The master’s thesis is devoted to exploiting of gas-discharge lamps and their dependence on frequency of the supply current. The first part describes the theory of discharge, its types and properties, terms of its origin, and ways of its exploitation. The second part concerns electrical ballast systems of gas discharge light sources, inductive (reactive) and electronic ballasts, principles of their functioning, advantages and disadvantages, and the comparison of their properties. The following chapters deal with low-pressure and high-pressure gas-discharged lamps, compare their properties and describe exploitation of fluorescent lamps. Before conducting the experiment we have described the influence of frequency of the supply current on fluorescent tube lamps. Preparations for laboratory measuring have been also implemented. During the experiment the two types of lamps have been analyzed, the results of the research are summed up in the conclusion.

The aim of my thesis is to become familiar with LED replacements of light sources, possible problems, advantages and disadvantages. In the work are at first explained terms of light technology. Then are concisely described actual light sources, that can be replaced by LED. That concern: classic bulbs, halogen bulbs, linear fluorescents and compact bulbs. After that is described principle of LED light fittings and advantages, disadvantages nowadays to use LED light fittings. The main emphasis is placed on chapter 5. The compensations of linear fluorescents by LED moduls. The following chapters are dedicated to comparison of fluorescent lamps and LED moduls. Involving-photometrics parameters, luminous intensity, lumniance analysis and also economics comparison of lighting systems with fluorescent lamps versus the LED moduls.

The work aims to study different methods suitable for de-icing and ice prevention of vehicle headlamps and tail lamps, especially LED-lights. Furthermore, the work aims to investigate the scale of the problem with insufficient or lack of de-icing on automotive lamps depending on the region and the environment the vehicle operates in. The problem with insufficient de-icing in automotive lamps was investigated by observations, tests of various lamps and a driver survey. Deicing methods were identified through a litera-ture review. The methods were studied in detail, and some were also evaluated by tests. The tests were narrowed down to temperature measurements and de-icing measurements. The latter were performed using a test method especially developed for the task. The collected data was used to evaluate whether actions are needed to be taken and to form recommen-dations for future developments. The number one priority should be to improve the tail lamps de-icing ability. Headlamps can also be improved but there is no imminent need. Insufficient de-icing of headlamps and tail lamps can potentially be a problem in all areas subjected to cold winter climate. Tail lamps should be fitted with electrical heating in order to improve the de-icing ability. They should be positioned so that snow and ice does not stack on top of them. The de-icing time of tail lamps should be less than 10 min. Truck drivers needs to be better in scraping their headlamps and tail lamps. The time needed for de-icing Scania’s H7 headlamps is 20 min for halogen version and 35 min for xenon version at -18 °C. This should be compared to the BMW LED-headlamp which needs 65 min to complete de-icing. LED-headlamps are probably limited to a de-icing time of approximately 60 min unless additional heat is added to the headlamp lens. The fastest and most efficient way to de-ice the headlamps is to use hot washer fluid. Electrically heated lenses are also effective but the de-icing process is slower. The proposed test method is a simple and effective way to compare and evaluate headlamps and tail lamps without knowing internal airflows and light sources. The way the ice layer is created on the device under test is unique to this method. The created ice layer is extremely uniform and the results are easy to evaluate. / Sammanfattning Arbetets syfte är att undersöka olika avisningsmetoder och isförebyggande åtgärder för hu-vudstrålkastare och baklyktor, speciellt LED-lampor. Ytterligare syfte är att undersöka hur stort problemet med otillräcklig