La présente thèse analyse le contrôle des pratiques médicales dans le royaume de Castille au XVIe siècle à travers, notamment, les procès des protomédicos. Le changement substantiel qui a lieu au sein des professions de santé se produit au moment où les protomédicos parviennent à obtenir le monopole légal sur le contrôle des pratiques médicales. Ce fait demeure en étroite relation avec la consolidation du pouvoir royal. Le processus d’institutionnalisation de la charge de protomédico n’est pas en progression régulière et n’est pas exempt de difficultés ; il touche non seulement ceux qui ont pour métier de soigner mais aussi le pouvoir municipal, le royaume et le pouvoir royal. Dans ce concert de forces, le protomédico est l’une des branches du pouvoir royal qui joue un rôle fondamental. Sa légitimité : être médecin de la Chambre du roi et son « alcalde examinador mayor ». Or son autorité est très contestée dans la pratique car il représente la mainmise royale sur des métiers qui autrefois furent sous l’autorité des autorités municipales. Ses actions sur le terrain sont ainsi une permanente source de conflits et controverses dans le royaume de Castille au XVIe siècle. / The present dissertation examines the control over medical practices in the kingdom of Castile during the XVIth century and, notably, the trials against protomédicos. An essential change that occurred in the medical profession during the period saw the protomédicos attempting to gain control of legal monopoly over the all medical practices. This issue was strictly linked to the consolidation of royal power in Castile. The establishment process of the office of the protomédico does not follow a regular progression and it was not created without struggles. This process does not only concern those that provide medical care but also the municipal authorities, the kingdom and the royal power. Thus, through this interplay, the protomédico became one of the branches of royal power that exercised a major role in the kingdom. The protomédico became the first official physician at the royal Chamber and the “alcalde examinador mayor”. However, his authority is highly contested in the practical field because he holds royal stranglehold over offices that were formerly subordinated to the municipal authorities. The protomédico’s activities on the ground were thus a permanent source of conflicts and controversies in 16th century Castile.

The aim of this study was to investigate and measure students' acceptance of elearning as the main tool in the learning process in Bahrain's secondary schools. Schoolteachers' perceptions regarding the use of an e-learning system were also considered. This is deemed of value at a time when the Bahrain Ministry of Education is planning to implement an e-learning system in all government schools and at all school stages in the near future.

La « dissimilation graphique » est une particularité récurrente des écritures égyptiennes, en particulier à l’Ancien Empire (IIIe-VIe dynasties, env. 2700/2150 av. J. C.). À cette époque, la pluralité (aussi bien grammaticale que lexicale) était indiquée par le triplement des sémogrammes, signes investis d’une valeur sémantique et censés permettre la compréhension des lexèmes. De ce fait, si les idéogrammes et classificateurs étaient d’ordinaire répétés trois fois à l’identique, la « dissimilation » désigne les occurrences dans lesquelles ces trois signes sont distincts. Par exemple, si un mot comme bAk.w, « serviteurs », est traditionnellement accompagné de trois hommes assis, l’un d’entre eux pourra être remplacé par une femme en cas de dissimilation. De même, si mHy.t, « poissons », comprend habituellement trois poissons de même espèce, sa version dissimilée offrira trois espèces différentes. Cette thèse se donne pour objectif d’analyser de façon systématique la dissimilation graphique, majoritairement attestée dans les inscriptions hiéroglyphes des tombes royales et privées, mais également dans certains documents hiératiques. À travers cette étude, les raisons supposées de l’existence de la dissimilation graphique sont exposées. En conséquence, la classification égyptienne se voit placée sous de nouveaux éclairages. De plus, par l’examen d’un nombre important de textes égyptiens de l’Ancien Empire, de nouvelles analyses des fonctions des signes qui les composent seront proposées afin d’éclaircir certaines zones d’ombres de la linguistique égyptologique. / The peculiarity called “dissimilation graphique” is recurrent in Egyptian writing systems, particularly during Old Kingdom (Dyn. III-VI, ca. 2700-2150 BC). At this time, plurality (grammatical and lexical) is indicated by the threefold of semograms, signs that have a semantic value and allow to understand the lexemes. Thus, if ideograms and classifiers are ordinary reproduced three times identically, “dissimilation” refers to occurrences where these three signs are different. For example, if bAk.w, “servants”, is usually followed by three men, in case of dissimilation, one of them can be replaced by a woman. In the same way, if mHy.t, “fish”, habitually takes three identical fish, a dissimilated version will show three different species. This Ph.D Thesis aims to analyse in a systematic way the process of “dissimilation graphique”, mostly found in hieroglyphic inscriptions of royal and private tombs, but also in some hieratic documents. Through this study, the supposed reasons of dissimilation are exposed. Consequently, Egyptian classification is newly enlightened. Moreover, in examining a great number of Old Kingdom texts, new analysis of the signs functions are proposed to clarify some unclear elements of egyptological Linguistics.

