Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work presents and analyzes a new family of electronic ballasts to supply metal halide lamps applied to interior lighting systems. These lamps present the best light quality among the high intensity discharge lamps, and its compactness results a good choice for interior lighting systems application. The electrical characteristics of the high intensity discharge lamps are evaluated, and it is presented an alternative for supplying these lamps in a safe and reliable way. This alternative consists of using high frequency DC/DC converters in order to supply the lamp with a low frequency, symmetrical square waveform. A family of electronic ballasts is presented, which all the topologies are obtained from the differential connection of DC/DC converters. The analysis of these proposed and designed systems brings the main advantages and disadvantages of using each topology, related both to the components design and to the restrictions implied by each topology. / Esse trabalho apresenta e analisa uma nova família de reatores eletrônicos capazes de acionar lâmpadas de multivapor metálico com tubo de descarga cerâmico. Essas lâmpadas apresentam, dentre as lâmpadas de descarga em alta pressão, a melhor qualidade do fluxo luminoso, além de se tratar de lâmpadas compactas, caracterizando-as como uma ótima alternativa a ser aplicada em sistemas de iluminação de ambientes interiores. As características das lâmpadas de descarga em alta pressão, com relação ao acionamento e controle, são avaliadas, e uma alternativa é apresentada para se alimentar tais lâmpadas de forma segura e confiável, através da utilização de conversores CC/CC operando em alta freqüência para alimentar a lâmpada com uma tensão quadrada, simétrica e em baixa freqüência. Dessa forma, uma família de reatores eletrônicos é apresentada, sendo que todas as topologias são derivadas da técnica de conexão diferencial de conversores CC/CC bidirecionais. O estudo de todos os sistemas propostos e implementados tem por finalidade caracterizar as principais vantagens e desvantagens do emprego de cada topologia apresentada, com relação ao dimensionamento de componentes e limitações impostas por cada topologia.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre interferência eletromagnética, emissões radiada e conduzida, gerados pelo sistema de iluminação e pela unidade de eletrocirurgia (bisturi eletrônico) numa sala cirúrgica de um hospital da cidade de Pato Branco/PR. O trabalho consistiu em medidas de emissões conduzidas e radiadas de sistemas de iluminação fluorescentes em laboratório e de emissões conduzidas e radiadas “in loco” da unidade de eletrocirurgia. Além disso, foi feito estudo de referenciais sobre as normas, nacionais e internacionais, que incidem sobre estes dois sistemas. Como resultado do trabalho tem-se um panorama sobre a situação das emissões conduzidas e radiadas, pelos sistemas de iluminação fluorescente e unidade eletrocirúrgica utilizados no hospital. / This work presents a study on electromagnetic interference radiated and conducted emissions generated by the lighting system and the electrosurgery unit (eletric scalpel) in na operating room of a hospital in Pato Branco / PR. The work consisted of measurements of conducted and radiated emission of fluorescent lighting systems in the laboratory of conducted and radiated “in loco” electrosurgery unit emissions. Futhermore, a study was made of references on standarts, national and international, that focus on these two systems. Because of the work, has an overview on the situation of conducted and radiated emissions, the fluorecent lighting used in electrosurgical unit and hospital systems.

