Orientador: Antonio Carlos Zambon / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T23:02:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_FabianaMarques_M.pdf: 2422520 bytes, checksum: 966c5b82f59168e9a1400b9b58760301 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa fundamenta-se no desenvolvimento de um método de aquisição de conhecimento de agentes textuais baseada em MORPH - Modelo Orientado à Representação do Pensamento Humano - que permite que se extraia o modelo mental de agentes textuais. O objetivo é evidenciar o conhecimento contido no agente textual, representá-lo graficamente para compreendê-lo, facilitando o processo de aprendizagem e refinando o estudo dos conteúdos de um texto. Pois considera-se que nem sempre autores deixam as ideias explícitas (suas estruturas mentais) em artigos científicos, de forma clara e objetiva. O MACAT é um processo composto por três etapas, estruturadas em diretrizes para a extração de objetos de agentes textuais diversos. Apresenta-se além do desenvolvimento do método, a aplicação do MACAT baseado em MORPH, para investigação de artigos científicos, visando à exemplificação de sua utilização e demonstrando sua utilidade na explicitação de conhecimento. Com isso, é póssível evidenciar a dinâmica dos processos contidos nos sistemas organizacionais, que apresentam dificuldades de construir o aprendizado, em razão da ausência de instrumentos pelos quais se possa avaliar a progressão do conhecimento. Como resultado, demonstra-se que o método torna possível a extração e representação do conhecimento de agentes humanos externalizados em agentes textuais, permitindo a compreensão de modelos mentais, alavancando a tomada de decisão em situações complexas / Abstract: This research is based on developing on a method for the Knowledge Acquisition of Textual Agents based on MORPH - Oriented Model to the Human Thought Representation - which allows you to extraction of a textual agent's mental model. The goal is to demonstrate the knowledge present in textual agent, representing it graphically by facilitating its understanding and the learning process and refining the study of the contents of a text. Because it is considered that the authors don't always make explicit ideas (mental structures) of scientific articles, clearly and objectively. The MACAT is a process composed of three steps, structured guidelines for the extraction of objects of various textual agents. It is presented in addition to method development, the application of MACAT based on MORPH for research papers, aimed at the exemplification of its use and demonstrating its usefulness in explicit knowledge. This makes it possible to demonstrate the dynamics organizational processes in computer systems in those which have difficulty in learning to build, due to the lack of instruments that can evaluate the evolution of knowledge. As a result, it is shown that the method makes possible the extraction and representation of knowledge into human agents that externalized in textual agents, able to understanding the mental models, leveraging the decision-making in complex situations / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestre em Tecnologia

Le Miscanthus x giganteus est une culture pérenne, nouvellement produite en Europe et présentant un intérêt fort pour son usage énergétique. Son implantation présage donc une réorganisation territoriale pérenne. Pour anticiper cette réorganisation, de nombreuses études modélisent les dynamiques spatialement explicites de son insertion. Notre thèse se positionne dans ce courant de recherche. Celle-ci vise à proposer un nouveau cadre de modélisation des processus de décision des agriculteurs, permettant la dissémination horizontale (scaling out) de ces processus issus d’études de cas, vers des territoires élargis. Pour cela, la thèse exploite le modèle du raisonnement à partir de cas. Elle articule (i) une démarche d’acquisition de connaissances sur les processus de décision des agriculteurs relatifs à l’insertion territoriale du miscanthus et (ii) la conception et évaluation d’un prototype ad hoc de raisonnement à partir de cas. La phase d’acquisition des connaissances montre que le processus d’insertion territoriale du miscanthus est complexe : celui-ci est étroitement lié aux contraintes parcellaires du territoire. Ces connaissances nous conduisent alors à discuter du choix des variables biophysiques et humaines intégrées à ce jour dans les modèles spatialement explicites. La phase de conception et d’évaluation du prototype de raisonnement à partir de cas montre que le modèle du raisonnement à partir de cas est particulièrement bien adapté pour modéliser un phénomène contextualisé. Evalués sur nos données d’enquêtes, ces résultats nous conduisent à discuter des modalités d’application du prototype sur d’autres bassins de production de miscanthus / Miscanthus x giganteus is the perennial crop, newly produced in Europe. Even if miscanthus is not so heavily produced nowadays, this crop would be of great interest for energy use. However, the allocation of miscanthus could produce a sustainable reorganization of the landscape. Therefore, many studies aim to model the land use change caused by miscanthus, in order to identify sustainable supply areas: our research belongs to this field. In our research, we propose a new framework for modeling decision-making process of farmers, relying on scaling out. More accurately, we propose to use the case-based reasoning model which solves problems based on an analogical reasoning. Then our research is structured: (i) by a knowledge acquisition step about decision-making process of farmers, based on farm surveys, conducted in the Côte d'Or department (Burgundy region) and (ii) by the design and evaluation of an ad hoc prototype of case-based reasoning. On the one hand, results of knowledge acquisition phase show that miscanthus allocation process is complex, more accurately, that miscanthus allocation process is closely related to land constraints, particularly in terms of logistic and environmental preservation of plots. These results lead us to discuss the selection of biophysical and human variables included to the current spatially explicit models. On the other hand, the design and evaluation phase of our prototype shows that case-based reasoning is particularly well suited to model a contextual phenomenon. These results lead us to discuss the modalities for implementing the prototype in other production areas of miscanthus

