Na obra de Thomas Kuhn, ao compreender as revoluções científicas como mudanças de concepção de mundo, surge o problema de em que sentido e em que medida o mundo muda com uma revolução científica. Esse é o problema central desta dissertação, o qual será analisado através da investigação dos textos de Kuhn e de seus comentadores. Depois de estabelecido o problema, os conceitos utilizados por Kuhn são esclarecidos. Em seguida, é analisado como se desenrola uma mudança de mundo e, com base nisso, é investigado em que medida o mundo muda com uma revolução científica. A conclusão desse trabalho sustenta que a mudança de mundo se fundamenta na mudança das relações de similaridade valorizadas pelos paradigmas e que o mundo muda apenas na sua organização, ou seja, na distribuição dos seus objetos particulares em diferentes tipos a partir das relações de similaridade enraizadas na comunidade científica. / In Thomas Kuhn‟s work, by understanding the scientific revolutions as changes in world conception, the problem related to in what sense and to what extent the world is changed by a scientific revolution arises. This is the central problem of this thesis, which will be analyzed by investigating Kuhn' and his reviewers‟ work. After establishing the problem, the concepts applied by Kuhn are explained. It is then analyzed how a world change takes place and, based on that, it is investigated in what extent the world changes with a scientific revolution. The conclusion argues that the change of world is based on a change in the similarity relationships valued by the paradigms and that the world only changes on its organization, ie, on the distribution of its particular objects in different types from the similarity relationships settled in the scientific community.

This master's thesis is looking to expand on the previously written bachelor's thesis describing the current situation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in the Czech Republic. It represents an attempt to interpret medicine as paradigm while reflecting the current political environment. The relevance of the topic is proved by the recently increasing interest of media which have been covering the Czech-Chinese Centre for TCM in Hradec Kralove and activities of the Ministry of Health in discussions about possible synergies between modern medicine and TCM. The thesis compares modern medicine and TCM from the perspective of the theory of paradigms and relativity of knowledge by Thomas Kuhn. It aims to test aspects of the theory by conducting research among practitioners and students of TCM. The thesis also tries to find parallels between the two medicinal approaches and to identify their respective advantages and disadvantages. It attempts to gauge how challenging it is for students of TCM to comprehend two different medicinal approaches and whether they had any issues understanding them. Among other goals of the thesis is to give some insight into the process and possible future trends of the legal basis of TCM in the Czech Republic. In order to accomplish these goals, a set of questionnaires was...

A signed LAC Non-Exclusive License form from this author is pending. / In this thesis I attempt to develop an alternative to the logical positivist's image of science, which attempts to exclude beliefs from scientific investigations. First I set the problem up by describing what the positivists mean by belief and how they attempt to exclude belief through the use of the scientific method. I begin to develop an alternative by examining the views of three philosophers of science: Thomas S. Kuhn, Michael Polanyi, and Gerard Radnitzky. Each of them provides an alternative to the positivistic conception of science by suggesting that scientific research is surrounded by a framework of tacit beliefs. I present each view in the following way. First I describe the background and context for the framework hypothesis; then I explain the framework itself, including discussions on the nature of the framework, how it is acquired, its role in visible scientific activity, and how switches from one framework to another occur; finally I assess each person's insights, including each's relevance for my thesis. The examination of these views sets the stage for my last chapter. Here I briefly compare the three thinkers, noting similarities and differences. Then I highlight each thinker's unique insights. Finally, I present a brief description of what I believe is a viable alternative to the positivistic image of science, based on the work of the three philosophers.

This thesis is comprised of three main parts: The Hermite-Hadamard inequality on discrete time scales, the fractional Hermite-Hadamard inequality, and Karush-Kuhn- Tucker conditions on higher dimensional discrete domains. In the first part of the thesis, Chapters 2 & 3, we define a convex function on a special time scale T where all the time points are not uniformly distributed on a time line. With the use of the substitution rules of integration we prove the Hermite-Hadamard inequality for convex functions defined on T. In the fourth chapter, we introduce fractional order Hermite-Hadamard inequality and characterize convexity in terms of this inequality. In the fifth chapter, we discuss convexity on n{dimensional discrete time scales T = T1 × T2 × ... × Tn where Ti ⊂ R , i = 1; 2,…,n are discrete time scales which are not necessarily periodic. We introduce the discrete analogues of the fundamental concepts of real convex optimization such as convexity of a function, subgradients, and the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions. We close this thesis by two remarks for the future direction of the research in this area.

