Orientador: Josue Pereira da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T09:35:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mesquita_MarcosRoberto_M.pdf: 1376969 bytes, checksum: b56883ccd0779b166a6c6ba199a09bc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A dissertação se refere ao problema do desemprego dos jovens e as políticas públicas que visam combatê-lo. O estudo está voltado para o Brasil pós 1990, além da análise de duas políticas públicas que objetivam ingressar os jovens no mercado de trabalho: CIEE, organização não governamental desenvolvida para integrar empresas e escolas, e o PNPE, programa estatal que visa estimular a geração de empregos para os jovens. O primeiro capítulo do estudo discute o desemprego dos jovens, o segundo e terceiro analisam respectivamente o CIEE e o PNPE / Abstract: The dissertation deals with the problem of unemployment of Young people, and the public policies supposed to combat it. Focusing on Brazil from 1990 onwards, the research takes two cases of public policy whose objective is to include these young workers in the labor market: CIEE (a non governmental organization developed to the integration between school and firms) and PNPE (the state program to stimulate the supply of employment for young people). While the first chapter of the dissertation discusses the problem of youth unemployment, the second and the third analyze respectively the CIEE and the PNPE / Mestrado / Mestre em Sociologia

For the past years, there has been an absence of economic crisis on a global level. The unexpected COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus led to a significant disruption in economies across the globe, followed by a decrease in economic activity. The decline in economic activity caused market shocks which eventually increased unemployment. This paper aims to analyse unemployment between the years 2018 to 2021 to measure pre- and post-pandemic unemployment rate among Swedish municipalities. The research question is, was the COVID-19 affected significantly related to an increase in unemployment rates across the 290 municipalities in Sweden? Data collection is from several agencies, including the Swedish Public Employment Service (Arbetsförmedlingen), The Public Health Agency of Sweden (Folkhälsomyndigheten), and Statistic Sweden (SCB). The regression model used to analyse the variables are series of fixed effects regression. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the pandemic and economic downturn. By examining variables such as COVID-19 affected, immigrants, education, and disposable income in municipalities, this paper was able to conclude that COVID-19 affected are significantly related to unemployment increase in all 290 municipalities.

This dissertation is divided into five chapters consisting of three short essays that concentrate on economic analysis of health, savings and labor. The first essay is aimed at investigating the influence of increased work hours on individuals’ health and how this may differ between males and females. It is expected that increased hours of work will have a negative impact on health but this impact may be stronger for females. In the second essay, the relationship between individuals’ health and savings behavior is analyzed. Healthy individuals are expected to be more productive, earn higher incomes, and have lower medical expenditures compared to unhealthy individuals. It is therefore expected that individuals’ health will have a positive influence on their saving behavior. The third paper analyzes the effect of increased work, as proxied by labor force participation, on health, as proxied by life expectancy, at the macro level. The main aim of the analysis in the third essay is to investigate whether or not increased female labor force participation is a contributing factor to the narrowing gap between the life expectancy of females and males. In the final chapter of this dissertation, I provide a summary of my findings on the relationships between work, health, and savings. I also provide directions for future research.

Over the past several decades there has been extensive research done in an attempt to determine what demographic characteristics affect economic growth, measured in GDP per capita. Understanding what influences the growth of a country will vastly help policy makers enact policies to lead the country in a positive direction. This research focuses on isolating a new variable, women in the work force. As well as isolating a new variable, this research will modify a preexisting variable that was shown to be significant in order to make the variable more robust and sensitive to recessions. The intent of this thesis is to explore the relationship between several demographic characteristics and their effect on the growth rate of GDP per capita. The first step is to reproduce the work done by Barlow (1994) to ensure that the United States follows similar rules as the countries in his research. Afterwards, we will introduce new variables into the model, comparing the goodness of fit through the methods of R-squared, AIC and BIC. There have been several models developed to answer each of the research questions independently.

No description available.

This study examined changes between 1950 and 1970 in women's aggregate occupational position in 168 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Specifically, the research was designed to study three aspects of women's occupational position. First, women's distribution across occupational categories (absolute position) was examined. Absolute position was defined as the percent of working women in professional and managerial occupations. Second, women's occupational position compared to men (relative position) was examined. This involved women's share of the total jobs in each occupational category. Third, the statistical relationship between women's occupational position and their labor force participation rate was investigated using zero-order correlations.

