The thesis deals with the protection of land ownership rights against unlawful interference. The aim of the thesis is to present and analyze interference with land ownership and outline means of protection against unlawful interference. This thesis pays attention to new Civil Code and comparison with current regulation. Thesis also includes relevant decisions issued by the Supreme Court, the Supreme Administrative Court and the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic with regard to protection of land ownership. The thesis is composed of three main parts. The first part is introductory and defines basic terminology used in the thesis. This part describes land ownership and its specific features. The following part describes and anylyzes what is meant by interference with land ownership. This part ilustrates interference allowed or recognized by law and unlawful interference. The interference with land ownership can be caused by public authority or by other people. This part also explores interference with land ownership within neighbour relations. Special attention is given to interference with ownership regarding entry to land, on the basis of selected legal regulations that are related to land ownership and environmental law. The third part is subdivided into two subparts and provides overview...

A inserção dos assentamentos de reforma agrária federal, a partir da década de 1980, na Zona da Mata pernambucana, aproximou os representantes dos movimentos sociais rurais e os trabalhadores rurais do sonho da melhor distribuição de terras e da possibilidade de acesso a sua terra de trabalho. Tal configuração se fez realidade para apenas alguns trabalhadores, porém estes, mesmo possuindo sua parcela para a realização do plantio continuou, através do trabalho flexível, subordinando sua força de trabalho aos representantes do agronegócio da cana de açúcar. Este panorama suscitou alguns questionamentos, entre eles: Como se apresenta de fato a atual estrutura fundiária do território da microrregião de Vitória de Santo Antão após a inserção dos assentamentos de reforma agrária federal? A então chamada reforma agrária brasileira tem sido capaz de formar uma nova configuração do espaço agrário? E por qual motivo o assentado, que via regra é um ex-assalariado da cana, passa a cultivar cana de açúcar depois que recebe uma parcela? Essas indagações direcionaram a pesquisa o seguinte objetivo: buscar, compreender e analisar as relações socioterritoriais a partir do processo de inserção dos assentamentos de reforma agrária federal no território da microrregião de Vitória de Santo Antão, além de buscar identificar a forma de subordinação dos assentados da reforma agrária aos representantes do capital do agronegócio. Diante das questões levantadas, esta pesquisa se faz relevante por debater questões teóricas associadas com o conhecimento empírico, pertinentes ao conhecimento geográfico e que visam explicar a atual configuração do espaço agrário diante da inserção dos assentamentos de reforma agrária e a subordinação dos trabalhadores assentados ao agronegócio. Visando alcançar o objetivo geral foram feitos os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos. Levantamento e leitura bibliográfica a respeitos das questões conceituais de espaço, território, renda da terra e trabalho flexível, além de trabalhos de campo visando a aplicação de entrevistas, questionários e produção iconográfica foram fundamentais para se chegar a algumas conclusões. A permanência da estrutura fundiária latifundiária e monocultora foi uma delas. Além desta conclusão, notou-se também que os assentados do território da microrregião de Vitória de Santo Antão permanecem subordinando a sua força de trabalho ao agronegócio canavieiro, só que agora dentro das características do trabalho flexível. Em função deste modo de trabalho os assentados não percebem mesmo tendo deixado de ser assalariado da cana, continuam subordinando a sua força de trabalho ao agronegócio canavieiro. / The insertion of the agrarian reform federal, from the 1980s, in the Zona da Mata, approached representatives of social movements and rural workers dream of better land distribution and the possibility of access to their land work. This configuration became reality for only a few workers, but these, despite having its share to achieve the planting continued, through flexible working, subordinating their workforce representatives of agribusiness sugarcane. This scenario has raised some questions, among them: As shown in fact the current structure of the land territory of the region of Vitoria de Santo Antao after insertion of agrarian reform federal? The so-called land reform in Brazil has been able to form a new configuration of agrarian space? And for what reason the settler who saw rule is a former employee of the cane begins to cultivate sugarcane after it receives a portion? These questions directed the research the following objective: to seek, understand and analyze the socio-territorial relations from the insertion process of agrarian reform in the federal territory of the region of Vitória de Santo Antão, and seek to identify the form of subordination of the settlers agrarian reform to representatives of agribusiness capital. Given the issues raised, this research is relevant for discussing theoretical issues associated with the empirical knowledge relevant to the geographical knowledge and aimed at explaining the current configuration of the agrarian space before inserting the agrarian reform settlers and the subordination of workers to agribusiness. In order to achieve the overall goal were made the following methodological procedures. Reading literature survey and to respect the conceptual issues of space, territory, land rent and flexible working as well as field work towards the implementation of interviews, questionnaires and iconographic production were essential to reach some conclusions. The permanence of land ownership and landholding monoculture was one. In addition to this conclusion, it was noted also that the settlers of the territory of the region of Vitória de Santo Antão remain making its workforce sugarcane agribusiness, only now within the characteristics of flexible working. According to this way of working the settlers do not realize even though no longer employed by the cane, still making its workforce sugarcane agribusiness.