En la historia de la filosofía, se pueden reconocer épocas indeleblemente marcadas por la necesidad de comprender un complejo proceso de cambios, con alcances sociales y políticos. Allí están las disquisiciones filosóficas del siglo II D.C., tratando de hacer comprensibles las relaciones entre la filosofía y el cristianismo naciente. También encajan en dicha descripción los escritos filosóficos del siglo XII que procuraban hacer viable una relación entre el aristotelismo, recién llegado de oriente, y la filosofía cristiana asentada en occidente. En mi opinión, son casos emblemáticos de tal historiografía: el conjunto de escritos filosóficos del siglo XVI encaminados a comprender la modernidad y la ciencia, así como los escritos del siglo XVIII esclareciendo el siglo de las luces. / Tesis

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T21:01:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O cenário geral da filosofia da ciência no século XX foi principalmente desenhado pelos traços epistemológicos do Positivismo Lógico e seu verificacionismo, pelo falsificacionismo popperiano, pelos programas de pesquisa lakatianos, pelo anarquismo epistemológico de Paul Feyerabend e pela filosofia da ciência de Thomas Kuhn. A partir desse cenário geral, esta dissertação analisa os aspectos principais da filosofia da ciência de Thomas Kuhn, o espectro das críticas que recebeu, as respostas que ofereceu e as mudanças que se seguiram na epistemologia kuhniana. Kuhn envolveu-se em um frutífero debate com alguns dos mais proeminentes filósofos da ciência do século XX, sobre suas idéias de revolução científica, ciência normal e incomensurabilidade. Esse debate, discutido nesta dissertação, contribuiu para as mudanças que Kuhn fez em sua proposta original tal como exposta em seu mais famoso trabalho, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Essas modificações e sua abrangência são o tema principal do presente estudo / The general scenario of the philosophy of science in the 20th century was mainly determined by the epistemological traits of Logical Positivism and its verificationism, Popperian falsificationism, the Lakatian research programs, Paul Feyrebend’s epistemological anarchism, and Thomas Kuhn’s philosophy of science. Starting from this general scenario, this dissertation analyzes the main aspects of Thomas Kuhn’s philosophy of science, the spectrum of its critique by other thinkers, Kuhn’s response to that critique and the subsequent changes in Kuhn’s epistemology. Kuhn was involved in a fruitful debate on his ideas about scientific revolutions, normal science, paradigms, and incommensurability with some of the most important philosophers of the 20th century. This debate, which is discussed in the dissertation, prompted Kuhn to make changes in his original proposal as expounded in his most famous work, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. These modifications and their scope are the main topic of the present