The need for navigation in hypertext requires cognitive resources, and this can result in disorientation and cognitive overhead. So, information retrieval and text comprehension are impaired. It is not possible to construct a coherent mental representation of text content (situation model), which is essential for text comprehension. The question is, how can, based on hypertext studies and knowledge about text comprehension, suggestions for hypertext design be found. In this study, the influence of different navigation possibilities and linking structures of hypertext on orientation problems, text comprehension, and efficiency of information retrieval was investigated. First, linear text and hierarchic structured hypertext with a graphical overview over the text structure were compared. Furthermore, text comprehension processes were focused more intensively. Therefore, the influence of the coherence of linking structure and of working memory load on interaction with the text, text comprehension, and efficiency of information retrieval was investigated. Results show that disadvantages of hypertext concerning orientation problems can be compensated with the aid of a graphical overview which is usable for navigation. This orientation and navigation aid is also an advantage for the speed of information retrieval. In contrast, for text comprehension coherence of the linking of individual text nodes plays an essential role. Only if hypertext is constructed in a way that a coherent reading sequence is suggested to the reader, the user is able to construct a coherent mental representation about the text content. It becomes apparent that different tasks, in this case reading a text vs. information retrieval, make different demands to hypertext. To some extend, the results were only shown with high working memory load, which shows the influence of cognitive resources. / Die Notwendigkeit der Navigation in Hypertexten beansprucht kognitive Ressourcen und führt leicht zu einer Desorientierung und einer kognitiven Überlastung. Sie erschwert damit das Auffinden von Informationen und beeinträchtigt das Verstehen des Textes, d.h. es kann keine kohärente mentale Repräsentation über den Textinhalt (Situationsmodell) aufgebaut werden, was jedoch in der Textverstehensforschung als zentraler Punkt des Verstehens betrachtet wird. Die Frage ist nun, wie aus den bisherigen Erkenntnissen zu Hypertexten und aus dem Wissen über Textverstehensprozesse Hinweise für eine optimale Hypertextgestaltung abgeleitet werden können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde dazu der Einfluss verschiedener Navigationsmöglichkeiten und der Verknüpfungsstruktur von Hypertexten auf die Probleme des Nutzers beim Umgang mit dem Hypertext und auf das Textverstehen bzw. den Wissenserwerb und die Effizienz der Informationssuche untersucht. Zunächst wurde dazu ein Vergleich von linear verknüpftem Text und einem hierarchisch strukturierten Hypertext mit einer graphischen Übersicht über die Textstruktur vorgenommen. Weiterhin wurden verstärkt die Textverstehensprozesse beim Umgang mit Hypertext betrachtet. Dazu wurde der Einfluss des Kohärenzgrades der Verknüpfung des Textes und der Arbeitsgedächtnisbelastung auf den Umgang mit dem Text, das Textverstehen und die Effizienz der Informationssuche untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Nachteile des Hypertextes hinsichtlich der Orientierungsprobleme durch eine navigierbare graphische Übersicht über die Textstruktur kompensiert werden können. Diese Strukturierungs- und Navigationshilfe erweist sich auch als Vorteil für die Schnelligkeit der Informationssuche. Für das Textverstehen hingegen spielt die Kohärenz der Verknüpfung der einzelnen Textknoten eine zentrale Rolle. Nur wenn der Hypertext so strukturiert ist, dass dem Nutzer eine zeitlich kohärente Leseweise nahegelegt wird, ist der Nutzer auch in der Lage, eine kohärente mentale Repräsentation über den Textinhalt aufzubauen. Es zeigt sich deutlich, dass unterschiedliche Aufgaben, hier Lesen eines Textes vs. Suchen nach Informationen, unterschiedliche Anforderungen an Hypertexte stellen. Teilweise werden die gezeigten Ergebnisse erst unter einer erhöhten Arbeitsgedächtnisbelastung deutlich, was den Einfluss kognitiver Ressourcen deutlich macht.