The Old Age Pension (OAP) program for elderly South Africans puts a significant cash transfer in the hands of many poor households. This dissertation investigates its impact on labor force participation and consumption of selected household items. In the first half of the dissertation, we take advantage of a policy reform that lowered men's OAP eligibility age from 65 to 60 for men to match that of women for estimation identification. Using the General Household Survey data, we first demonstrate that both men and women respond to the eligibility age by dropping from labor force participation at the eligibility age, as expected. Using a difference-in-difference-in-difference estimator, we estimate that at the median predicted wage, age eligibility reduces men's probability of labor force participation by approximately 6.14 percentage points. Previous studies show that not only is the OAP take-up rate high among the age-eligible, but its value is sufficiently high to generally make it a significant component of total household income for the majority of pensioners and their households. Other studies add that it is a dominant source of income in older households, such that it is often the sole source of income in these households, especially those in rural areas. In the second half of the dissertation, therefore, we examine the impact of age-eligibility status on a number of selected household outcomes, such as food security, sanitation, source of drinking water, and ownership of consumer durable goods. We also examine the extent to which gender influences its impact on household outcomes. We find positive effects on a select number of outcomes; however, we note this is more associated with females' age-eligibility status, but not that of males.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, com base no padrão de comércio externo e interno brasileiro, se a especialização da produção no Brasil e nas macro-regiões encontra-se de acordo com a dotação relativa de fatores, ou se há outras questões que expliquem a localização da produção. A fundamentação teórica veio do teorema de Heckscher-Ohlin, mais especificamente da abordagem da qualificação da mão-de-obra e do comércio intra-indústria. O teorema de Heckscher-Ohlin foi confirmado para os trinta tipos de comércio externo observados no trabalho, e pôde-se verificar um comportamento semelhante entre os resultados obtidos para o Brasil, como um todo, e aqueles conseguidos para as suas regiões. No comércio observado entre o Brasil e as regiões e a Ásia, os Estados Unidos, a União Européia e o resto do mundo, a dotação de fatores constatada foi de mão-de-obra não qualificada. Considerando apenas o comércio do Brasil e das regiões com o Mercosul, pôde-se verificar que o Brasil e as regiões apresentaram abundância relativa de mão-de-obra qualificada. Com relação aos resultados para o comércio intra-indústria, dos 30 dimensionamentos efetuados para o comércio exterior, apenas em três casos o comércio interindústria não foi observado: no comércio do Brasil, do Sudeste e do Sul com o Mercosul. Pode-se sugerir, então, que, na relação entre o Brasil e as macrorregiões e seus principais parceiros comerciais no mercado mundial, o comércio interindústria foi observado na maior parte dos casos, confirmando, assim, os resultados verificados no teorema de Heckscher-Ohlin. Na análise dos testes do teorema de Heckscher-Ohlin realizados para o comércio interno entre as regiões do Brasil, pôde-se verificar que a validade do teorema foi confirmada para quatro das cinco regiões consideradas. Somente para o comércio verificado entre o Nordeste e as demais regiões o teorema não foi constatado. A região Sudeste foi considerada como relativamente abundante em mão-de-obra qualificada, enquanto as demais regiões se apresentaram como relativamente abundante em mão-de-obra não qualificada. O comércio intra-indústria somente foi observado, no mercado doméstico, entre macrorregiões, para as relações comerciais do Nordeste com o Centro-Oeste. Com base nos resultados verificados para o teorema de Heckscher-Ohlin, pode-se sugerir que a dotação diferenciada de fatores foi importante determinante da especialização da produção, no Brasil e nas regiões, para o comércio no mercado mundial e doméstico. O dimensionamento do comércio intra-indústria confirma os resultados observados do teorema de Heckscher-Ohlin para a quase totalidade dos casos analisados. Cabe destacar que, na revisão bibliográfica realizada para a elaboração deste estudo, não se observou trabalhos que já tivessem testado a validade do teorema de Heckscher-Ohlin para os comércios externo e interno, considerando as macrorregiões. O que se verificou foram trabalhos que consideravam o Brasil como um todo. Esses testes regionais somente foram possíveis de serem realizados em função do modelo inter-regional que foi construído por Guilhoto et al (2003), bem como das informações detalhadas sobre importação e exportação, publicadas pelo Ministério do Desenvolvimento da Indústria e do Comércio - MDIC - (Brasil, 2003) e pelos microdados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilio - PNAD - (IBGE, 1999a). / The aim of this study was to evaluate, based on the trade procedures for the external and internal Brazilian trade, if