avisning är beroende på vilken region och miljö som fordonen körs i. Problemet med otillräcklig avisning av fordonsbelysning har undersökts genom observatio-ner, en förarenkät samt genom tester av olika strålkastare och baklyktor. Avisningsmetoder har identifierats genom en litteraturstudie. Metoderna har studerats i detalj och några har även utvärderats genom tester. Testerna har utförts enligt en för uppgiften framtagen testme-tod. De insamlade uppgifterna har sedan används för att utvärdera om åtgärder behöver vid-tas och för att ge rekommendationer för framtida utvecklingsprojekt. Första prioritet bör vara att förbättra baklyktornas avisningsförmåga. Huvudstrålkastarna kan även de förbättras men det föreligger inte i dagsläget något akut behov av det. Otillräcklig avisning av huvudstrålkastare och bakljus kan potentiellt vara ett problem i alla miljöer med ett kallt vinterklimat. Baklyktorna bör utrustas med en eluppvärmd lins för att förbättra avis-ningen. Lamporna bör placeras på ett sådant sätt att snö och is inte kan ansamlas ovanpå dem. Avisningstiden för en baklykta bör inte överstiga 10 min. Lastbilschaufförerna behöver bli bättre på skrapa av is och snö från huvudstrålkastare och baklyktor. Avisningstiden för Scanias H7 huvudstrålkastare är 20 min för halogen versionen och 35 min för xenon versionen vid -18 °C. Detta kan jämföras med att BMW:s LED-huvudstrålkastare behöver 65 min för att avisas. LED-huvudstrålkastare är troligtvis begränsade till en avis-ningstid kring 60 min om inte någon extra värme tillförs. Den snabbaste metoden för att avisa en huvudstrålkastare är att använda varm spolarvätska men elektrotermisk avisning kan också vara mycket effektivt. Den föreslagna testmetoden är ett enkelt sätt att jämföra och utvärdera olika huvudstrålkastare och baklyktor. Det som är unikt med testmetoden är hur isskiktet på lamporna bildas. Isskiktet som skapas är extremt jämt och lätt att utvärdera.

[pt] Embora as lâmpadas fluorescentes (LF) estejam sendo substituídas por LED (diodo emissor de luz), a maioria das LF é descartada de forma inadequada e as taxas de reciclagem ainda são, em geral, baixas (4 por cento na China, 5 por cento no Brasil, 7 por cento no Canadá, menor que 10 por cento no Japão). Por causa da sua composição, as LF podem causar um impacto ambiental significativo. Assim, no presente estudo empregamos diferentes técnicas analíticas com o objetivo de caracterizar o material fosfórico bruto de LF, quantificar os elementos mobilizados por soluções de chorume e chuva ácida sintéticas, e avaliar os impactos ambientais relacionados ao descarte das lâmpadas através de análise de ciclo de vida (LCA) para o cenário da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A análise do material bruto por fluorescência e difração de raios X (FRX e DRX) aponta uma composição de fases sólidas complexa, com predominância de Ca, P e Al, presença de elementos terras raras, As e outros. Através da extração ácida auxiliada por micro-ondas, concentrações em massa de 0,1 até 16,5 por cento foram encontradas para Al, Ba, Ce, Eu, La, Mn, P, Sr e Y no material bruto, e mais de 700 mg kg-1 de Hg. As lixiviações com as soluções sintéticas foram realizadas com e sem agitação, partindo de 0,6 g de amostra, 1 mL das soluções, e 3 h de exposição. O ensaio produziu a mobilização de diversos elementos com concentrações atingindo 23,5 mais ou menos 0,4 mg kg-1 (Hg) na chuva ácida, e 34,0 mais ou menos 1,0 mg kg-1 (Sr) no chorume. Devido à periculosidade de alguns elementos, as quantidades extraídas, apesar de baixas, são preocupantes, e lixiviações consecutivas, comuns num cenário real de descarte, podem agravar a situação. A análise de ciclo de vida apontou que as lâmpadas geram maiores impactos ambientais nas categorias de ecotoxicidade terrestre, toxicidade humana não-carcinogênica, potencial de aquecimento global e esgotamento de recursos fósseis. A análise indicou que o aumento das taxas de reciclagem pode reduzir em 70 a 90 por cento a maioria dos impactos ao meio ambiente. / [en] Although fluorescent lamps (FL) are being replaced by LED (light emitting diode), most FL are disposed of improperly and recycling rates are still generally low (4 percent in China, 5 percent in Brazil, 7 percent in Canada, less than 10 percent in Japan). Because of their composition, FL can