Les études dédiées aux lampes en terre cuite en Gaule et dans l’Empire romain sont relativement abondantes. Depuis le travail fondateur de S. Loeschcke (1919), nous avons aujourd’hui une idée relativement précise des différents modèles qui sont apparus entre la période tardo-républicaine et la fin du Haut-Empire. Toutefois, le luminaire est avant tout considéré, de par la multitude des formes et des décors, comme un objet muséographique ou pédagogique car il représente le mode d’éclairage par excellence de l’Antiquité. En archéologie, il sert de moyen de datation au même titre que la terre sigillée ou les monnaies. Mais on oublie trop souvent que la lampe en terre cuite est d’abord un objet manufacturé, fruit de l’industrie humaine. À cet effet, elle peut fournir de précieuses informations sur l’artisanat antique et plus particulièrement, sur la manière dont les potiers ont réussi à produire un objet qui leur était étranger, sur les problèmes qu’ils ont rencontrés et les solutions qu’ils ont appliquées. L’étude des caractéristiques techniques d’une lampe permet aujourd’hui de tracer la production d’un atelier spécifique et en même temps, grâce à des cartes, d’en définir l’aire de diffusion à différentes échelles spatiales (région, pays). Enfin, l’adoption de cet éclairage artificiel, typiquement méditerranéen, parles populations indigènes, est l’un des facteurs de romanisation que l’on perçoit, le plus souvent, à travers les pratiques funéraires et cultuelles.Ce travail de recherche, novateur, permet de revenir sur ces différentes problématiques dans un espace confiné au Centre-Est de la Gaule. Les résultats obtenus nous ont permis d’identifier différentes entités productrices et leurs réseaux de distribution au cours de diverses phases chronologiques comprises entre le Ier s. av. J.-C. et le IVe s. apr. J.-C. et qu’accompagne une réflexion sur la consommation des lampes en terre cuite durant cette période. / There are quite many articles and monographs dedicated to terracotta lamps in Gaul and Roman Empire. Since the pioneer work done by S. Loeschcke (1919), we have been developing till today, abetter understanding of the lamps that have appeared between the post-republican to the Early Roman empire period. But very often, due to the various shapes and decorated medallions, the lamps are only considered as museum or educational items, because they represent the ultimate lighting mode during Antiquity. In archeology, they are used as a dating tool as well as the terra sigillata or the antique coins.However, we usually forget that the terracotta lamp is a manufactured product issued from the human work and therefore, is able to provide invaluable information on antique craft industry. Through their study, we are able to understand how the Gallo-roman potters have been adapting themselves to the manufacturing of a product they did not know, to new technical challenges and new processes. Also, thanks to the analysis of the technical aspects of the lamp itself we can track the products belonging to the same potters’ workshop as well as we can map the distributed market areas at various scales (regional, country-wide). Finally, the adoption by the local people of this lighting mode that is typically Mediterranean is a clear sign of Romanization, especially through the funeraland religious practices. This innovating study is focusing on these issues within a defined area, the East Central Gaul. The results have enabled the identification of several workshops and their distribution network during the different chronological phases from 1st century BC to 4th century AD and have also opened adevelopment on the way of consuming the terracotta lamps during this period

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This master thesis presents the analysis and design of an electronic drive system for fluorescent induction lamps. This lighting technology, despite being patented since the 60s, is not widely diffused in the market context. However, it is an extremely attractive alternative due to long lifetime and high luminous efficiency. The analysis circuit consists of a power factor correction associated with a power control stage, which provides the lamp ignition and current limitation. An integration methodology is applied in order to reduce the number of active semiconductor switches. The resulting topology, called here SEPIC half-bridge, presents a shared switch able to act, both in the pre-regulator stage, as well as for the power control stage. The number of elements reduction also occurs by magnetic integration. In this case, the pre-regulator inductors are distributed in a single core. For electronic system flexibility, it was inserted the dimming capability, where the low frequency modulation technique was evaluated. This technique is suitable for high power variation rates and provides a stable operation. The topology is controlled by a feedback system ensuring a satisfactory response of the system when subjected to disturbances, in addition to ensuring the correct power to the lamp. The electronic ballast designed behavior was evaluated experimentally. In this situation, there was obtained a low input current distortion associated with a high power factor. The lamp power variation range was 70% (30 W to 100 W), with an average efficiency around 82%. / Neste trabalho de mestrado, apresenta-se a análise e o projeto de um sistema eletrônico de acionamento para lâmpadas fluorescentes de indução. Esta tecnologia de iluminação, apesar de ser patenteada desde a década de 60, ainda é pouco difundida em âmbito comercial. Entretanto, é uma alternativa extremamente atraente devido a longa vida útil e a elevada eficiência luminosa. O circuito analisado consiste de um estágio de pré-regulação do fator de potência associado a um estágio de controle de potência, capaz de prover as necessidades de partida e limitar a corrente aplicada à lâmpada. Para estes estágios, visando a redução do número de semicondutores ativos, é aplicada a metodologia de integração de interruptores. A topologia resultante, chamada de SEPIC half-bridge, apresenta um interruptor compartilhado, capaz de atuar tanto para o pré-regulador, quanto para o controle de potência. A redução do número de elementos se dá também pela integração de magnéticos. Nesta situação, os indutores do pré-regulador são distribuídos em um único núcleo. Buscando a flexibilidade do sistema eletrônico, neste foi inserido a capacidade de variação da intensidade luminosa, onde a técnica de modulação de baixa frequência foi avaliada. Tal técnica é apropriada para elevados índices de variação de potência, além de proporcionar uma operação estável do circuito. A topologia é controlada por um sistema de retroalimentação, capaz de garantir uma resposta satisfatória do sistema quando submetido a distúrbios, além de garantir a potência processada pela lâmpada. O comportamento do reator eletrônico projetado foi avaliado experimentalmente. Nesta situação, obteve-se uma baixa distorção da corrente de entrada e elevado fator de potência. A faixa de variação de potência foi de 70% (100 W à 30 W), com um rendimento médio de 82%.