the production especialization in Brazil and in macro-regions is according to the relative allotment of factors, or if there are other questions that explain the production localization. The theoritical basis came from Hecksscher-Ohlin, more specifically, from the assessment of the labor qualification and from the trade intra-industries.The theorem of Heckscher-Ohlin was confirmed for the 30 (thirty) kinds of external trade observed, at work, and it was noticed a similar behavior among the results obtained for Brazil, as a whole, and the ones obtained for its regions. In the trade evidenced among Brazil and regions of Asia, the United States, the European Union and the rest of the world, the allotment of factors establihed was the one of non-qualified labor. Considering Brazil’s trade and of the regions with MERCOSUL alone, it was noticed that Brazil and the regions offer relative abundant qualified labor. Regarding the results abtained from for the trade intra-industries, of the 30 outlinings for the external trade, only in three cases the intra-industry trade was not observed: in the Brazilian market, of the South and Southeast with the MERCOSUL. It can be suggested, then, that in the trade analyzed between Brazil and the macro-regions and their main business partners in the international market the trade intra-industries was observed in most cases, therefore, confirming the results verified in the theorem of Heckscher-Ohlin. In the test analysis of the theorem of Heckscher-Ohlin, carried out for the domestic market among ther egions in Brazil, it was noticed that the validity of the theorem was confirmed for four out of the five regions considered. Only between the Northeast and the other regions, the theorem was not evidenced. The Southeastern region was considered relately rich in qualified laborforce, whereas the other regions presented as relatively abundant in non-qualified labor. The intra-industry trade was only observed, in the domestic market among macro-regions, for the business relations of the Northeast and the Midlle-west. Based on the results obtained for the theorem of Heckscher-Ohlin, it can be suggested that the different allotment of factors was an important determiner of the production especialization, in Brazil and in the regions, either for the domestic as for the international markets. The outlining of the intra-industry trade confirms the results observed of the theorem of Heckscher-Ohlin, for almost all of the cases analyzed. It is worth pointing out that in the bibliographic review carried out in order to do this study it was not observed studies which had tested the validity of the theorem of Heckscher-Ohlin for the internal and external trade, considering the macro-regions. What was evidenced were the studies done considering Brazil as a whole. These regional tests were only possible to be carried out for the regions making use of the inter-regional model which was constituted by Guilhoto et al (2003), as well as of the detailed information about importation and exportation, published by the Ministery for the Development of the Industry and Commerce -MDIC- (Brasil, 2003) and by the microdata of the National Research by Domicile Sample - PNAD- (IBGE, 1999a).

Compreendendo a mobilidade do trabalho como um fenômeno que promove o deslocamento espacial, setorial e profissional de trabalhadores, com o objetivo de o capital explorar força de trabalho e acumular excedente econômico e observando que os médicos no Brasil trabalham de forma particularmente diversificada, transversa e longitudinalmente, em múltiplos sub-empregos, procura-se apreender dimensões da mobilidade da força de trabalho de médicos no sistema brasileiro de serviços de saúde. Com a intenção de contribuir para a compreensão e crítica do fenômeno da disponibilidade desses profissionais, como processo sócio-histórico significante para a implementação do Sistema Único de Saúde, desenvolvem-se táticas de aproximação sucessiva ao empírico da mobilidade do trabalho de médico, em diversidade metodológica, pela integração de métodos quantitativos e qualitativos, utilizando-se de entrevista, pesquisa bibliográfica e análise de documentos e de dados secundários de pesquisas. Apreende-se, além de espacial, setorial e profissional, um deslocamento temporal na mobilidade da força de trabalho de médicos no modo como se dispõe no sistema brasileiro de serviços de saúde. Captura-se o desenvolvimento de estratégias e contra-estratégias de mobilidade, indicando-se que, constituído como um dilema, da falta ou da má distribuição de médicos, o problema culmina tratado muitas vezes de forma derivada, restrita e recalcada, apesar de aludidos os seus condicionantes e determinantes. Colhem-se representações e categorias de pensamento de atores dos sistemas de formação, de gestão de sistema de serviço de saúde e de representação da categoria profissional de médicos sobre possibilidades e limites de interiorização do trabalho médico no Brasil denotativas da fragmentação e segmentação do sistema brasileiro de serviços de saúde. Prestam-se outras contribuições para estudos de epidemiologia, de sociologia do trabalho e de psicologia do trabalho. / Understanding labor mobility as a phenomenon that promotes spatial, sectoral and professional