have a significant environmental impact. Thus, in the present study, we used different analytical techniques with the objective of characterizing the raw phosphor material of FL, quantifying the elements mobilized by synthetic landfill leachate and acid rain solutions, and evaluating the environmental impacts related to the disposal of lamps through life cycle analysis (LCA) for the city of Rio de Janeiro scenario. The analysis of the raw material by fluorescence and X-ray diffraction (FRX and DRX) points to a complex composition of solid phases, with a predominance of Ca, P and Al, presence of rare earth elements, As and others. Through microwave-assisted near-total acid extraction, concentrations varying from 1 to 165 g kg-1 were found for Al, Ba, Ce, Eu, La, Mn, P, Sr, and Y in the raw material, and more than 700 mg kg-1 of Hg. Leaching with synthetic solutions was performed with and without agitation, with 0.6 g of sample, 1 mL of solutions, and 3 h of exposure. The test produced the mobilization of several elements with concentrations reaching 23.5 more or less 0.4 mg kg-1 (Hg) in acid rain, and 34.0 more or less 1.0 mg kg-1 (Sr) in landfill leachate. Due to the danger of some elements, the amounts extracted, although low, are worrying, and consecutive leaching, common in a real disposal scenario, can aggravate the situation. The life cycle analysis indicated that the lamps generate greater environmental impacts in the categories of terrestrial ecotoxicity, non-carcinogenic human toxicity, global warming potential and depletion of fossil resources. The analysis indicated that increasing recycling rates can reduce most impacts to the environment by 70 to 90 percent.

by Tse Ching-Yee. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-64). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / CHAPTER / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- THE MARKET ENVIRONMENT OF CHINA --- p.3 / Chapter 3. --- COMPANY BACKGROUND --- p.9 / Chapter 4. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.10 / Chapter 5. --- ANALYSIS OF PRE-1996 STRATEGY --- p.11 / Chapter 5.1 --- Marketing --- p.11 / Chapter 5.2 --- Organization --- p.20 / Chapter 5.3 --- Logistics and Production --- p.22 / Chapter 5.4 --- Finance --- p.23 / Chapter 6. --- ANALYSIS OF THE 1996 STRATEGIC PLAN --- p.25 / Chapter 6.1 --- The New Strategic Direction --- p.25 / Chapter 6.2 --- Organization and Management --- p.27 / Chapter 6.3 --- Marketing --- p.31 / Chapter 6.4 --- Logistics and Production --- p.35 / Chapter 7. --- IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR CHALLENGES OF STRATEGIC CHANGE --- p.37 / Chapter 7.1 --- Potential Resistance to Change --- p.37 / Chapter 7.2 --- Marketing --- p.39 / Chapter 7.3 --- Personnel --- p.41 / Chapter 8. --- RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.42 / Chapter 8.1 --- Reduce Potential Resistance --- p.45 / Chapter 8.2 --- Planning and Control --- p.46 / Chapter 8.3 --- Sales Forces Management --- p.48 / Chapter 8.4 --- Managing the Resources --- p.52 / Chapter 9. --- CONCLUSION --- p.55 / APPENDIX --- p.56 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.63

<p>Gotlands Lampfabrik är en nystartad verksamhet (2009) som drivs av Jonas Kling och Jane Odell centralt på Gotland. De producerar stilrena lampskärmar i ett ljust polymermaterial med papp på båda sidorna.</p><p>Produktionen är liten och görs för hand på plats i den egna fabriken i Väskinde.</p><p>Sortimentet består av 33 lampskärmar och i nuläget producerar inte Gotlands Lampfabrik sina egna lampben eller upphängningar utan köper in dem från fristående parter vilket medför att sortimentet kan uppfattas som spretigt och osammanhängande. Dagens sortiment saknar även vägglampor och ljuskällorna som används är glödlampor som från och med 2009 håller på att urfasas från den Europeiska marknaden efter ett beslut från EU.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>Möjligheten att kunna välja lampor från samma serie till sitt hem är både efterfrågat samt kan ge en känsla av sammanhållen och genomtänkt interiör. Genom att göra en produktserie med tillhörande upphängning samt lampben skulle verksamheten kunna profilera sig bättre och få en mer tydlig produktidentitet.