélisation, de définir des profils de récupération et ainsi personnaliser de façon optimale la rééducation à chaque patient particulier. / Multiple research fields were combined – highlighting the value of kinematic analysis, not only to evaluate motor behaviour, but also to contribute to the understanding of motor recovery post-stroke. By means of kinematics, hemiplegic upper-limb movements were unfolded in time and space, to extract the scaling and structural components of the movement. This systematic decomposition, first proven to have clinical relevance, allowed us to identify the most pertinent markers of paretic upper-limb control: i.e. smoothness, directness and velocity. Subsequently it was shown that i) change in kinematics levels off over rehabilitation, possibly indicating that treatment may profit from change; ii) people post-stroke are able to perceive movement fluency in virtual realities, whereby simple end-point displays facilitate perception; iii) the workspace post-stroke is heterogeneous; iv) stroke patients have increased levels of neuromotor noise; and v) kinematics reflect the outcome of adaptation strategies to the increased noise in relation to the automaticity of error-corrections on the trade-off between feedforward and feedback based motor control. It may thus be concluded that unfolding the movement in space and time, is a simple and powerful way to define human motor control. The challenge is to implement kinematic analysis in daily post-stroke practice to develop a large database enabling the definition of recovery profiles contributing to provide each individual patient with the right therapy at the right time.

Title: Nordic walking - muscle response at movement apparatus in pelvis area. Purposes: The aim of the thesis is to compare muscle timing in pelvis area using EMG during free bipedal walk and during the walk with special sticks. Methods: Surface electromyography combinated with kinematografy analysis used synchronized video recording. Results: It Managed to prove different muscle timing at nordic walking and at free walk. It was proved lower activity of stabilization muscles at walk with sticks. Key words: Nordic walking, surface electromyography, stabilization muscles, kinematics analysis, bipedal locomotion

Title: The comparative kineziologic analysis of forward stroke on wheelchair and crawling. Objectives of the Thesis: The aim of the thesis is to compare muscle activity of selected muscles in shoulder girdle during forward stroke on wheelchair and crawling. Method: Surface electromyography combinated with kinematography analysis used synchronized video recording. Results and Conclusions: As the research shows, there is a difference in muscle activity (timing) between forward stroke on wheelchair and during crawling. It was proved that the activity of forward stroke on wheelchair does not have natural locomotive character. Keywords: Forward stroke on wheelchair, crawling, shoulder girdle, surface electromyography, kinematics analysis.

During life of railway vehicles, shape irregularities develop on wheels and rails because of wear. The shape irregularities then affect forces in wheel-rail contact and cause further damage of contact surfaces, vibrations and noise and increase risk of derailment. A numerical simulation of railway vehicle motion with more details on contact surfaces geometry was created to investigate dynamic contact loads in wheel-rail contact. A variety of methods can be used to evaluate forces in rolling contact, the method chosen for this study was algorithm CONTACT based on boundary element method. Four studies are presented in this papers: contact loads from a wheel with a flat and with a wavy tread pattern, loads on wavy rail and load in a curve. The first three studies investigated effects of existing wear patterns, the last one looked for cause of common wear pattern developing on rails. Results of the studies with worn components used showed that the worst kind of shape irregularities is a flat present on wheel. This type of shape cause loss of contact and following impacts. The study of ride in curve showed that cause of high wear in curves, especially those with small radii, is caused by vibration of wheelset. This vibration is then caused by different length of inner and outer rail and wheels travelling along a different path.