displacement of workers, with the aim of capital exploiting their workforce and accumulating economic surplus, noting that medical doctors working in Brazil do it in a way which is particularly diverse, transverse and longitudinal, in multiple sub-jobs, seeking to grasp the dimensions of mobility of the workforce of medical doctors in the Brazilian system of health services. Aiming to contribute to the understanding and critique the phenomenon of availability of such professionals as a significant socio-historical process for the implementation of the National Universal Health System, developing tactics of successive approximation to the empirical labor mobility of medical, in methodological diversity, by the integration of quantitative and qualitative methods, using interviews, literature review and analysis of documents and secondary data research. Seizing up, beyond spatial, sectoral and professional, a temporal shift in the mobility of the workforce of medical doctors in the way it disposes the Brazilian system of health services. Capture the development of strategies and counter-strategies of mobility, indicating that, constituted as a dilemma, of lack or maldistribution of medical doctors, the problem often culminates being treated derivatively, restricted and repressed, although alluded their condition and determinants. Representations and thought thinking categories of actors of formation systems, management systems of health service and representation of the profession of medical doctors about the possibilities and limits of internalization of medical work in Brazil are gathered denoting the fragmentation and segmentation of the Brazilian health services system. It lends other contributions to epidemiology, sociology of work, psychology of work studies.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo geral investigar, sob a ótica de um modelo insumo-produto, os impactos no mercado setorial de trabalho no Brasil na década de 1990, evidenciando as transformações ocorridas no lado da oferta de postos de trabalho. Primeiramente, são analisados os efeitos do plano de estabilização do nível de preços e do processo de abertura econômica nos setores produtivos. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o processo de abertura provocou efeitos positivos e negativos na estrutura produtiva. Setores como Agropecuária modernizaram seu processo de produção e aumentaram sua produtividade, diminuindo, porém, sua capacidade de geração de postos de trabalho. O setor Indústria apresentou-se dependente de insumos importados e também diminuiu sua capacidade de gerar empregos, entretanto o setor Serviços consolidou-se como grande gerador ou absorvedor de mão-de-obra neste período. Em geral, os multiplicadores de produção demonstraram que todos os setores passaram a ser mais dependentes de insumos importados. Neste período, a economia brasileira foi muito mais exportadora de produtos intensivos em trabalho e grande importadora de produtos intensivos em capital, implicando em mudanças na estrutura da oferta de postos de trabalho. Em geral, os multiplicadores de emprego mostraram uma queda na capacidade de geração de novos postos de trabalho (empregos diretos, indiretos e induzidos) em toda a economia. Em seguida, analisou-se a estrutura da oferta de postos de trabalho no Brasil na década de 1990. A análise do perfil da mão-de-obra ocupada mostrou que somente algo em torno de ⅓ dos postos de trabalho foram ocupados pela mão-de-obra feminina, a qual estava concentrada no setor Serviços. Para o conjunto da economia, a idade do trabalhador ocupado concentrou-se na faixa dos 20 a 39 anos, tendo diminuído a participação da mão-de-obra jovem e aumentado, ainda que timidamente, a ocupação de trabalhadores com idade superior a 50 anos. O setor Agropecuária foi o que mais empregou mão-de-obra na faixa dos 10 a 14 anos. Em contrapartida, no setor Extração de petróleo, gás natural, carvão e outros combustíveis, os postos de trabalho ocupados nesta categoria são desprezíveis. Este setor é o que ocupa com mais intensidade a mão-de-obra madura (acima dos 40 anos). A maioria da mão-deobra ocupada na década começou a trabalhar com 10 a 14 anos, porém os trabalhadores que estão ingressando atualmente no primeiro emprego, o fazem mais tarde. A análise da situação na ocupação dos trabalhadores mostrou que, notadamente a partir da segunda metade da década, houve um crescimento do número de trabalhadores sem carteira assinada, indicando uma possível piora nas relações de trabalho. Constatou-se ainda uma redução abrupta no número de pessoas trabalhando por conta própria e um aumento no número de postos de trabalho na administração pública. Não obstante, os trabalhadores ocupados no setor Extração de petróleo, gás natural, carvão e outros combustíveis e no setor Serviços industriais de utilidade pública eram, em sua grande maioria, contratados com carteira de trabalho assinada. O tempo de serviço da mão-de-obra ocupada na década de 1990 parece também indicar a precarização das relações de trabalho. Ao longo da década, algo em torno de 40% das pessoas estavam no atual emprego entre menos de 1 ano a 2 anos. A rotatividade é maior no setor Construção civil, onde, em média, 53% dos trabalhadores estavam no atual emprego a menos de 2 