</p><p>I ett nära samarbete med Jonas på Gotlands Lampfabrik kom vi gemensamt överens om att skapa en ny produktserie med tydligt släktskap till varandra. I produktserien skulle en taklampa, en golvlampa samt en bordslampa ingå men efter undersökningar tog vi beslutet att byta ut bordslampan till en vägglampa då Gotlands Lampfabrik saknade denna armatur helt. För att tydligare visa på produktseriens tillhörighet till varandra valde jag även att utveckla ett ben till golvlampan. Då vi arbetat bort bordslampan och den möjliga tillhörande lampbenet fann jag det omöjligt att skapa en upphängning för vägglampan som synligt tillhörde resten av produktserien.</p><p>Projektet började med förstudier då jag gjorde en enkätundersökning, marknadsundersökning, trendspaning samt samlade in fakta som sedan legat till grund för arbetet. Efter sammanställning av fakta togs skisser och enklare modeller fram i papper för att presentera mina konceptförslag. Tillsammans med Jonas på Gotlands Lampfabrik diskuterade vi fram ett favoritförslag som resulterade i ytterligare ett koncept som vi båda kände oss nöjda med och sedan producerade jag serien i fabriken. Projektet resulterade i tre lampskärmar, en tak-, en vägg- och en golvlampa med tillhörande lampben för golvlampan. Lampbenet består av ett modulsystem med utbytbara delar där kunden själv får välja vilken form och material som just deras lampben ska ha. Samtliga lampor är försedda med tvinnad textilsladd för en mer exklusiv känsla och är framtagna i det vita plastlaminatet som Gotlands Lampfabrik redan använder. De har även en liten märkning på sladden som visar att den kommer från Gotlands Lampfabrik. Ljuskällan med överlägsna fördelar för projektet blev Philips MasterLED 7W vilket ger en behaglig belysning.</p> / <p>Gotlands Lampfabrik is a new business (2009) run by Jonas Kling and Jane Odell on Gotland in Sweden. They produce stylish lampshades in a bright polymer material with paper on both sides. Their production is small and made by hand in their own workshop in Väskinde with a current collection consisting of 33 lamps.</p><p>Gotlands Lampfabrik currently does not produce their own lamp fixtures or suspensions but instead buys them from other companies, as a result making the collection seem unclear and incoherent.</p><p>The current collection also lacks wall lamps and the light sources are outdated light-bulbs that are slowly being taken off the market after a decision from the EU.</p><p>The possibility to select well designed lamps from a series for your home are both in high-demand and can provide a sense of coherency and well though-out interior design for the consumer.</p><p>By making a new, carefully put together product series and lamp-foot, branding for Gotlands Lampfabrik would be easier and help their lamps have a more clear product identity.</p><p>In a close collaboration with Jonas we both agreed that I would create a new product series for Gotlands Lampfabrik with a distinct design relationship within the new series. The product series would include a hanging lamp, a floor lamp and a table lamp but after some discussion and studies we took the decision to replace the table lamp with a wall lamp since Gotlands Lampfabrik lacked this fixture in their collection.</p><p>The project started with a pilot study where I did market research, a survey and investigated trends within lighting and lamps. After I compiled these facts I made sketches and models and presented them for Gotlands Lampfabrik. Together with Jonas we discussed and picked our favourite concepts which was developed further. The final concept we both agreed on was produced by me in their workshop. The project resulted in three lamps and a modular system for the floor lamp fixture where consumers can select the shape and materials by themselves. All lamps are equipped with a textile cord for a more exclusive feel and are designed in the white plastic laminate that Gotlands Lampfabrik already use in production. The lamps also have a small label on the cord which shows that it comes from Gotlands Lampfabrik. The light source that had most benefits, and was well suited for this project was Philips MasterLED 7W.</p>

