The industrial restructuring of the 1970s, the sluggish economic growth of the 1980s and the difficult macroeconomic scenario of the early 1990s which preceded the Italy's joining of the EMU, gradually reduced the space for Keynesian economic policies in the country. In certain geographical areas, unemployment remained high over a long period of time and the Italian state had to confront this situation which was becoming socially and politically unsustainable. The solution found involved the long-term unemployed in a wide range of activities provided by public bodies, called socially and publicly useful jobs. At the end of the 1990s, under pressure from neoliberalism, many public bodies outsourced their public services, labour market deregulation was pursued, while supply-side labour polices gained ground. This thesis examines the policy process during the paradigm shift, evaluates its impact on unemployment reduction, discusses the ways in which the policy's outcomes were achieved, and highlights the role played by institutions during this long-term process. The approach chosen to evaluate the policy of socially and useful jobs distinguishes between three intrinsically linked stages of the policy process: policy-making, implementation and take-up. Recognising the central role of institutions in providing the context in which the policy process develops, the approach chosen for this analysis is historical-institutionalism. It is applied within the broader framework of the political economy which impacted on the transformation of the Italian welfare state and the rise of workfare practices. The policy process evaluation led to some interesting findings. Firstly, many unemployed were re-inserted into the labour market due to their participation in socially and publicly useful jobs. Secondly, the activities they delivered allowed the communities to avoid disruption to important services and helped the state to save funds through the use of an inexpensive and productive workforce. Thirdly, the public administrations considered the outsourcing of services successful when they received high quality services from workers who were already known to them and were easily managed. Fourthly, the participation of the private companies in the last stage of the policy did not guarantee efficiency gains and, in several cases, the public administrations preferred to employ the socially and publicly useful workers directly.

The Live-in Caregiver Program as part of the Temporary Foreign Worker Program is a unique immigration stream. Women, particularly from the Philippines, leave their families to care for Canadian families in need of home-based care in any province in Canada. The Live-in Caregiver Program is the only immigration stream where employees live in the homes of their employers. In turn, caregivers are subject to the labour standards of the province of which they reside. This thesis, focusing on Saskatchewan, examines the elements that construct federal live-in caregiver policy, Saskatchewan immigration policies, and Saskatchewan labour legislation in combination. This thesis seeks to determine if live-in caregiver labour rights are sufficiently protected and examines the potential for abuse that caregivers may experience resultant of working and living in the same space.

Graduation theses focuses on the Czech labour market, which is judged from a view of flexibility of labour market, employment/employability security and income security, institutional settings, equal opportunities, education, motivation and stimulation of the labour force. Functional concept Flexicurity is described. Flexicurity is the model of an active role of state on the labour market which is joinder of flexibility and security. Graduation theses gauges the Czech labour market according to its compliance with flexicurity. Work analyses the development of the Czech employment, unemployment and other indicators of the labour market from the beginning of new millennium to the present. Self-employment is underlined as a flexible component of a labour market.

Tools of the Active Labour Policy in the Light of Employment of Persons with Disabilities Abstract The Diploma Thesis "Tools of the Active Labour Policy in the Light of Employment of Persons with Disabilities" deals with the institute of the Active Labour Policy contained foremost in the Act No. 435/2004 Coll., the Labour Act. The first part of the Thesis outlines a wider context of the Active Labour Policy, especially its relationship to the right to work, to the Labour Policy as to its parent concept and to situation of the Disabled as in the Czech legal regulation and international documents. The second part describes and evaluates the legal regulation of individual tools, while the focal point is the possibility of their use in the employment of persons with disabilities. It deals not only with the tools specifically designed to support the employment of the Disabled, as the rehabilitation and the protected working places. It also pursues general tools of the Active Labour Policy, as e.g. the requalification, the investment incentives, the socially expedient working places and the shared employment mediation. The aim of this Thesis is to analyse individual tools and present a comprehensive picture of the employment of the Disabled issue. Its sources are i.e. the Labour Act and related legislation,...

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本文擬以第三代政策執行理論為觀點, 並提出一個適合台灣地區勞資關係 政策的分析架構及變數 再分別檢視其對政策執行的影響。全文的安排如 下: 第一章緒論;第二章政策執行的理論分析,探討執行的研究途徑與三代 政策執行理論;第三章勞資關係現況,探究有關工會組織 ,勞資爭議,團體 協約,分紅入股,勞資會議的實施情形; 第四章則為理論架構對勞資關係現 況的解釋;第五章結論。 文中提出一項重要的結論為由於我國勞資關係立 法皆是修定國外的法令制度而得, 但卻未對其精神加以深究,並由於法規 本身的明確性及周延性不足,導致執行的成效不佳。