La contribution des processus de fusion de galaxies lors de l'assemblage cosmologique de masses est encore mal comprise. Dans ce contexte, l'étude du support dynamique des galaxies est un moyen permettant de contraindre les différents scénarios d'évolution.Dans une première partie, je présente ma contribution à l'analyse cinématique des galaxies de l'échantillon MASSIV. Je définis une technique d'analyse qui vise à quantifier la fraction d'objets susceptibles d'être le produit d'une fusion.J'introduis dans une seconde partie une méthode de construction de conditions initiales de galaxies idéalisées.Dans une troisième partie, je présente la définition de l'échantillon de simulations MIRAGE, reproduisant les propriétés physiques des galaxies jeunes. Les simulations montrent en particulier l'absence de flambées de formation stellaire durant les fusions ce qui suggère un mécanisme de saturation.Une analyse des propriétés des complexes granulaires issus d'instabilités gravitationnelles est réalisée dans la quatrième partie, soulignant la compatibilité du scénario granules âgés avec les observations en terme de taux d'éjection de gaz et d'âge de populations stellaires. Je mets en évidence que le mécanisme de fusion de granules permet de contrôler la croissance de la masse du bulbe, d'aplatir le profil central de densité du halo de matière sombre ainsi que d'éjecter de grandes quantités de gaz.Dans une cinquième partie, je complète ce travail en réalisant une étude comparative des données cinématiques MASSIV à plus de 4000 pseudo-observations construites à partir des simulations de l'échantillon MIRAGE afin de déterminer la capacité à détecter des signatures de fusion. / The contribution of the fusion processes to the cosmological mass assembly is still poorly understood. In this context, the study of the dynamical support of galaxies is a way to constrain different evolution scenarios.In the first part, I introduce my contribution to the kinematical analysis of galaxies MASSIV. I define an analysis that aims at quantifying the fraction of objects that are likely to be the product of a recent merger.I introduce in the second part a method to build initial conditions of idealized galaxies.In the third part, I present the definition of the simulation sample MIRAGE, designed to reproduce the physical properties of young galaxies. The simulations show in particular the absence of a star formation bursts in mergers of fragmented and turbulent disks, suggesting a saturation mechanism.An analysis of the properties of clumps that are generated by gravitational instabilities is performed in the fourth part of this thesis, highlighting the compatibility of long-lived clumps scenarios with observations in terms of outflowing material and stellar population ages. I also highlight that the gas rich clump fusion mechanism is able to control the bulge mass growth, to erode the central profile of the dark matter halo and to drive massive gas outflows in the disk plane.Finally, in the fifth part, I complete this work by carrying out a comparative study of the MASSIV kinematical data to a set of more than 4000 pseudo-observations at z=1.7 built from simulations of the MIRAGE sample to determine the ability to detect galaxy merger signatures.

L'étude de l'écoulement à l'aval d'une ride a un intérêt primordial dans la dynamique et l'évolution des rivières, des milieux côtiers ou des estuaires. Une des questions au coeur de ces écoulements est liée aux mécanismes d'interaction entre les particules et l'écoulement. Cette interaction donne souvent lieu à la formation de structures ondulées (rides ou dunes). Ce couplage est engendré au niveau de l'écoulement moyen, de la forme de la dune mais aussi au niveau de la macro turbulence et des structures tourbillonnaires instationnaires générées par la présence même des formes sédimentaires. L'identification des différents mécanismes et processus hydrodynamiques générés par la présence de dunes ou rides est exposée en détail par l'examen de l'écoulement laminaire à l'aval d'une ride fixe et isolée. Des techniques de mesure optiques 2D (PIV, visualisations) et 3D (Stéréo-PIV, tomographie laser) couplées à une étude numérique avec un code industriel, permettent de mettre en évidence l'instationarité, la tridimensionnalité de l'écoulement ainsi que la dynamique tourbillonnaire de la zone de recirculation à l'aval de la ride. L'impact de l'écoulement turbulent sur la naissance de dunes isolées est analysé au moyen d'une étude détaillée sur le transport de particules à partir d'essais menés en canal hydro-sédimentaire. Le rôle particulier de la zone de recirculation à l'aval de la dune est mis en évidence à l'aide d'un suivi spatio-temporel du transport des particules entre sa crête et sa face d'avalanche. Finalement, l'analyse et l'influence des conditions hydrauliques sur le seuil critique de mise en mouvement d'un lit de particules ainsi que la formation et la migration d / The aim of this study is to examine the processes leading to development a bed river, estuary or coastal environments morphology. The ability to investigate the complex nature of the interaction between fluids and sediments mechanisms and its role in bed transport and river stability is important to understand river evolution. Dunes or ripples are in frequent interaction with the bed. Hence, the topology of dune is related to the macroturbulence of the flow, mean flow field and the instantaneous structures of the vortices generated by these forms. Details of different mechanisms and hydrodynamic process generated behind a fixed single ripple are