This thesis focuses on economic relations between the Third Reich and Yugoslavia before the German attack in April 1941. It questions the conventional wisdom, according to which economic relations served mainly as a tool of German foreign policy towards Yugoslavia. Instead, it aims to place mutual economic relations within both the broader context of the German economic and financial plans and policies in the 1930s, and within the already existing economic and trading ties between the two countries, as they had been developing since the 1920s. Before 1936, economic relations between Yugoslavia and Germany are observed from the context of the polycratic character of the Third Reich’s executive, which enabled various economic policies, pursued by different levels of authority such as the Foreign Ministry, Economic Ministry, Food and Agriculture Ministry, the Reichsbank, etc. to exist alongside each other. After 1936, Yugoslav-German economic relations increasingly functioned within the framework of the German Four-Year-Plan. Yugoslavia’s mineral riches were of importance for German rearmament and, particularly after the Anschluss and the creation of the Bohemian Protectorate, Yugoslavia found itself increasingly dependent on trade with Germany. At the same time, the German market and exports were necessary for the process of Yugoslavia’s industrialisation, which had gathered momentum since the mid-1930s. This was however in many aspects inconsistent with the German long-term imperialist ambitions in South-Eastern Europe. This dissertation concludes that German economic policy towards Yugoslavia failed. Also, that contrary to the traditional view in historiography and despite its economic dependency on Germany, Yugoslavia maintained its political agency. It was international political developments beyond Yugoslavia’s control which eventually decreased Belgrade’s political maneuverability and forced the government in Belgrade to become more receptive towards German demands, particularly after the fall of France in June 1940.

The concept of slavery in ancient Egypt is a debated issue, that has mostly focused upon the different uses of the phrasing and terminology of the different words for servitude. Without giving too much emphasis upon the different terminologies, this essay presents a summary of the state of slavery within the borders of Egypt during the New Kingdom. As different kinds of servitude existed in the country, the focus is upon the types of slaves who were the property of their master and could be bought and sold. The essay presents who the slave was and where he came from, as well as what kinds of duties the slave was used for. The process of acquisition is also covered, before finally discussing the rights of the slave as well as the means to become free of your bonds.

This thesis is a socio-political analysis of the United Kingdom’s contemporary national identity, as expressed through an intercultural examination of eight Anton Chekhov’s productions presented in the country between 2009 and 2011, characterised by their aesthetic and socio-political diversity. The introduction presents a theoretical exploration and definition of the notions of interculturalism and national identity, which serve as the theoretical pillars of this work. A historical contextualisation summarises the reception, assimilation and reinterpretation processes of British Chekhovian discourses from the early 20th century onwards, as well as the urban and regional transformations that the country experienced during the same time frame. The first chapter explores traditional views of national identity through the analysis of double-bill performances, connecting Chekhov’s pieces to ‘national’ works by Terence Rattigan and William Shakespeare. The second chapter discuses international discourses and their influence in the creation of local imaginaries, using foreign Chekhovian productions presented on the British stage to scrutinise reception processes, importation models and the power of sponsors and festivals. The third chapter approaches Scottish and female discourses, emphasising their ‘otherness’ and value in the construction of more plural notions of national identity, through rewritings of the Russian author done by playwrights born and raised within the UK. The fourth chapter reflects on politically progressive and intercultural understandings of nation through new British experimental performances inspired by Chekhov’s iconographies and symbolisms. Finally, the conclusion re-examines Chekhovian dramaturgy, national identity and interculturalism, proposing an abstract outline to understand processes of reception, assimilation and/or reinterpretation of foreign dramatic discourses within any given geographical construct, and highlighting the importance of building a plural and hybrid post-Brexit British society, focused on a constant intercultural negotiation between superimposing cultural forces.

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The aim of this thesis is to re-evaluate and re-discuss sealings that were uncovered during the excavations of the pyramid temple of King Raneferef in Abusir, resp. those which are kept in the collections of the Náprstek Museum in Prague. It deals with the general typology of cretulae and the method of their documentation and it tries to assess sealings under study in regard to the former typology. The second part of the work attempts to find details regarding the activity and authority of officials who were using seals in connection with the operation of the pyramid complex of King Raneferef. This was attempted by a search for recurrent seal designs attested on fragments of cretulae found in the area of the pyramid complex and by a study of the properties of their seal holders and their activity, areas where the fragments of sealings were found, titles that were attested on their sealings, and kinds of objects that were sealed by their seals.