Cette thèse analyse le discours et les pratiques des Jésuites missionnaires au Casanare-Orénoque, territoire qui correspond actuellement aux régions des plaines orientales colombiennes et du cours bas et moyen de l’Orénoque (Colombie et Venezuela). Elle inscrit l’action jésuite dans ces territoires dans le contexte universel des missions catholiques en étudiant l’esprit de corps des missionnaires sous son aspect institutionnel et en tant que vocation ascétique. Elle présente aussi, à travers l’étude des vies missionnaires, des aspects historiques plus spécifiques du travail apostolique. Elle analyse également trois problématiques de l’action évangélique dans sa relation avec la colonisation : la conquête des Indiens, le degré d’autonomie ou de dépendance des villages-missions vis-à-vis du monde laïque, et le rôle politique et culturel de la mission comme marqueur d’une frontière territoriale. Elle étudie enfin les discours sur l’Indien et les pratiques pastorales. / The thesis analyses the discourses and practices of Jesuit missionaries in the former Casanare-Orénoque region, which roughly covers the plains in today’s eastern Colombia as well as the lower part of the Orinoco river. The study describes the missionary work of the Jesuits in its universal context of catholic missions and focuses on the corps spirit of the missionaries in its institutional aspect and its ascetic vocation. Thus, by concentrating on missionary live cycles, more specific historical aspects of apostolic work are investigated. Three sets of questions about evangelical action in its relation to colonization are also raised: the conquest of the Indians, the missionary village’s degree of autonomy or dependence in relation to the laic world, and the political and cultural role of the missions in the establishment of a territorial frontier. Finally, the discourses about the Indians and the pastoral practices are studied.

1 COMPARISON OF CERTAIN ASPECTS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF SLAVERY AND ITS ABOLITION IN THE USA AND IN GREAT BRITAIN Resumé This thesis deals with legal regulation of slavery in Great Britain and the United states of America and also with its abolition. The first part of the thesis is theoretical. At the beginning, it describes the concepts of "slavery", "slave society" and "abolition". This is followed by the brief history of slavery, from the ancient society, through the Middle Ages, to slavery in North America. The end of this chapter briefly discusses the legal aspects of slavery in general, and the influence of the Enlightenment and Christianity on the perception of slavery. The second part focuses on situation in various geographic regions and some legal phenomena relating to slavery. The regions covered include England, specific for fact that slavery was abandoned there as early as in the 12th century and has never had any legislative background, together with India and the Caribbean as two examples of the opposite ends of the spectrum - while in the Caribbean slavery still constitutes a determining social element, in India the effects of slavery are surprisingly "negligible". The next section deals with other Britain's colonies and the characteristics of North American continent, and situation in the...

Since the early 1960s the government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has had several urban development strategies that have been designed to spearhead development through the deployment of internationally recognised architects and urban planners. The adoption of this strategy has opened debate on the paradigm shift away from restrictive planning regulations at both national and regional levels. The process has enabled foreign policies and ideas based on internationalisation to drive the new urban centre developments in Saudi cities including Riyadh and Dammam. In 2008, this key shift saw the traditional restrictive urban development strategies, which prescribed – among other things – the number of storeys a building could have, being replaced by a strategy permitting an unlimited number of storeys. This dissertation examines the role played by international firms of architects and developers in shaping how architecture is practised in the Kingdom. The process has led to the adoption of modern architectural styles and has advanced a modernised planning approach, whereby traditional architectural structures and the use of local materials have gradually been replaced by modern styles, high-tech buildings and the use of new foreign materials, causing the loss of historic buildings throughout the country. This is seen by many to constitute an injury to national culture and could lead to cultural conflicts that may be exacerbated by the possible importation of planning principles and regulations. A chronological review of internationalisation and how international architectural practices have been mobilised to work in the KSA reveals the impact of this process on the Kingdom’s urban development. While this may be desired by the authorities, it has been argued that the process does not seem to provide any clear strategy for the implementation of the desired sustainable urban centre development in the KSA. Hence, in the absence of clear directives, international architectural firms operate their own set of sustainability criteria to deliver the desired urban centres in the Kingdom. There has been little or no research into the mobilisation of international firms and foreign policies, nor into the impact of internationalisation on the development of planning codes, the modernisation of urban centres and the sustainability approach espoused by the KSA’s planning development strategy. This study investigates the impact of the participation of international firms in Saudi Arabia’s urban development. Government planning regulations and master plans are reviewed and a case study is conducted to identify the factors behind the engagement of international firms in the delivery of two capital projects: the King Abdullah Financial District in Riyadh and the Central Business District in Dammam. The study also explores the concept of sustainability and the engagement of foreign firms from the perspectives of various stakeholders through face-to-face interviews and a structured questionnaire. It establishes how the role of internationalisation as a driver of policy mobility has impacted on the new sustainable urban centres and in addition, how internationalisation has been operationalised through the notion of sustainability. Although planning codes and regulations may have been developed with good intent by the international firms concerned, their implementation has not yielded the desired result of delivering sustainable urban centres in the KSA. Thus, there is a conflict between a rapid urban development which seeks to integrate historical and traditional contexts on one hand, and the continual import and impact of globalised morphologies on the other. This leads to clear demarcations in urban evolution, making this conflict one of the key characteristics of emerging urban centres in the KSA.