exposed by examining a laminar flow over the dune itself. Measurements with two-component Particle Image Velocimetry, three-component Stereo-PIV and flow visualization coupled with a numerical studies are performed to acquire and to obtain a detailed knowledge of the flow over the dune concerning the three-dimensionality, the instantaneous behavior of the flow and the large dynamic of vortex in the recirculation zone along the ripple. A set experiment generating turbulent flow is conducted in a hydro-sedimentary channel to detail the quantitative measurement of bedload transport processes in order to determine the effects of the turbulent flow on dune creation. A spatio-temporal monitoring of particles transport from crest to dune slip face is conducted to point the particular role of the recirculation region. Finally, the analyze and the effect of hydraulics conditions on the critical shear stresses for incipient particle motion as well as the formation and the migration of the mobile dune are emphasized by a geomorphological st

Les capacités physiques sont directement liées au vieillissement en bonne santé. Ainsi, il est indispensable d'être capable de les estimer rapidement et simplement dans le cadre d'une routine clinique. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes concentrés sur la transition assis / debout qui est déjà utilisée en gériatrie et qui constitue un mouvement de la vie courante qui se complexifie pour les personnes dont les capacités physiques diminuent. La quantification de ce mouvement a été proposée à l'aide d'une centrale inertielle fixée sur le buste. Ce type de boitier est petit et bon marché, ce qui en fait un excellent candidat pour les mesures ambulatoires.Dans un premier temps, il a été nécessaire de valider les mesures de la cinématique et de l'énergétique du mouvement à l'aide de la centrale lors du lever de chaise. Cette validation s'est faite sur un panel de sujets jeunes et sains en comparaison avec un système de capture du mouvement par caméras de référence Vicon.Le second objectif était de comparer différentes populations à travers la quantification du lever de chaise. Outre un groupe de sujets jeunes sains, un groupe de sujets âgés sains a été intégré à l'étude pour étudier l'effet de l'âge. Un groupe de sujets âgés fragiles a également pris part à l'étude pour investiguer l'effet de la fragilité. Nous avons proposé la mise en place de deux scores composites basés sur les paramètres mesurés. Le premier est un score de vieillissement et le second, un score de fragilité. Chaque score a été construit à l'aide d'une analyse en composantes principales. La performance de chaque score est meilleure que celle de n'importe quel paramètre considéré indépendamment. / Physical abilities are directly related to healthy aging. Thus, it is essential to be able to estimate them quickly and simply during clinical routines. In this thesis, we focused on the sit-to-stand transition that is already used in geriatrics and that constitutes a movement in everyday life that becomes more complex for people whose physical capacities decrease. The quantification of this movement was proposed using a magneto-inertial measurement unit fixed on the chest. This sensor is small and inexpensive, adapted for ambulatory measurements.First, it was necessary to validate the measurements of the kinematic and the kinetic energy using the inertial unit during the sit-to-stand. This validation was realized on a panel of young and healthy subjects compared to a V icon motion captur using cameras.The second objective was to compare different populations through the quantification of the sit-to-stand. In addition of the healthy young subjects, a group of healthy elderly subjects was included in to study the age effect. A group of frail elderly subjects was also included to investigate the effect of frailty. We proposed the implementation of two composite scores based on the measured parameters. The first is an aging score and the second is a frailty score. Each score was constructed using a principal component analysis. The performance of each score is better than that of any parameter considered independently.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o custo energético e alguns aspectos da biomecânica associados à locomoção em Cebus apella (macaco-prego). Para tanto, medidas de taxa metabólica (consumo de oxigênio) e de parâmetros cinemáticos (freqüência de passos, tempo de contato das patas com o plano de apoio, comprimento dos passos e amplitudes de flexão e extensão de juntas e segmentos corpóreos) foram obtidas com os sujeitos experimentais se locomovendo sobre esteira rolante. Nossos resultados mostram que apesar da espécie estudada exibir freqüência de passos inferior ao esperado para mamíferos quadrúpedes de massa corpórea similar, esse parâmetro cinemático é o elemento preferencial do padrão de locomoção que é ajustado para que o animal possa suportar as novas condições do meio (alteração de velocidade). Em adição, os dados de consumo de oxigênio obtidos neste estudo indicam que diferenças significativas não devem ser esperadas entre o custo energético da locomoção de quadrúpedes primatas e não primatas. Sendo assim, foi possível inferir que um outro elemento, além da taxa de geração de força (inferida a partir da freqüência de passos), pode responder pela magnitude do custo energético da locomoção em primatas. Nossas inferências sugerem que características anatômicas de primatas (maior volume muscular associado aos membros posteriores) podem constituir-se no elemento central para o entendimento do custo