Suffrage in England in the 19th and the early 20th centuries Abstract The diploma thesis adress the issue of suffrage in England in the 19th and the early 20th centuries. Attention is paid primarily to the reform acts governing elections to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which were passed in years 1832, 1867, 1884-85, 1918 and 1928. The implementation of these reform acts led to the transition from the archaic form of suffrage, which persisted without major changes from the period of the late Middle Ages, to a universal and equal suffrage with direct and secret voting in the form which in the United Kingdom prevails, with minor amendments, to the present. This transformation was completed in 1928. In addition, the development of the municipal elections legislation, changes in a qualification of the Members of the Parliament and other changes in electoral legislation, especially in the legislation dealing with electoral corruption, are mentioned. There is also outlined a political and public debate on electoral reform, with an emphasis on parliamentary relevant debate. The text of the thesis is divided into six sections, corresponding to the chronological development. The first section focuses on the description and evaluation of the unreformed suffrage prior to 1832. The...

Um dos objetivos permanentes da Computação Gráfica é a representação fiel, e por consequência realista, da aparência de objetos e cenas sintetizadas. Para objetos e cenas do Reino Vegetal pode-se dizer que houve um grande avanço nos métodos para modelagem da forma e propriedades de reflexão de elementos individuais, como folhas, e de coleções de elementos, como árvores, vegetação em geral e florestas. Por outro lado, as técnicas para modelagem de padrões visuais presentes em muitos objetos naturais do Reino Vegetal, como listras de melancias ou padrões em folhas e flores, não tem recebido a mesma atenção. O presente trabalho tem por objetivos principais o estudo de técnicas de Computação Gráfica aplicáveis ao Reino Vegetal, principalmente explorar o modelo procedural Mosaico de Clones (MClone), desenvolvido em pesquisas anteriores, para a síntese de padrões visuais familiares do Reino Vegetal. Nossos resultados mostram que, neste contexto, um modelo procedural tem vantagens sobre outras técnicas, como, por exemplo, mapeamento de texturas, pois geralmente esses padrões são necessários em grande quantidade, e, ao menos para algumas plantas, com muitas variações geométricas, a atribuição de coordenadas de textura consistentes é um desafio. Nós mostramos resultados para frutos, cactus e pequenas folhagens decorativas, que confirmam a aplicabilidade do MClone para uma ampla gama de padrões do Reino Vegetal. / There has been a lot of progress in modeling and rendering elements of our Natural World for computer graphics tasks. In the Plant Kingdom, techniques for modeling the visual patterns presented in many natural objects (such as stripes on a watermelon or spots on flowers) have advanced far less than methods for modeling the shape and reflectance properties of individual or large collections of elements (such as leaves and trees). In this work we want to explore the procedural Clonal Mosaic Model (MClone), developed in previous research, for synthesis of many familiar visual patterns from the Plant Kingdom. Our results show that in this context a procedural model has advantages over other techniques such as texture mapping, since these patterns are often needed in large quantities, and at least for some plants, with many geometric variation, assigning consistent texture coordinates is a challenge. We show results for fruits, cactus, and small decorative plants, which confirm the applicability of the MClone model for synthesis of a large group of visual patterns in the Plant Kingdom.