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandra Nakano de Almeida.pdf: 1298881 bytes, checksum: 6ed6b2d34093bf140942e9de85595f0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This paper aims to investigate some of the first relationships that psychoanalysis had with arts. To do so, a dialogue with the thinking of Thomas Kuhn is established considering that the subject conceived by Sigmund Freud operated a disruption to the field of knowledge regarding psychic phenomena. Considering some of the concepts minted by the American science historian, the role of Freud references to arts in the context of psychoanalysis formation is reflected. Therefore references to artwork, as well as, analogies made between psychic and artistic processes - which can be found in Freud´s theoretical construction of the paradigmatic book The Interpretation of Dreams " (1900), are examined. Some drafts from Vienna´s Psychoanalytic Society sessions are also examined, thereby investigating the role that the references to arts played in the beginning of the process of psychoanalysis institutionalization, or in other words, the sociological dimension of its formation. Lastly, it is examined two of Freud´s early work, where art is somehow subjected to psychoanalytic investigation: "Delusions and Dreams in Jensen's Gradiva (1907) and "Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory of his Childhood "(1910). Considering them as attempts to puzzle solving activities in the sense proposed by Kuhn, it is analyzed the psychoanalytic assumptions and purposes that underlie these works. Thus, it is tried to support the idea which the first relationships established between psychoanalysis and the field of arts helped with setting up and developing psychoanalysis, which Freud aspired to be considered a natural science / Este trabalho pretende investigar algumas das primeiras relações que a psicanálise manteve com o campo das artes. Para tanto, estabelece-se uma interlocução com o pensamento de Thomas Kuhn considerando que a disciplina criada por Sigmund Freud operou uma ruptura com o campo do conhecimento dos fenômenos psíquicos. À luz de alguns conceitos cunhados pelo historiador das ciências norte-americano, reflete-se sobre o papel das referências que Freud faz às artes no contexto da constituição da psicanálise. Examinam-se, pois, referências a obras de arte, bem como analogias estabelecidas entre procedimentos psíquicos e procedimentos artísticos que comparecem na construção teórica freudiana da obra paradigmática A interpretação dos sonhos (1900). Examinam-se, ainda, algumas minutas das sessões da Sociedade Psicanalítica de Viena, investigando deste modo, o papel que as referências às artes desempenharam no início do processo de institucionalização da psicanálise, ou, em outros termos, na dimensão sociológica da sua constituição. Examinam-se por fim, dois dos primeiros trabalhos de Freud em que a arte é de alguma forma submetida à investigação psicanalítica: Delírios e sonhos na Gradiva de Jensen (1907) e Leonardo da Vinci e uma lembrança de sua infância (1910). Considerando-os como tentativas de resoluções de quebra-cabeças no sentido proposto por Kuhn, investigam-se os pressupostos psicanalíticos e propósitos que subjazem a estes trabalhos. Procura-se, pois, sustentar que as primeiras relações estabelecidas entre a psicanálise e o campo das artes estiveram a serviço da constituição e do desenvolvimento da psicanálise, para a qual Freud aspirava a condição de ciência natural

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-01-10T13:08:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ReestruturacaoKuhnianaTese.pdf: 944144 bytes, checksum: bd5f0829c382218bb96668731a5a2f69 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-01-10T15:03:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ReestruturacaoKuhnianaTese.pdf: 944144 bytes, checksum: bd5f0829c382218bb96668731a5a2f69 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-10T15:03:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ReestruturacaoKuhnianaTese.pdf: 944144 bytes, checksum: bd5f0829c382218bb96668731a5a2f69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-31 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a tese da incomensurabilidade entre tradições paradigmáticas separadas por uma revolução, tal como é apresentada por Kuhn em sua principal obra A Estrutura das Revoluções científicas, como também as mudanças que a mesma sofreu nos escritos posteriores do filósofo. O problema que norteará nossa investigação tem como foco principal esclarecer quais às razões que levarão Kuhn a reestruturar sua concepção acerca da incomensurabilidade em seus estudos pós-Estrutura. No nosso entender as razões que levaram Kuhn a mudança de posicionamento em sua abordagem da referida tese, são decorrentes das críticas que ele sofreu em 1965, por ocasião do Colóquio Internacional de Filosofia da Ciência. Dentre as críticas que são analisadas neste trabalho, destacam-se as feitas por Popper, que vê na tese da incomensurabilidade a defesa de um relativismo, como também, as críticas de Lakatos, que acusa Kuhn de ser o defensor do irracionalismo no âmbito da ciência. Sustentamos que o filósofo reestrutura a tese da incomensurabilidade, em seus escritos pós-Estrutura, a fim de esclarecer os pontos problemáticos destacados por seus críticos. Consideramos que sua nova posição, na qual defende a incomensurabilidade local, é mais consistente e coerente que a anterior, pois assegura a comunicabilidade e a possibilidade de escolha entre paradigmas rivais, superando assim as acusações de relativismo e irracionalismo. No intuito de apresentar uma possível solução ao problema delineado, o trabalho se desenvolverá em três capítulos. No primeiro apresentaremos uma análise completa de como Kuhn concebe a tese da incomensurabilidade em sua obra A Estrutura das Revoluções cientificas. No segundo capítulo, destacaremos os aspectos problemáticos da tese que levaram o filósofo a ser acusado de defender o irracionalismo e o relativismo nas ciências. Por fim, no terceiro capítulo, procuraremos desenvolver como Kuhn, em seus pós-escritos, irá procurar superar os problemas inerentes a sua tese da incomensurabilidade recorrendo à filosofia da linguagem. / This study aims to examine the thesis of incommensurability between paradigmatic traditions separated by a revolution, as presented by Kuhn in his major work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, as well as the changes that it has undergone in the later writings of the philosopher. The problem that will guide our research has mainly focused clarify the reasons that lead Kuhn to restructure its conception of incommensurability in their PostStructure studies. In our view the reasons Kuhn change of position in his thesis of that approach, derive from the criticism he suffered in 1965, at the International Conference on Philosophy of Science. Among the criticisms that are analyzed in this paper, we highlight those made by Popper, who sees the thesis of incommensurability the defense of relativism, but also criticism of Lakatos, accusing Kuhn to be the defender of irrationalism in science. We hold that the philosopher restructures the thesis of incommensurability, in its PostStructure written in order to clarify the problem areas highlighted by its critics. We believe that his new position, which advocates local incommensurability, is more consistent and coherent than before, because it ensures the communicability and the choice between competing paradigms, thus overcoming the accusations of relativism and irrationalism. In order to present a possible solution to the outlined problem, the work will be developed in three chapters. In the first we present a complete analysis of how Kuhn sees the thesis of incommensurability in his work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. In the second chapter, we will highlight the problematic aspects of the thesis that led the philosopher to be accused of defending the irrationalism and relativism in science. Finally, in the third chapter, we will seek to develop as Kuhn, in his postscripts, will seek to overcome the problems inherent in his thesis of incommensurability resorting to philosophy of language.