anos. Na década de 1990, o número de horas de trabalho semanais era maior que 45 horas para cerca de 40% da mão-de-obra ocupada, embora mais de 20%, em média, dos trabalhadores ocupados trabalhava em tempo parcial. No setor Serviços esta jornada de trabalho era mais comum. Em que pese ter-se observado, a partir da segunda metade da década de 1990, um ligeiro crescimento para a escolaridade da mão-de-obra ocupada entre 8 a 14 anos, a maioria dos trabalhadores ocupados durante todo período analisado possui de 4 a 7 anos de estudo. Não obstante, a construção de um índice de qualificação relativa permitiu verificar a intensidade do emprego de trabalhadores nos vários níveis de qualificação. Os resultados também mostraram que, na década de 1990, o consumo intermediário foi responsável, em média, por mais da metade da oferta de postos de trabalho. Dos trinta e um setores analisados, dezoito dependem mais fortemente do consumo intermediário. A demanda final foi significativa em onze setores e apenas em um [Extrativa mineral (exceto combustíveis)] a exportação teve a maior participação na oferta de postos de trabalho. / This work has as general objective to investigate, through an input-output model, the impacts in the sectorial labor market in Brazil in the decade of 1990, evidencing the transformations happened on the side of the supply of work positions. Firstly, the effects of the price level stabilization plan and of the process of economical opening on the productive sectors are analyzed. The results indicated that the opening process has caused positive and negative effects in the productive structure. Sectors as the agricultural modernized its production process and increased his productivity, decreasing, however, its capacity of work positions generation. The Industry sector came dependent of imported inputs and it also reduced its capacity to generate jobs, however the Services sector consolidated as great generator and/or absorbing of labor in this period. In general, the production multipliers demonstrated that all of the sectors became more dependents of imported inputs. In this period, the Brazilian economy was very more a work intensive products exporter and a great capital-intensive products importing, leading to changes in the structure of the work positions supply. In general, the employment multipliers showed a decrease in the ability to generate new work positions (direct, indirect and induced) in all the economy. Afterwards, the structure of the Brazilian work positions supply in the last nineties was analyzed. The occupied worker profile analysis showed that only about ⅓ of the work positions was filled for women, which was concentrated in the Services sector. For all the economy, the occupied worker\'s age concentrated on the 20 - 39 range. The participation of the young labor was reduced and the occupation of workers with 50 years old or more has a little increase. The agricultural sector used the major proportion of 10 to 14 years old workers. Otherwise, in the Petroleum and gas mining sector, the use of this category of workers is despicable. This sector is the major user of the mature labor force (above the 40 years). In the decade, most of the occupied workers began to work with 10 to 14 years, however the workers that are entering now in their first job, are doing it later. The analysis of the situation in the occupation showed that, especially starting from the second half of the decade, there was a growth of the number of workers in the informal sector, indicating a possible worsening in the work relationships. It was still verified an abrupt reduction in the number of people working independently and an increase in the number of work positions in the Public administration. In spite of, the occupied workers in the Petroleum and gas mining sector and in the Public utilities sector have a formal work relationship. The time in the current job seems also to indicate some worsening of the work relationship. Along the decade, something around 40% of the people was in the current job among less than 1 year to 2 years. The rotation is larger in the Construction sector, where, on average, 53% of the workers were less than 2 years in the current job. In the decade of 1990, the number of weekly working hours was larger than 45 hours for about 40% of the occupied workers, although more than 20%, on average, was working in partial time. In the Services sector the partial timework was more common. Starting from the second half of the decade of 1990, a quick growth in the category of occupied labor between 8 to 14 education years was observed. However, most of the occupied workers during analyzed period have from 4 to 7 years of study. In this sense, the construction of an index of relative qualification allowed to verify the intensity of the work occupation in the several qualification levels. The results also showed that, in the decade of 1990, the intermediate consumption was responsible, on average, for more of the half of the work positions supply. Of the 31 analyzed sectors, eighteen depend more strongly on the intermediate consumption. The final demand was significant in eleven sections and just in a sector (Metal mining) the export had the largest participation in the work positions supply.