A agricultura familiar camponesa apresenta grande importância no Alto Tietê, principalmente na cidade de Mogi das Cruzes (SP). Com base em dados quantitativos, por meio da tabulação de banco de dados e qualitativos, por meio de visitas a área de estudo e conversas com os agricultores e funcionários públicos, foi possível traçar um perfil socioambiental da área estudada. Após o desencadeamento da luta pela terra os agricultores posseiros conseguiram a regularização fundiária da área. O INCRA é o órgão governamental responsável pelo desenvolvimento ali do chamado Projeto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (PDS). Os agricultores estão inseridos na lógica do mercado capitalista, a venda de produtos é garantida pela proximidade com o mercado consumidor, produzem as hortaliças com base na agricultura derivada da Revolução Verde, ou seja, a agricultura quimificada. Assim, produzem e vendem hortaliças com velocidade recorde, gerando recursos financeiros e produção agrícola que dificilmente se vê em outros lugares de regularização fundiária e assentamentos de reforma agrária. Um olhar mais atento aos dados produzidos demonstra que o pilar econômico é favorecido, enquanto os pilares social e ambiental aparecem sendo sacrificados. O INCRA basicamente conseguiu garantir a permanência destes agricultores posseiros, comprando a área, porém pouco tem contribuído para o desenvolvimento dos agricultores nas áreas econômica, social e ambiental. Somente a organização dos agricultores camponeses, a luta e a cobrança aos órgãos competentes por melhoria na qualidade de vida e do meio ambiente na área de estudo, podem fazer que o PDS obtenha êxito nestas áreas mais carentes de políticas públicas e tornar-se referência para uma futura política de reforma agrária e regularização fundiária, que leve em conta o desenvolvimento sustentável da agricultura, ou a sustentabilidade do modelo agrícola no futuro / Peasant family farming is of great importance in the Alto Tietê, especially in the city of Mogi das Cruzes (SP). Based on quantitative data, through tabulation of databases and qualitative, through visits to the study area and conversations with farmers and public officials, it was possible to draw a socio-environmental profile of the area studied. After the struggle for land was launched, squatter farmers were able to regularize land ownership. INCRA is the government agency responsible for the development of the so-called Sustainable Development Project (PDS). Farmers are embedded in the logic of the capitalist market, the sale of products is guaranteed by proximity to the consumer market, produce vegetables based on agriculture derived from the Green Revolution, i.e., chelated agriculture. Thus, they produce and sell vegetables at a record speed, generating financial resources and agricultural production that can hardly be seen in other places of land regularization and agrarian reform settlements. A closer look at the data produced demonstrates that the economic pillar is favored, while the social and environmental pillars appear to be sacrificed. INCRA basically managed to guarantee the permanence of these squatters, buying the area, but little has contributed to the development of the farmers in the economic, social and environmental areas. Only the organization of peasant farmers, the fight and the charging of competent public agencies for improving the quality of life and the environment in the study area, can make the PDS succeed in these poorer areas of public policy and become a reference for a future agrarian reform and land regularization policy that takes into account the sustainable development of agriculture or the sustainability of the agricultural model in the future