Gotlands Lampfabrik är en nystartad verksamhet (2009) som drivs av Jonas Kling och Jane Odell centralt på Gotland. De producerar stilrena lampskärmar i ett ljust polymermaterial med papp på båda sidorna. Produktionen är liten och görs för hand på plats i den egna fabriken i Väskinde. Sortimentet består av 33 lampskärmar och i nuläget producerar inte Gotlands Lampfabrik sina egna lampben eller upphängningar utan köper in dem från fristående parter vilket medför att sortimentet kan uppfattas som spretigt och osammanhängande. Dagens sortiment saknar även vägglampor och ljuskällorna som används är glödlampor som från och med 2009 håller på att urfasas från den Europeiska marknaden efter ett beslut från EU. Möjligheten att kunna välja lampor från samma serie till sitt hem är både efterfrågat samt kan ge en känsla av sammanhållen och genomtänkt interiör. Genom att göra en produktserie med tillhörande upphängning samt lampben skulle verksamheten kunna profilera sig bättre och få en mer tydlig produktidentitet. I ett nära samarbete med Jonas på Gotlands Lampfabrik kom vi gemensamt överens om att skapa en ny produktserie med tydligt släktskap till varandra. I produktserien skulle en taklampa, en golvlampa samt en bordslampa ingå men efter undersökningar tog vi beslutet att byta ut bordslampan till en vägglampa då Gotlands Lampfabrik saknade denna armatur helt. För att tydligare visa på produktseriens tillhörighet till varandra valde jag även att utveckla ett ben till golvlampan. Då vi arbetat bort bordslampan och den möjliga tillhörande lampbenet fann jag det omöjligt att skapa en upphängning för vägglampan som synligt tillhörde resten av produktserien. Projektet började med förstudier då jag gjorde en enkätundersökning, marknadsundersökning, trendspaning samt samlade in fakta som sedan legat till grund för arbetet. Efter sammanställning av fakta togs skisser och enklare modeller fram i papper för att presentera mina konceptförslag. Tillsammans med Jonas på Gotlands Lampfabrik diskuterade vi fram ett favoritförslag som resulterade i ytterligare ett koncept som vi båda kände oss nöjda med och sedan producerade jag serien i fabriken. Projektet resulterade i tre lampskärmar, en tak-, en vägg- och en golvlampa med tillhörande lampben för golvlampan. Lampbenet består av ett modulsystem med utbytbara delar där kunden själv får välja vilken form och material som just deras lampben ska ha. Samtliga lampor är försedda med tvinnad textilsladd för en mer exklusiv känsla och är framtagna i det vita plastlaminatet som Gotlands Lampfabrik redan använder. De har även en liten märkning på sladden som visar att den kommer från Gotlands Lampfabrik. Ljuskällan med överlägsna fördelar för projektet blev Philips MasterLED 7W vilket ger en behaglig belysning. / Gotlands Lampfabrik is a new business (2009) run by Jonas Kling and Jane Odell on Gotland in Sweden. They produce stylish lampshades in a bright polymer material with paper on both sides. Their production is small and made by hand in their own workshop in Väskinde with a current collection consisting of 33 lamps. Gotlands Lampfabrik currently does not produce their own lamp fixtures or suspensions but instead buys them from other companies, as a result making the collection seem unclear and incoherent. The current collection also lacks wall lamps and the light sources are outdated light-bulbs that are slowly being taken off the market after a decision from the EU. The possibility to select well designed lamps from a series for your home are both in high-demand and can provide a sense of coherency and well though-out interior design for the consumer. By making a new, carefully put together product series and lamp-foot, branding for Gotlands Lampfabrik would be easier and help their lamps have a more clear product identity. In a close collaboration with Jonas we both agreed that I would create a new product series for Gotlands Lampfabrik with a distinct design relationship within the new series. The product series would include a hanging lamp, a floor lamp and a table lamp but after some discussion and studies we took the decision to replace the table lamp with a wall lamp since Gotlands Lampfabrik lacked this fixture in their collection. The project started with a pilot study where I did market research, a survey and investigated trends within lighting and lamps. After I compiled these facts I made sketches and models and presented them for Gotlands Lampfabrik. Together with Jonas we discussed and picked our favourite concepts which was developed further. The final concept we both agreed on was produced by me in their workshop. The project resulted in three lamps and a modular system for the floor lamp fixture where consumers can select the shape and materials by themselves. All lamps are equipped with a textile cord for a more exclusive feel and are designed in the white plastic laminate that Gotlands Lampfabrik already use in production. The lamps also have a small label on the cord which shows that it comes from Gotlands Lampfabrik. The light source that had most benefits, and was well suited for this project was Philips MasterLED 7W.