metabólico exibido pela espécie estudada (similar a quadrúpedes não primatas). Por fim, deve ser salientado que nossos dados indicam que a flexão da coluna pode ser um importante mecanismo para armazenamento de energia (energia elástica) durante a locomoção em Cebus apella, sobretudo em velocidades mais altas. / This study aimed to evaluate the energy expenditure and biomechanical aspects associated to the locomotion of Cebus apella (capuchin monkey). Measurements of metabolic rate (oxygen consumption) and kinematic parameters (stride frequency, foot contact time, step length and degree of flexion-extension of the joints and body segments) were obtained with the experimental subjects moving on a motorized treadmill. Our results show that although the species studied displays a lower stride frequency than quadruped mammals with similar body masses, this is the kinematic parameter that is preferentially adjusted by the animal to cope with faster velocities. In addition, oxygen consumption data obtained in this study indicate that significant differences between the energy cost of locomotion of primates and nonprimates quadrupeds should not be expected. Based on this result, we suggest that another element besides the rate of generating force (inferred from the stride frequency) could explain the energy cost of locomotion in primates. We suggest that anatomic characteristics of primates (larger muscular volume associated with the hind limbs) might be a key element to understand the cost of locomotion showed by capuchin monkeys (similar to non-primate quadrupeds). Our results also indicate that flexion of the column can be an important mechanism for elastic energy storage during locomotion in Cebus apella particularly at higher velocities.

Os programas de computador têm apoiado o estudo de sistemas biomédicos em que um volume considerável de dados são empregados. Na biomecânica, a análise das influências entre as articulações pode melhorar o conhecimento das lesões relacionadas à corrida associadas ao uso excessivo durante a atividade de corrida. Compreender os padrões de interação entre diferentes articulações anatômicas, durante o movimento, pode contribuir para o aprimoramento de programas de treinamento, reabilitação e prevenção a lesões. Neste trabalho, um software personalizado foi desenvolvido para implementar a Coerência Parcial Direcionada (PDC), uma abordagem no domínio da freqüência da Causalidade de Granger (GC), adequado às especificidades da fisioterapia. Com entradas independentes e padronizadas, modularização e parametrização, as rotinas investigaram a direção de interação entre diferentes canais, registrando e salvando arquivos intermediários. Separados nos três planos anatômicos, sagital, frontal e transverso, foram utilizados dados cinemáticos para analisar as interações entre tornozelo, joelho, quadril, pelve e tronco durante a corrida. Três modificações de técnica de corrida foram abordadas: com aterrissagem iniciada com o antepé, com aumento de 10% na taxa de passo e com aumento de flexão de tronco, além da habitual. As análises foram realizadas para o ciclo completo (apoio e balanço) e com separação da fase de apoio, e revelaram que essas duas estratégias de processamento são complementares. Comparando as influências proximal e distal, os procedimentos sugeriram uma predominância das interações proximal a distal, mostrando uma origem central de movimentos. Dessa forma, destaca-se a relevância em controlar e fortalecer tronco e quadril para a minimização de lesões. Considerando os resultados e a oportunidade de configuração, o software pode ser empregado para estudar outras articulações e aplicações, bem como evoluir para um sistema automatizado de apoio à decisão. / Computer programs have supported the study of biomedical systems in which a considerable amount of data is employed. In biomechanics, analysis of influences between joints can improve the knowledge of the Running-Related-Injuries (RRI) associated to overuse during running activity. Understanding the patterns of interaction among anatomical joints during movement can contribute to the improvement of training, rehabilitation and injury prevention programs. In this work, a customized software was developed to implement Partial Directed Coherence (PDC), an approach in the frequency domain of Granger Causality (GC), adapted to the physical therapy specificities. With independent and standardized inputs, modularization and parameterization, the routines investigated the interaction direction between different channels, logging and saving intermediate files. Separated in the three anatomical planes, sagittal, frontal and transverse, kinematic data were employed to analyze the interactions between ankle, knee, hip, pelvis and trunk during running. Three running technique modifications were addressed: forefoot strike landing pattern, increasing 10% of the step rate and increasing trunk flexion, in addition to usual running. The analyzes were performed for the complete cycle (stance and swing) and with separation of the stance phase, and revealed that these two processing strategies are complementary. Comparing proximal and distal influences, procedures suggested a predominance of proximal to distal interactions, showing a central origin of movements. In this way, the importance of controlling and strengthening trunk and hip to minimize injuries is highlighted. Considering the results and the processing configuration opportunity, the software can be employed to study other joints and applications, as well as evolve to an automated decision support system.