Esta dissertação, de abordagem qualitativa, e situada no campo dos Estudos Culturais em Educação, analisou nas falas dos apresentadores de um artefato cultural da televisão, o programa The Love School, os temas mais discutidos por eles. Como primeira técnica da metodologia utilizada, esse recurso gerou a fonte de material empírico registrado no que nominei de caderno de transcrições. Para realizar esta investigação selecionei 24 (vinte e quatro) edições do programa entre o período de novembro de 2014 a abril de 2015. O casamento é o principal tema que orienta a pauta deste programa e faz uma aliança direta com os princípios que fundamentam a Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus. Quanto ao programa The Love School foi possível entender que a Universal desenvolveu uma nova forma de falar de religião fazendo uso de outras linguagens como a linguagem própria da televisão, pois esse novo produto da grade de programação da Record TV, pode ter dado início a uma nova sequencia de programas televangelizadores, que, nas versões mais tradicionais e mais religiosas, parecem monótonos e desinteressantes pelo uso da linguagem comum aos púlpitos das catedrais e pelos horários de exibição cansativos das madrugadas. A categoria da pedagogia cultural, como um conceito caro para o campo da educação, nesse artefato cultural, pode ser percebida com uma outra dinâmica que não apenas a de ensinar modos de ser e de viver, pois demostrou que, conjuntamente a isso, pode também apontar o contraexemplo de outras pedagogias culturais em outros artefatos culturais, dessa vez os do entretenimento comercial. Compreendi essa atuação do conceito nesse objeto pela introdução da cultura religiosa com origem na Igreja criticando a cultura profana de outros produtos da mídia. Essa mesma discursividade molda um modelo de casal que prioriza o casamento acima de qualquer problema, devendo superar o menor dos desafios para impedir uma separação, e que se inspira no homem e na mulher presentes no texto bíblico, no Antigo Testamento, inspiração que é vista no contexto da análise aqui empregada como um retrocesso para a vida real das mulheres. A ideia de retrocesso ou de backlash (Faludi, 2001) parece ser um elemento que adere facilmente à cultura religiosa da Universal, aliando-se à pedagogia cultural ensinada pelo The Love School. O backlash tem como característica operar como uma política cultural em forma de ciclos. Ciclicamente, a cultura parece nos fazer viver muitos momentos de intenso retrocesso (backlash), tanto por meio de determinados produtos da mídia quanto pelas reações de determinados grupos políticos nos impondo seus interesses. Consequentemente, pelas análises que aqui empreendi e por essas características assumidas pela IURD, penso que vivemos no Brasil contemporâneo um ciclo religioso de backlash (retrocesso) para as coisas da vida e para as relações amorosas, para dizer o mínimo. / This qualitative approach master‘s dissertation on Educational Cultural Studies has analyzed the lines of the presenters of a cultural artifact of television, The Love School show, and the subjects most discussed by them. As the first technique of the methodology used, this resource generated the source of empirical material registered in what I named ―The Transcription Notebook‖. For the research, I have selected 24 (twenty four) editions of the show from November, 2014 to April, 2015. Marriage is the central theme of the show‘s agenda which is directly related to the principles underlying the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God. Through The love school show it was possible to realize that the Universal Church has developed a new way of talking about religion, by making use of other languages, such as the proper language of television, since this new product offered by the Record TV channel may have initiated a sequence of new evangelizing shows, which tend to be monotonous and uninteresting in their most traditional and religious versions due to the use of a language common to the cathedrals‘ pulpits as well as the tiresome show times. Such cultural artifact allow us to understand the concept of cultural pedagogy category, dear to the field of education, as a different dynamic that does not only teach ways of being and living, but also show the counterexample of other cultural pedagogies in another cultural artifacts, such as the commercial entertainment. I have understood this concept in such object through the introduction of the religious culture originating in the Church that criticizes the unholy culture of media products. This same discourse frames a standard of couple who prioritize marriage above any problem so as to overcome challenges to prevent a separation, and who is inspired by the men and women described in the biblical text, the Old Testament. Such inspiration has been considered here as a backlash to the real life of women. The idea of a backlash (Faludi, 2001) seems to be an element that easily adheres to the religious culture of Universal Church, allied to the cultural pedagogy taught by The Love School; it characteristically operates as a cyclic cultural policy. And, cyclically, the culture seems to make us live several moments of intense regression both through certain media products and through the reactions of certain political groups imposing their interests. Hence, I believe the contemporary Brazil is living a religious cycle of backlash regarding life and love relationship issues to say the least.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Esta dissertação se resume a uma investigação dos papéis que os meios de comunicação utilizados pela Igreja Universal desempenham num contexto de intensas transformações sociais. Meu objetivo principal foi observar de que maneira os programas locais de rádio e TV produzidos pela denominação participam do cotidiano do fiel e como são apropriados por aqueles que não freqüentam cultos da IURD. Para tanto, canalizei minha atenção para a audiência de tal programação religiosa, elegendo como interlocutores privilegiados alguns antigos moradores de Macaé cidade que se tornou a Capital Nacional do Petróleo com a instalação de uma base operacional da Petrobrás. / This dissertation may be summarized as an investigation about the roles that the mass media used by the Universal Church carry out in a context of intense socials transformations. My main objective has been observing how local radio and TV programs, produced by the denomination, participate on its memberships quotidian and how they are appropriated by those who do not attend the IURDs services. For this, I canalized my attention to the audience of this religious programming, electing some ancients Macaés residents as prime interlocutors. Macaé is the city that became the Oil National Capital with the installation of a Petrobras operational base.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Este livro tem como objetivo analisar a forma com a qual a Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus, à época da pesquisa tinha 26 anos de fundação, elaborou e materializou singularmente o seu projeto de igreja. Esta elaboração teve como um dos principais suportes a relação tensa e conflituosa que a IURD estabeleceu com diferentes interlocutores, mas que teve no ano de 1995 sua fase mais crítica. A discussão procura mostrar como esse período foi pensado e interpretado por esses diferentes atores, mas tendo como principal referência o ponto de vista nativo. A questão da autenticidade será o pano de fundo da discussão proposta, na medida em que foi identificada como uma categoria importante para a compreensão da relação desta igreja com seus interlocutores. Esta noção aparecia sob a forma de oposições: pureza-impureza, igreja-seita, autêntico-inautêntico. Partindo de uma perspectiva diferenciada procuro mostrar que, naquele momento, estavam interagindo formas distintas de concepções de autenticidade. Tendo como ponto de partida o posicionamento da IURD pós-1995, período que se caracterizou pela intensificação de práticas e empreendimentos voltados à sua consolidação, o livro demonstra como a noção nativa de autenticidade norteou a elaboração da chamada Era das Catedrais, incluindo a construção da sede mundial, o chamado Templo da Glória do Novo Israel, vista como marco no processo de materialização de seu projeto de igreja e do circuito da conquista.