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre interferência eletromagnética, emissões radiada e conduzida, gerados pelo sistema de iluminação e pela unidade de eletrocirurgia (bisturi eletrônico) numa sala cirúrgica de um hospital da cidade de Pato Branco/PR. O trabalho consistiu em medidas de emissões conduzidas e radiadas de sistemas de iluminação fluorescentes em laboratório e de emissões conduzidas e radiadas “in loco” da unidade de eletrocirurgia. Além disso, foi feito estudo de referenciais sobre as normas, nacionais e internacionais, que incidem sobre estes dois sistemas. Como resultado do trabalho tem-se um panorama sobre a situação das emissões conduzidas e radiadas, pelos sistemas de iluminação fluorescente e unidade eletrocirúrgica utilizados no hospital. / This work presents a study on electromagnetic interference radiated and conducted emissions generated by the lighting system and the electrosurgery unit (eletric scalpel) in na operating room of a hospital in Pato Branco / PR. The work consisted of measurements of conducted and radiated emission of fluorescent lighting systems in the laboratory of conducted and radiated “in loco” electrosurgery unit emissions. Futhermore, a study was made of references on standarts, national and international, that focus on these two systems. Because of the work, has an overview on the situation of conducted and radiated emissions, the fluorecent lighting used in electrosurgical unit and hospital systems.

La lampe à iodure métallique est une des sources lumineuses de haute performance les plus compactes qui soit. En raison de leur bon indice de rendu des couleurs et de leur haute efficacité lumineuse, ces lampes sont souvent préférées dans les endroits où la couleur et l'efficacité sont importantes, comme les supermarchés, les gymnases, les patinoires et les arènes sportives. L’inconvénient majeur de ce type de lampe à iodure métallique vient d’un phénomène appelé « résonance acoustique ». Lorsqu’il se produit, la lumière scintille, l’arc au centre de la lampe se met à fléchir et à tourner. Cela peut aller jusqu’à l'extinction de la lampe et, dans le pire des cas, à l’explosion du tube lorsque les lampes fonctionnent dans certaines bandes de fréquence. Cette thèse se situe dans le contexte du développement de ballasts électroniques incorporant des mécanismes robustes de détection et d'évitement de résonance acoustique. À cette fin, plusieurs méthodes de détection d'enveloppe telles que le circuit multiplicateur, le circuit redresseur et l'amplificateur à verrouillage de phase sont proposées pour caractériser les fluctuations de la résonance acoustique et mieux les détecter. Des critères statistiques basés sur l'écart-type de ces fluctuations ont été établis pour détecter la présence de résonances acoustiques et les classer suivant leur gravité. Les critères proposés permettent de différencier les cas sans résonance acoustique et avec présence de résonance acoustique dans un plan bidimensionnel ou en utilisant des intervalles de confiance. Cette analyse temporelle est confirmée par l’étude des variations du spectre optique et des paramètres colorimétriques. Leurs écarts-types relatifs sont également corrélés à la présence de résonances acoustiques. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les variations de l'enveloppe de tension ou les variations du spectre et des paramètres colorimétriques sont fortement influencées par les phénomènes de résonance acoustique Un ensemble de lampes à iodure métallique de différents fabricants et avec des puissances différentes a été testé dans nos expériences. Nous avons conclu que les circuits à multiplicateurs et a redressement permettent de détecter les résonances acoustiques avec le même niveau de sensibilité que le système à verrouillage de phase, ouvrant la voie à l’implantation de cette fonction directement au niveau du circuit du ballast. / Metal halide lamp is one kind of the most compact high-performance light sources. Because of their good color rendering index and high luminous efficacy, these lamps are often preferred in locations where color and efficacy are important, such as supermarkets, gymnasiums, ice rinks and sporting arenas. Unfortunately, acoustic resonance phenomenon occurs in metal halide lamps and causes light flicker, lamp arc bending and rotation, lamp extinction and in the worst case, arc tube explosion, when the lamps are operated in high-frequency bands. This thesis takes place in the context of developing electronic ballasts with robust acoustic resonance detection and avoidance mechanisms. To this end, several envelope detection methods such as the multiplier circuit, rectifier circuit, and lock-in amplifier, are proposed to characterize fluctuations of acoustic resonance. Furthermore, statistical criteria based on the standard deviation of these fluctuations are proposed to assess acoustic resonance occurrence and classify its severity. The proposed criteria enable classifying between no acoustic resonance and acoustic resonance cases based upon either a two-dimensional plane, a histogram or a boxplot. These analyses are confirmed by the study of spectral variations (variations of the spectral irradiance and colorimetric parameters) as well. Standard deviations and relative standard deviations of these variations are also correlated with the presence of acoustic resonance. The results from this study show that whatever voltage envelope variations or spectral variations are significantly influenced by acoustic resonance phenomena. A set of metal halide lamps from different manufacturers and with different powers are tested in our experiments. We concluded that our designed multiplier and rectifier circuits for acoustic resonance detection have the same sensitivity as the lock-in amplifier, paving the way for the implementation of this function directly into the ballast circuit board.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work presents a family of integrated electronic ballasts applied to the public lighting system. The electronic ballasts are designed to supply High-Pressure Sodium lamps according to the desired lamp operation characteristics. The viability of use High-Pressure Sodium lamps in the public lighting system of Santa Maria city is studied along this work. Another topic addressed, is the acoustic resonance phenomenon occurrence. It is explained based on a large number of works previously presented in the literature, in order to choose for a reliable method to supply the lamp. The incremental impedance of the High-Pressure Sodium lamp is defined in the frequency domain. This model is used to analyze the lamp and ballast interaction. The presented integrated electronic ballasts to supply High-Pressure sodium lamps take the advantage of low cost and simplicity providing a stable lamp operation. / Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de integração de conversores estáticos para alimentação de lâmpadas de vapor de sódio de alta pressão (HPS), baseando-se, fundamentalmente, na viabilidade de aplicação deste tipo de lâmpadas a sistemas de iluminação pública. Ao longo do trabalho, é discutida a viabilidade de aplicação das lâmpadas HPS ao sistema de iluminação pública existente na cidade de Santa Maria- RS, evidenciando os parâmetros técnicos necessários ao projeto e desenvolvimento de reatores eletrônicos. A abordagem do fenômeno da ressonância acústica é feita de forma consistente, avaliando-se trabalhos previamente publicados, a fim de se chegar a um método confiável para se alimentar a lâmpada HPS sem a excitação deste fenômeno. Além disso, uma análise do modelo de pequenos sinais da lâmpada traz uma visão dos principais estágios a serem empregados no reator para garantir um funcionamento estável do sistema. A metodologia de integração proposta para alimentação de lâmpadas HPS, através de reatores eletrônicos, sem a excitação do fenômeno da ressonância acústica, busca a redução de custos e a simplicidade do sistema, sem deixar de considerar os procedimentos necessários a uma operação estável e confiável.