A agricultura familiar camponesa apresenta grande importância no Alto Tietê, principalmente na cidade de Mogi das Cruzes (SP). Com base em dados quantitativos, por meio da tabulação de banco de dados e qualitativos, por meio de visitas a área de estudo e conversas com os agricultores e funcionários públicos, foi possível traçar um perfil socioambiental da área estudada. Após o desencadeamento da luta pela terra os agricultores posseiros conseguiram a regularização fundiária da área. O INCRA é o órgão governamental responsável pelo desenvolvimento ali do chamado Projeto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (PDS). Os agricultores estão inseridos na lógica do mercado capitalista, a venda de produtos é garantida pela proximidade com o mercado consumidor, produzem as hortaliças com base na agricultura derivada da Revolução Verde, ou seja, a agricultura quimificada. Assim, produzem e vendem hortaliças com velocidade recorde, gerando recursos financeiros e produção agrícola que dificilmente se vê em outros lugares de regularização fundiária e assentamentos de reforma agrária. Um olhar mais atento aos dados produzidos demonstra que o pilar econômico é favorecido, enquanto os pilares social e ambiental aparecem sendo sacrificados. O INCRA basicamente conseguiu garantir a permanência destes agricultores posseiros, comprando a área, porém pouco tem contribuído para o desenvolvimento dos agricultores nas áreas econômica, social e ambiental. Somente a organização dos agricultores camponeses, a luta e a cobrança aos órgãos competentes por melhoria na qualidade de vida e do meio ambiente na área de estudo, podem fazer que o PDS obtenha êxito nestas áreas mais carentes de políticas públicas e tornar-se referência para uma futura política de reforma agrária e regularização fundiária, que leve em conta o desenvolvimento sustentável da agricultura, ou a sustentabilidade do modelo agrícola no futuro / Peasant family farming is of great importance in the Alto Tietê, especially in the city of Mogi das Cruzes (SP). Based on quantitative data, through tabulation of databases and qualitative, through visits to the study area and conversations with farmers and public officials, it was possible to draw a socio-environmental profile of the area studied. After the struggle for land was launched, squatter farmers were able to regularize land ownership. INCRA is the government agency responsible for the development of the so-called Sustainable Development Project (PDS). Farmers are embedded in the logic of the capitalist market, the sale of products is guaranteed by proximity to the consumer market, produce vegetables based on agriculture derived from the Green Revolution, i.e., chelated agriculture. Thus, they produce and sell vegetables at a record speed, generating financial resources and agricultural production that can hardly be seen in other places of land regularization and agrarian reform settlements. A closer look at the data produced demonstrates that the economic pillar is favored, while the social and environmental pillars appear to be sacrificed. INCRA basically managed to guarantee the permanence of these squatters, buying the area, but little has contributed to the development of the farmers in the economic, social and environmental areas. Only the organization of peasant farmers, the fight and the charging of competent public agencies for improving the quality of life and the environment in the study area, can make the PDS succeed in these poorer areas of public policy and become a reference for a future agrarian reform and land regularization policy that takes into account the sustainable development of agriculture or the sustainability of the agricultural model in the future

No vale do rio Jari, divisa entre os estados do Pará e Amapá, surgiu, ainda no século XIX, o que muitos acreditam ser um dos maiores latifúndios do mundo, sob o jugo de José Júlio de Andrade, migrante cearense que virou coronel e explorava castanha, seringa e balata pelo sistema de aviamento, com direitos de vida e morte em todo vale. Em 1967, o milionário estadunidense Daniel Keith Ludwig adquiriu a enorme extensão de terras com a intenção de fundar um projeto pioneiro que serviria de modelo para o aproveitamento econômico da Amazônia. Tendo como carro chefe a produção de celulose, o empreendimento ficou conhecido como Projeto Jari. Após receber centenas de milhões em incentivos na onda dos grandes projetos para a Amazônia das décadas de 1960 e 1970, e acumular escândalos e prejuízos, em 1982, o Projeto é assumido por um grupo de empresas nacionais e, em 2000, passa para o comando do Grupo Orsa, um conglomerado paulista do setor de papel e celulose tido como exemplo pioneiro de empresa verde e com muitos prêmios recebidos como reconhecimento de sua responsabilidade social e ambiental. Porém, apesar dos projetos