Vi rör oss mer och mer mot ett kunskapssamhälle. Kunskap är en av de viktigaste resurserna för företag och för samhället. Kunskap bidrar starkt till organisationers konkurrenskraft och samhällets utveckling genom innovation. Om kunskapen hanteras korrekt och ändamålsenligt för den med sig konkurrensfördelar. En fördelaktig kunskapshantering innebär att rätt kunskap fångas in, att den förmedlas till rätt person som använder den i syfte att förbättra organisatorisk och/eller individuell prestation. Primärt handlar kunskapsöverföring om att skapa värde genom att föra över kunskap från en individ till en annan.    Den här studien utgår från att kunskap har två dimensioner, en tyst och en explicit. Båda delarna kan innebära konkurrensfördelar men det är bara den tysta delen som innebär hållbara konkurrensfördelar. Detta medför att det finns väldigt mycket att vinna på en korrekt hantering av tyst kunskap. Till sin natur är dock den tysta kunskapen svårfångad och personlig, vilket för med sig betydande utmaningar. En av dessa utmaningar är att verkligen gå på djupet och förstå hela överföringsprocessen. När denna förståelse finns behöver man förstå vilka faktorer som påverkar olika delar av processen och vilken effekt de har. I en granskning av tidigare litteratur framkom att det finns relativt god förståelse för vilka faktorer som påverkar delande och överförande av tyst kunskap, medan det var mer bristfälligt vad gäller förvärvande av tyst kunskap.   Detta arbete har genomförts som en kvalitativ enfallsstudie på en kunskapsintensiv organisation. Studien undersökte anställdas upplevelser kring förvärvande av tyst kunskap. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har använts för att samla in det empiriska underlaget. Respondenterna var ingenjörer inom olika högteknologiska områden. Slutsatserna från studien har nåtts genom en tematisk analys.   Slutsatserna visar att flera av de faktorer som är tillämpbara vid delande av tyst kunskap även gäller vid förvärvande. Från resultatet av denna studie kunde vi konstatera att upplevelsen av de mer strukturella faktorerna: kultur, ledarskap, organisationens strategi, den fysiska och digitala omgivningen samt tidsaspekten påverkar förvärvandet av tyst kunskap. Samtidigt som upplevelsen av de mer individuella faktorerna: somatisk och kulturell kunskap, tillit, sociala nätverk, personlighetsdrag och upplevelsen av den som delar tyst kunskap påverkar förvärvandet av den. Flera av dessa faktorer bekräftades från tidigare forskning gällande delande, förvärvande och överförande av tyst kunskap. Unikt för denna studie var att fokus enbart låg på den part som förvärvar (söker och tar emot) tyst kunskap. Studien nådde också induktiva slutsatser kring faktorerna: personlighetsdrag, fysisk och digital omgivningen samt tidsbristens tvåsidiga effekt.

博士(技術経営) / Doctor of Philosophy in Technology and Innovative Management / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

根據瑞士有機農業研究所的全球有機市場報告指出，2013年全球有機農業產值為630億美金，相較於2011年增長25%，由此可見有機產業蓬勃發展。過往國內有關有機產業的研究，大多偏向探討有機農業的發展、消費者行為調查、通路行銷策略，對於有機商店創新層面著墨很少。另一方面，以往服務創新相關研究有提到組織方式與知識管理對其產生的影響，但探討的產業仍限縮在一般服務業，未曾針對有機商店作探討。基於上述的缺口，本研究以「有機認知」、「組織特性」、「知識取得」等三大構面為主軸，選擇國內三家有機零售通路商店進行深入研究，探討三大構面對服務創新的影響。 本研究得到的結論如下： (1) 有機零售通路業者共同採取的服務創新是複合式經營餐飲、不定期的講座與活動、網路平台、App互動與購物。 (2) 有機零售通路業者發展服務創新，其有機產品認知包含健康產品的定義、與農友間公平貿易。前者是說明店內產品的選擇，後者是說明其公平採購行為，兩者對於有機零售商店都是新服務概念。 (3) 有機零售通路會同時透過正式化的組織方式與非正式化的提案制度來激發創新。當公司不具備組織創業家精神，新服務發展將難以達成。 (4) 有機零售通路業者發展服務創新時，在外部連結與知識取得上，會以開放式創新的概念積極向外獲取所需之技術知識與市場知識，尤其注重一線員工與顧客的互動與顧客意見。 最後，本研究提出實務建議與後續研究之建議。 / According to the statistics of Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), global output value was 15 billion dollars in 2013 and 25% growth from 2011, which shows that organic industry is a booming industry. Most of the past researches related to organic industry are focused on the “development of organic farming”, “consumer behavior”, “marketing strategy” and very few studies are conducted on the organic store innovation. On the other hand, most of the former studies of service innovation, knowledge management, and organizing focus on general service industry. The past studies of the cases are almost general service industry. Due to the research gap, this study establishes a research framework with four major constructs: organic product awareness, organizing, external sourcing of knowledge and service innovation. I select three organic retail stores and aim to find the relationship among them. Four major preliminary conclusions obtained from this study are as follows: (1) The observation of organic retail stores jointly take these actions, such as combinative restaurant, occasional lectures/activities, network platform and App interacting with shopping. (2) As far as organic retail stores for service innovation is concerned, firm’s organic product awareness consists of the definition of health products and fair trade between farmers. Both of them are the new service concepts. (3) As far as organic retail stores for service innovation is concerned, the firm may use both formal and informal organization. If firms do not acquire entrepreneurship orientation, new service development would not be accomplished. (4) As far as organic retail stores for service innovation is concerned, the firm will actively acquire both of technical knowledge and market knowledge. Especially stores pay attention to the views of frontline staff and customer feedback. Finally, this study draws some recommendations for both practitioners and follow-up researchers.