Es werden verschiedene Verfahren zur Lösung verallgemeinerter Nash-Gleichgewichtsprobleme mit dem Schwerpunkt auf deren globaler Konvergenz entwickelt. Ein globalisiertes Newton-Verfahren zur Berechnung normalisierter Lösungen, ein nichtglattes Optimierungsverfahren basierend auf einer unrestringierten Umformulierung des spieltheoretischen Problems, und ein Minimierungsansatz sowei eine Innere-Punkte-Methode zur Lösung der gemeinsamen Karush-Kuhn-Tucker-Bedingungen der Spieler werden theoretisch untersucht und numerisch getestet. Insbesondere das Innere-Punkte Verfahren erweist sich als das zur Zeit wohl beste Verfahren zur Lösung verallgemeinerter Nash-Gleichgewichtsprobleme. / In this thesis different algorithms for the solution of generalized Nash equilibrium problems with the focus on global convergence properties are developed. A globalized Newton method for the computation of normalized solutions, a nonsmooth algorithm based on an optimization reformulation of the game-theoretic problem, and a merit function approach and an interior point method for the solution of the concatenated Karush-Kuhn-Tucker-system are analyzed theoretically and numerically. The interior point method turns out to be one of the best existing methods for the solution of generalized Nash equilibrium problems.

The management consulting industry has been growing exponentially during the last two decades influencing the relationships between business schools, corporations and universities, achieving a significant role as a modern "knowledge creator". This thesis studies the process of knowledge creation undertaken by management consultants. The academic mode of creating knowledge as described by Kuhn (1996) was used to direct this exploration of consultants as a knowledge creating community. The purpose of using the scientific method of knowledge creation is not to compare or to judge consulting knowledge, but to use it as a way of entry to explore consultants' practices. In a complementary way to Kuhn's core concepts, a brief Foucauldian overview identified concepts like inclusion and exclusion, discourse and the notion of practices, which are used in the analysis. An empirical research was conducted focusing specifically on a group of practicing consultants in New Zealand. Thirteen consultants who specialize in corporate governance advice were interviewed. Corporate governance was chosen as a field of advice because it is a clearly separable area of management consulting. In this study, the categories of community and paradigm served as a point of entry to explore knowledge creation practices. The data was analyzed qualitatively in search for evidence of community belonging and patterns in consultants' knowledge creation practices. It has been found that consultants, in spite not having a formal regulating professional body, behave as a professional community that has entry requirements, exit procedures and credentials for belonging. Consultants define their identities in the intersection of overlapping communities, which sometimes include their former educational backgrounds, their professions and their current practice. Research findings show that consultants in governance share a paradigm, which trascend particular consulting firms and reach a larger group of consultants. This paradigm has quality control processes such as reputation and re-engagement, and common methods in dealing with governance problems. In addition, in terms of the body of knowledge shared, there are certain factors that determine the value of that knowledge for consultants such as novelty, commercial value, utility and accessibility.