To learn how international actors use their discourse as a power tool in an international debate can it help us to understand how they use it to gain leverage and influence the international debate. The international debate this thesis will focus on is the debate around Zimbabwe’s president Robert Mugabe, a heavily debated leader. The three chosen actors who view Robert Mugabe very differently and have interest in Zimbabwe are; China, United Kingdom and South Africa. The analytical framework that is used to understand how the actors influence the debate is based on Steven Lukes theory on the Three-dimensional view of Power, to see how issues are included or excluded from the public debate. Steven Lukes concept of Power as Domination will also be used to analyze the discourse the actors are conducting. The thesis methodological framework will be a Critical Discourse Analysis, where the focus is on the relation between the social contexts and the linguistic. When talking about Robert Mugabe the actors have used different discourses describing him very differently. The discourse that the chosen actors have been using have had its foundation in a specific moments or incidents to which he is described very differently. This thesis will also show how the chosen actors try to dominate the international debate regarding Robert Mugabe by describing him each in their specific way.

No description available.

This paper thoroughly examines the production of the thesis film Copper Kingdom. From writing, directing, production design, editing, to cinematography, sound, and workflow, each aspect of the creation of Copper Kingdom is carefully detailed, with insights regarding the decisions made throughout the filmmaking process.

What form is taken by the architecture and planning movement known as the New Urbanism in Scotland? To answer this, and offer an original contribution to knowledge, the thesis takes as its starting point a survey of New Urbanism and moves to connect it to how New Urbanism is understood and practised in contemporary Scottish urbanism. In it, I argue that New Urbanism does not pay attention to the complexities of the recent spatial-social history of places and adds to the semantic confusion of new places generally. The thesis is a historical-spatial study concerned with the transfer of knowledge between New Urbanist theories and practice and how they have been received and reconfigured transnationally. The thesis is organised into four parts. It begins with a literature review that is a metahistoric account of the movement paying close attention to the symbiotic relationship of the U.S. and Anglo-European procedures and charting the theoretical basis and key figures, events and canonical developments. The scale narrows its focus throughout the thesis in a linear fashion, moving in chapter three to a close reading and review of Scottish governmental policy documents and associated literature produced since 2001. The aim here is to chart patterns in the official approaches that illuminate a tendency towards the New Urbanist procedure. I posit that government support for New Urbanism demonstrates an institutional preference for growth over social equity. I argue that the emergent New Urbanism in Scotland is representative of a perceived lack of community aligned with the privileging of upper middle-class tastes and lifestyles which are held as the dominant representation of cultural life (S. Zukin, 2009). Simultaneously, a move towards neo-traditional planning and architecture is also a politically sanctioned strategy for economic growth that prioritises growth in housing over environmental or ecological sustainability. Two site studies document the emerging New Urbanism in Scotland by analysing two different approaches. The site studies deal with one built example and one masterplan located in Ayrshire and Aberdeenshire respectively. Separated into two sections they can be read as comparative studies which account for two distinct manifestations of Scottish New Urbanism; a modified Anglo-European version promoted by the Prince’s Foundation for Building Community and an ‘imported’ US version typically led by established urban designers DPZ (or Urban Design Associates), with both broadly receiving government support. The purpose of the research is to contribute to a better understanding of the movement’s origins and subsequent recontextualisation in a specifically Scottish condition. This is arguably relevant not only to contemporary Scottish urbanism but to general scholarship on the organisation and politics of space.