econômicos ali desenvolvidos e que vão se sucedendo, se somando e/ou se atualizando nas últimas décadas, a empresa ali instalada não é capaz de comprovar ser proprietária da área. Trata-se de um imenso latifúndio, com mais de três milhões de hectares, onde também vivem milhares de famílias camponesas. O Estado, há décadas, tem ciência da debilidade da documentação fundiária e, portanto, de que se tratam de terras públicas, mas nada é feito. A partir desse cenário, este trabalho aposta na ideia de que estudar esse imóvel fornecerá importantes elementos para se debater a constituição da propriedade privada da terra e sobre a questão agrária no Brasil. Para tanto, adotamos o entendimento defendido por Ariovaldo U. de Oliveira de que a formação territorial brasileira é consequência do processo através do qual o capital submeteu a terra à sua lógica econômica de exploração. Assim, tratar da propriedade da terra é tratar, também, de parte fundamental do desenvolvimento do capitalismo no Brasil. Abordamos, então, a questão a partir da análise dos documentos que supostamente fundamentam a propriedade privada do latifúndio, de pareceres jurídicos elaborados sobre eles, bem como da postura do poder público diante das conclusões apresentadas nesses pareceres. Pretende-se, assim, lançar luz sobre os mecanismos que, apesar dos conflitos e questionamentos, têm permitido e sustentado a continuidade das atividades econômicas e a permanência da empresa na área. / What many believe to be one of the largest landed estates in the world was to emerge in the nineteenth century along the Jari River valley, which straddles the border between the Brazilian Amazonian states of Pará and Amapá. A migrantturned- colonel from the northeastern state of Ceará, called José Júlio de Andrade, then controlled the valley: he had rights over life and death in the area where Brazil nut, rubber and balata were extracted through a system based on indebtedness known as aviamento. Then, in 1967, the American millionaire Daniel Keith Ludwig acquired the huge expanse of land. His intention was to found a pioneering project whose aim was to serve as a model for economic activities in the Amazon. The enterprise became known as the Jari Project; its flagship was cellulose production. At a time of major governmental projects for the Brazilian Amazon in the 1960s and 1970s, the project received hundreds of millions of dollars in governmental incentives; it would accumulate monumental scandals and losses. In 1982, the project was taken over by a consortium of national enterprises and in 2000, again passed hands, this time to the Grupo Orsa a paper and cellulose pulp conglomerate from São Paulo, considered as a pioneering example of a \"green enterprise\" and which has received a string of awards in recognition of their social and environmental responsibility. Yet, in spite of these ongoing, successive projects in the area over the last few decades, the conglomerate is unable to prove its title to the land. The huge landed estate, covering over three million hectares, is also home to thousands of peasant families. For decades, the state has been aware of the estates deficient documentation which in effect means that these are public lands but nothing has been done. This study is based on the idea that the investigation of the estates trajectory will reveal important elements on which to base a discussion of the constitution of private landed property and the agrarian question in Brazil. Towards this end, we have adopted Ariovaldo U. de Oliveiras perspective that \"Brazils territorial formation results from the process through which capital submitted the land to its economic logic of exploitation\". Thus, inherent to debating land ownership in Brazil is a consideration of the fundamental part of the development of capitalism in the country. We approach the issue by analysing the documents that supposedly prove the estate to be private property and the legal assessments based on these documents, as well as the government\'s reaction to the findings presented in these assessments. In this way, the mechanisms that have allowed and sustained the continuity of these economic activities and the enterprises continued permanence in the area in spite of conflicts and questioning will be illuminated.