Conception et validation d’un nouvel outil d’évaluation de la stabilité posturale en position érigée(SAP3D : Système d’Analyse Postural 3D)La stabilité posturale en position debout est la capacité d'un sujet à maintenir un état d'équilibre ou à le retrouver en cas de perturbation. De nombreux organes sont mis à contribution par le système nerveux central afin d'aider l'organisme à maintenir sa stabilité. L'atteinte d'une ou plusieurs de ces structures (suite à un traumatisme, une pathologie, ou tout simplement du fait du vieillissement) modifie le comportement du sujet et altèrent sa capacité à maintenir sa stabilité. Les outils d’évaluation posturale actuels reposent essentiellement sur des mesures du centre des pressions et/ou du centre de masse, négligeant le comportement postural inter-segmentaire : les outils capables de les prendre en compte sont souvent inaccessibles, car complexes et coûteux. Le SAP3D a été développé comme un nouvel outil d’évaluation de la stabilité posturale, il permet une reconstruction tridimensionnelle multi-segmentaire et du centre de masse à partir d’une seule caméra bon marché. La validation du SAP3D comparativement à un système de référence optoélectronique met en évidence une excellente corrélation et un faible résidu moyen entre les deux systèmes. En situation clinique, le SAP3D confirme que les mécanismes de stabilisation posturale sont i) moins efficaces en condition yeux fermés ; ii) influencés négativement par le vieillissement ; iii) influencés positivement par la pratique régulière d’une activité telle que de la danse, au moins chez les jeunes femmes ; iv) altérés par plusieurs antécédents traumatiques et/ou pathologiques. Bien que des améliorations techniques soient envisagées, le SAP3D constitue une alternative clinique fiable, rapide, accessible et peu coûteuse aux systèmes d'analyse posturographique existants.Mots-clés : équilibre ; contrôle moteur ; analyse cinématique ; centre de masse ; personnes âgées ; vieillissement ; danse ; faible coût / Design and validation of a new tool for assessing postural stability in quiet standing(SAP3D: 3D Postural Analysis System)Postural stability in quiet standing is a subject’s ability to maintain its balance or to regain it after a perturbation. Multiple organs contribute to ensure postural stability, under a regulation ensured by the central nervous system. The alteration of one or several of these organs (following a trauma, a pathology or simply due to ageing) modifies the subject’s behavior and its ability to maintain stability. Current systems for postural evaluation rely mostly on center of pressure and/or center of mass assessment, disregarding the intersegmental postural behavior: such measurements are possible, but most tools are complex and expensive. The SAP3D system was developed as a new tool for postural stability assessment, allowing for center of mass and multi-segmental three dimensional modeling based on a single inexpensive camera. Validation of the SAP3D system compared to a standard optoelectronic system shows excellent agreement and a satisfyingly low average residue between the two systems. In a clinical setup, the SAP3D system confirms that postural steadiness mechanisms are i) less efficient with eyes closed than eyes opened; ii) negatively affected by ageing; iii) positively affected by regular practice of an activity such as dancing, at least for young women; iv) altered in pathological or injured patients. Although many technical improvements are being considered, the SAP3D system is a reliable, quick, accessible and low-cost clinical alternative to the existing systems for postural evaluation.Keywords: balance; steadiness; motor control; kinematics; center of mass; elderly; ageing; dance; low-cost