The aim of the thesis is a design of the best energy measures for a family house. At first there is carried out an energy assessment of the building. According to results of that survey there are drawn up some variants of measures. Furthermore, based on energy assessment results there is elaborated a project for reconstruction of the heating.

This thesis deals with design and creation of user-friendly computer application, which is in the simple and intuitive way capable of creating animation scripts for animated features of headlamps and tail lamps used in automotive industry. Part of this solution is visualization of these scripts using miniature computer Raspberry PI and suitable diplay device.

This report presents the master thesis project carried out by Pierre Lindgren & Jacob Thagaard Hansen at KTH Royal Institute of technology for IKEA of Sweden. The project aimed to explore the capabilities of so-called smart textiles, as well as to establish clear user needs which these can meet. Based on this, a design proposal for a furniture concept was developed, with the main purpose of offering the client IKEA clearer paths for further research and development on the chosen materials. The final design proposal, which was named ODENSE, was developed based on the needs of users who want to be more active in their homes. The design proposal meets their need to have easy access to their training equipment, by way of a multi-functional storage. The storage solution offers additional functionality in the form of light, thus occupying the same space and providing the same functions as a floor lamp and a small storage shelf. The design proposal potentially offers additional environmental benefits with regard to energy consumption and CO2 emission as it merges two products and functions. As the furniture concept combines the functions light and storage, it also has the opportunity to meet more needs than what it was initially developed for. Thus, Odense has great potential to be further developed to meet the needs of even more users. The project group found great benefit in the concurrent background research on smart textiles, as it enriched the user study significantly and opened up the minds of both the interviewees and the project group members to the future development opportunities. / I denna rapport presenteras examensarbetet som utförts av Pierre Lindgren & Jacob Thagaard Hansen på Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan för Ikea of Sweden. Projektet gick ut på att utforska de möjligheter som så kallade smarta textilier erbjuder, samt att etablera tydliga användarbehov som dessa kan uppfylla. Utifrån detta kunde ett designförslag för ett möbelkoncept tas fram, med huvudändamålet att erbjuda uppdragsgivaren Ikea tydligare spår för vidare utveckling och efterforskning om materialen som valts. Det slutgiltiga designförslaget, som döptes Odense, togs fram utifrån behoven hos användare som önskar vara mer aktiva i sina hem. Designförslaget möter deras behov av att ha enkel tillgång till deras träningsutrustning, detta via multifunktionell förvaring. Förvaringslösningen erbjuder ytterligare funktionalitet i form av ljus. Designförslaget erbjuder potentiellt även ytterligare miljörelaterade förbättringar med avseende på energiförbrukning och CO2-utsläpp, eftersom det slår samman två produkter och funktioner. Då möbelkonceptet kombinerar funktionerna ljus och förvaring har det även möjlighet att möta fler behov än vad konceptet initialt togs fram för. Således har Odense stor potential att vidareutvecklas för att möta ännu fler användares behov. Projektgruppen fann stor nytta i den breda efterforskningen om smarta textilier, då den berikade användarstudien betydligt och öppnade upp både de intervjuades och projektgrupp-medlemmarnas sinnen till de framtida utvecklingsmöjligheterna.