Hartz-reformen inleddes 2003 och förändrade mycket i den aktiva arbetsmarknadspolitiken och systemet för den ekonomiska ersättningen vid arbetslöshet stramades till stor del åt. Många regleringar rörande låginkomsttagare skrevs om och hela arbetsmarknaden verkade vändas upp och ner. Innan den ekonomiska krisen slog till i Europa var Tyskland ett land med hög arbetslöshet och statistiken såg inte alls bra ut. Vid 2005 vände detta, och när många EU-länder såg en kraftig ökning av arbetslösheten fortsatte Tyskland att reducera sin arbetslöshet. I Sverige kan vi se många förändringar som liknar reformen eller syftar till att åtgärda samma problemområden. Exempel på detta är subventioner på vissa grupper av arbetstagare, motverkan av svart husarbete och liknande arbetsmarknadspolitiska program genom arbetsförmedlingsstjänster för att hjälpa arbetssökande in på marknaden. De mest betydande faktorerna som spelat in i Tysklands höga sysselsättning bland ungdomar, är till synes en välutvecklad övergång mellan skola och arbetsliv samt en kulturell inställning och sedvänja bland företagarna att stötta ungdomar och leda dem in på arbetsmarknaden. Vidare finns ett samband mellan den generellt höga sysselsättningen i Tyskland och utvecklingen för gruppen låginkomsttagare. Omregleringar och skattesubventioner har möjliggjort låginkomstarbeten i en betydligt högre grad och det nya systemet tenderar att forcera arbetslösa till dessa arbeten. Uppsatsen behandlar en jämförelse av arbetsmarknadspolitiken bakom Tyskland och Sveriges utveckling av sysselsättningsgraden främst under 2000-talet. Syftet är att redogöra vilka likheter och skillnader som kan ha bidragit till ländernas olika utveckling vad gäller sysselsättningsgraden.

This research undertakes a theoretical investigation of concepts related to industrial democracy and examines the need for workplace democracy within South Africa's dynamic contemporary context. It looks at the history of labour relations in South Africa as well as current labour relations and new legalisation in order to identify relevant change that has occurred that may facilitate the realisation of a democratic working environment. Labour relations in South Africa have always been conflictual and currently, during South Africa's transition to democracy, they continue to pose many challenges. This dissertation examines these challenges and investigates ways and means of achieving successful and sustainable transformation within the workplace that reflects the broader ideals of an improved quality of life anticipated by a political democracy. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1998.

The contoured logic of apartheid in South Africa constructed racial, economic, social and political segregation, the consequences of which are still experienced today. In an attempt to alter the demographic weighting of disadvantage, the South African government has made concerted efforts to ‘deracialise’ South Africa most notably through Affirmative Action (AA) measures. Subjective, contextualised approaches to AA have received little attention both locally and internationally. This study aimed to explore AA from a social constructionist orientation with a focus on Potter and Wetherell’s discursive psychology. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data from 17 participants. The sample included both male (5) and female (12) participants and representation from all major race groups in South Africa. The findings illustrate how participants engage in discursive devices that rationalise a racial order of competence. The discourses also reflected polarised views of affirmative action. By and large, Black participants maintain that racial inequality still exists. White participants, on the other hand, continue to feel marginalised and discriminated against, by the policy. Furthermore, the results identify the various flavours in which redress can be realised. As new knowledge, the study also suggests that despite the negative experiences associated with AA, participants were generally in favour of the principles embedded within the policy. Ultimately this study suggests that AA continues to be a controversial subject which traverses many segments of life. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

This study investigates the challenges and benefits of policy networks. It focuses specifically on the experiences of the Centre for Crimlnal Justice, examining the challenges and benefits it experiences in its networks. In spite of the widely applauded benefits of networks in this study and in other publications, findings from this study still highlight the challenges of networks in labour policy implementation. The study reveals that the element of diversity and the complicated nature of networks' management threaten networks' ability to realize their objectives. The lack of binding regulations and managerial structures in certain networks reveals the drawback in networks' management. Firstly, it raises questions about the legitimacy of any self-initiated coordination in networks since such might not be formally accepted by network members. Secondly, the thesis argues that the lack of binding regulations in some networks deepen the likelihood of uncooperative attitude among actors, especially when it suits them, given that there are no defined consequences for their actions. Other findings in this study draw attention to the operational conflict between the vertical and lateral-minded members of a network. This discusses the question of methodological disagreement between actors of contrasting view points in the execution of certain tasks. Finally, the thesis looks at the question of actors' autonomy in a network. It argues that threats to actors' autonomy or dignity could promote lack of commitment from network members, neglect of responsibility and the possible breakdown of the network if such issues are not properly addressed. In summary, though networks are ideal tools for policy implementation and service delivery in contemporary society, they nevertheless have their challenges. Hence the study concludes with an invitation for proper acknowledgement of the challenges in the process of networks and the need for further studies in this field to enhance the effectiveness of networks in implementation processes.