Indigenous Knowledge (IK) is in danger of being obliterated due to a number of factors, such as the lack of interest from younger generations, low life expectancy where people die before transferring it to the next generation and it not being documented. This is due to the fact that IK, by its very nature, is generally known to have been passed on from generation to generation through oral tradition. This qualitative study utilised the organisational knowledge conversion theory to investigate the acquisition, transfer and preservation of IK by traditional healers in the Limpopo Province of South Africa with the view to develop a framework to provide understanding on how IK is acquired, transferred and preserved by traditional healers. The study adopted hermeneutic phenomenology research method and utilised snowball sampling technique to determine the population of this study which consisted of indigenous healers from the Limpopo Province. Data were collected through interviews with traditional healers, observations, as well as document analysis. Data were analysed and interpreted thematically according to the objectives of the study. The study revealed that knowledge of traditional healing is mainly acquired through observations, imitations, following orders and performing tasks practically. In addition to that, collaboration was highlighted as one of the driving forces behind effective transfer and acquisition of knowledge among healers. The major finding to this study was that ancestors are believed to be the ones preserving this knowledge of traditional healing and they pass it down to the chosen ones through dreams, visions and so on. The study concludes that traditional healers also preserved their knowledge orally and commonly shared and acquire knowledge during interactions with other healers. Furthermore, traditional healing is marginalised and not properly regulated in South Africa. It is recommended that key stakeholders should play an active role in ensuring that traditional healing is incorporated into the country’s healthcare system. This way traditional healing can help reduce a heavy burden on public health sector in terms of treating patients. A further study on integrating traditional healing into mainstream healthcare system in South Africa is recommended. / Information Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)

Kenya Methodist University (KeMU) is facing challenges like duplication of work due to lack of a central repository for knowledge retention, loss of knowledge through expertise leaving the institution without knowledge being captured and over reliance on a few known subject matter experts as others have not been identified. Utilising the Knowledge Retention Strategy framework, this study sought to assess knowledge retention practices at KeMU, with a view to entrench the culture of sharing knowledge. The ultimate aim of this study was to develop a model for knowledge retention at institutions of higher learning which KeMU could adopt. The study relied on mixed method research (MMR) with qualitative and quantitative data mixed at collection, analysis, discussion and reporting levels. The study triangulated data collection tools which encompassed a questionnaire, interview, observation and review of documents to collect data from 106 respondents and 11 heads of departments respectively. These two groups were purposively selected as they play a key role in knowledge retention at KeMU. The study disclosed a variety of informal knowledge retention practices but formal practices like: documented work processes; training and development for specific job tasks; orientation for general and job specific; knowledge repositories; communities of practice; knowledge retention policies; knowledge recovery initiatives; and human resources processes and practices for knowledge retention were lacking. Considering the value placed on the above list of lacking essential practices for knowledge retention, KeMU is indeed in dire need for a solution to help retain operational relevant knowledge. The study formulated a KR model for institutions of higher learning that would help KeMU leverage its knowledge assets. The study recommends that KeMU should work out a knowledge retention policy on how to implement the best knowledge retention practices. A further study on measuring KM in an academic institution is recommended. / Information Science / M. Inf.

This master thesis deals with the topic of expert systems in the military. In the first part, expert systems are described in general focusing on the theoretical aspects. The creation, types, structure, architecture, advantages, disadvantages and history of expert systems and knowledge acquisition are described. The next part of the thesis deals with the specific military and security (defence) applications of expert systems. There are descriptions of applications from Ground forces (ADRIES, ESROC, KBGIS, PRIDE, TED systems), Air forces (AIRID, LES, TATR), NAVY (systems BATTLE, SIAMES systems), Joint forces (AI-EOD, CMES, GTEX, MBEES, MCTA, SEAT SEC systems) and security areas (EPS-APES, DOC - EXPLOIT, FRIEND - FOE / FIRE DECISION systems). A more detailed description of ADRIES, BATTLE, KBGIS a FRIEND - FOE DETECTION / FIRE DECISION expert systems is included in the final part of the thesis.