Ausgehend von der Anwendung von Folienhinterspritzprozessen für dekorative Zwecke wurde deren Nutzung für die Integration elektronischer Strukturen in Kunststoffbauteile untersucht. Die Herstellung der elektronischen Bauelemente erfolgte mittels verschiedener Druckverfahren mit elektrisch leitfähigen und dielektrischen Materialien auf Polycarbonatfolien. Im Fokus standen zum einen kapazitiv auslesbare Speicherstrukturen und zum anderen Elektrolumineszenzleuchten. Nach dem Druck wurden die bedruckten Folien z. T. verformt und hinterspritzt. In der Arbeit wird auf die Auswirkungen der Verform- und Hinterspritzprozesse eingegangen. Schwerpunktmäßig wird die elektronische bzw. optische Funktionalität der Bauelemente, die Beeinflussung durch Klimaveränderungen und die Haftfestigkeit der Folien betrachtet. Im Ergebnis konnten erstmals die Realisierbarkeit hinterspritzter elektronischer Bauelemente nachgewiesen sowie verschiedene Einflussfaktoren auf deren Funktionalität identifiziert werden. / Based on the application of film insert molding for graphic purposes, the utilization of this process for the integration of electronic devices into plastic components was examined. The manufacturing of the electronic devices was realized by applying electrical conductive and dielectric inks on polycarbonate foil by various printing processes. Capacitive data storage patterns and electroluminescent lamps are the main applications. The production sequence included the printing process, forming of the foil where required and back injection molding. The impact of forming and film insert molding was investigated. The electronic and/or optical functionality of the devices, the influence of ambient conditions like temperature or humidity and the adhesion strength of the foils were in the focus of the evaluation. As a result, the feasibility of film insert molded electronic devices could be verified and various impact factors could be identified for the first time.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The study of the best utilization of high intensity discharge lamps deals with the great global concern with energy efficiency. Electronic ballasts are the current devices that can make the good use of high luminous efficacy and the long useful life of these lamps. This work aims to develop an electronic ballast to supply high intensity discharge lamps. In order to avoid the acoustic resonance phenomenon occurrence, the lamp is supplied with low frequency square waveform. Power control and voltage inversion stage in the lamp are developed by the biflyback inverter topology. The analysis and design of this topology were performed, as well as the development of resonant inversion methodology of the lamp voltage. It is proposed one study, qualitative and quantitative, of active converters to provide the power factor correction, and their integration with the biflyback inverter topology. Buck biflyback inverter topology is chosen to the implementation of practical experiments, in order to validate the present work. The converter modeling, considering the lamp dynamic, such as the stability analysis and theoretical control strategy of current and lamp power are presented. Experimental results show that the proposed electronic ballast has the follow characteristics: high power factor (0.97), low input current harmonic distortion, high efficiency (88%) and not visible occurrence of acoustic resonance phenomenon. / O estudo do melhor aproveitamento das características das lâmpadas de descarga em alta pressão vem ao encontro da grande preocupação mundial com a eficientização energética. Reatores eletrônicos são os dispositivos atuais que melhor aproveitam a alta eficácia luminosa e longa vida útil dessas lâmpadas. Este trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de um reator eletrônico para a alimentação de lâmpadas de descarga em alta pressão. De modo a não excitar a ocorrência do fenômeno de ressonância acústica, a alimentação da lâmpada é realizada através de forma de onda de corrente quadrada em baixa frequência. Os estágios de controle de potência e inversão da tensão na lâmpada são realizados pela topologia biflyback inversora. A análise e projeto desta topologia foram realizados, assim como o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de inversão ressonante da tensão da lâmpada. É proposto um estudo, qualitativo e quantitativo, dos conversores ativos para correção do fator de potência, e a integração destes, com a topologia biflyback inversora. A topologia buck biflyback inversora foi escolhida para a realização de experimentos práticos para a validação do trabalho. A modelagem do conversor, considerando a dinâmica de uma lâmpada de descarga em alta pressão de sódio foi realizada. Assim como a análise da estabilidade e estratégias de controle da corrente e da potência na lâmpada. Os resultados experimentais comprovam que o reator eletrônico proposto apresenta as características desejadas de: alto fator de potência (0,97), atendimento da norma IEC61000-3-2 para o nível das harmônicas da corrente de entrada, elevado rendimento (88%) e não excitação visível do fenômeno de ressonância acústica.

This thesis is focused on the analysis of the global lighting market and the assessment of the current position of the Czech Republic in this market. The first part is devoted to the theoretical introduction in the field of lighting technology. Furthermore, the thesis deals with the relation between lighting market and energy sector, especially with regard to energy efficiency policy. The market analysis is concentrated primarily on general lighting, which forms the largest and the most important lighting market segment. The development of the Czech lighting market is then discussed in the context of the global as well as the European market. Additionally, the thesis includes analysis of current trends in lighting technology and research conducted among manufacturers of lighting.