A chamada regra do usus auctoritas, presente na Lei das XII tábuas, é apontada, desde Cujácio (séc. XVI), e daí em diante por muitos juristas, como sendo uma antiga norma sobre a garantia do vendedor por meio de negócio formal, mancipatio em caso de evicção; o próprio sentido do vocábulo auctoritas seria «garantia», ou mesmo «dever de prestar garantia», neste caso particular inseparável da mancipatio. Mas o fragmento que traz essa regra USUS AUCTORITAS FUNDI BIENNIUM EST[O] nos foi transmitido por Cícero e (embora de forma já interpretada) Gaio; e estes a consideram uma espécie de antiga norma a respeito do usucapião (inicialmente apenas de imóveis). Outros juristas antigos e contemporâneos seguiram, em parte, essa interpretação original. O trabalho pretende trazer novos argumentos em favor dessa exegese natural de Cícero e Gaio no sentido de que a dita regra versa sobre usucapião, mais especificamente sobre uma sua forma arcaica e bastante peculiar. Investiga-se o surgimento da propriedade imobiliária em Roma e suas peculiaridades: o sistema augural, quase religioso, de limitação do solo destinado, no início, a todo cidadão romano, conferido por meio de atos de adsignatio (concessão) pelo «estado» em formação, que detinha a auctoritas ou poder; a passagem da soberania das gentes pré-romanas aos Quirites; a gradual privatização a atribuição dessa auctoritas coletiva e diretamente quiritária ao proprietário dessas parcelas de terra e a fragmentação do solo pelo direito privado regulado pela Lei das XII tábuas, que confere autonomia (a auctoritas ou título) aos indíviduos e suas famílias. Acrescenta-se uma breve análise lógica da regra e uma tentativa de a inserir no esquema geral do usucapião moderno. / The usus auctoritas rule from the Twelve Tables was conceived by Jacques Cujas (16th century AD), and many authors thereafter, as an ancient norm that established a warranty against eviction granted by the seller when transferring the ownership of the thing to the buyer through the performance of mancipatio. According to this view, the very word auctoritas is taken to mean warranty, or else to imply an obligation to give warranty, and is intrinsically associated with mancipatio. But the fragment of the sources that state this rule USUS AUCTORITAS FUNDI BIENNIUM EST[O] were brough to us by Cicero and Gaius (the latter in the form of an interpretation of the norm), and both consider it to be an ancient Roman disposition that originally dealt with usucaption of immovable property only. To a certain extent, various ancient and modern jurists accept the latter interpretation. The object of this thesis is to provide new arguments to support the more natural interpretation adopted by Cicero and Gaius, i.e., that the rule in question deals specifically with an archaic and peculiar form of usucapio. The present work analyzes the emergence of private ownership of immovable property in Rome and its peculiarities: the quasi-religious augural system of land apportionment adopted by the fledging Roman state to assign a lot of land to every Roman citizen through the performance of acts of adsignatio (allotment); the sovereignty transferred by the pre-Roman gentes to the Quirites; the process by which land plots were gradually privatized and landowners acquired this once collective and quiritarian auctoritas, and the resulting land apportionment caused by the application of rules of private law based on the Twelve Tables conferring autonomy (auctoritas or title) to individuals and their families. In the final lines, an attempt is made to provide a logical analysis of the rule and to place it within the general conceptual framework of modern usucaption.

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2007 / Refer to the document

This dissertation explores how property rights to a natural resource affect economic decisions for investment or sale, and how these decisions may in turn impact other areas of the economy. The first essay focuses on how incomplete land ownership on Indian Reservations in the United States affects landowner incentives to engage in agricultural production. The second essay explores how the transfer of water in arid regions via water right sales affects local labor markets and environmental outcomes. The third essay seeks to understand how shale-gas drilling has affected organic food production. This dissertation provides several policy implications. First, the findings suggest that the key to improving lagging agricultural development on American Indian land is to improve tribal farmers’ access to capital, so they can invest in agricultural systems (including irrigation) at the level of their neighbors enjoying fee-simple title. Second, while a potentially effective solution to reduce costly water shortfalls among high-value urban users, water sales from agricultural to urban users appear to simultaneously decrease employment and environmental quality in the water exporting region. Third, Drilling activities appear to discourage organic farming in Colorado. While farmers with mineral ownership benefit, identifying the direct causes of lost organic certification can inform policy that regulates negative externalities on organic farms caused by drilling.

Advances in drilling technology and increasing resource prices contributed to a boom in oil and natural gas production in the Western U.S. in the first decade of the 2000s. Following the boom, a strain of state-level legislation emerged calling for the transfer of federal lands to the states. A justification for the proposed transfers is the claim that state management will responsibly increase oil and gas production levels currently held back by federal regulations and management. However, a substantial literature indicates that dependence on mineral wealth can be a problematic economic development strategy resulting in slower growth and other undesirable socioeconomic outcomes. Using geological variation in oil and gas abundance in the Intermountain West, this study examined the effects of resource abundance on county wage levels and growth rates over the period 1990 to 2010. Areas of oil and gas abundance were further classified by federal, state, and private surface land ownership to examine institutional ownership effects on wage levels and growth rates. Overall oil and gas abundance was shown to have a positive impact on wage levels and growth rates, while institutional ownerships were found to have significantly differing effects on county wages. State ownership was usually associated with higher wage levels and growth rates than federal ownership, likely due to a lengthy permitting process for drilling on federal lands. Private ownership had insignificant effects on local wages, likely due to absentee ownership. The results provide no evidence of a ‘curse of natural resources’ in the region and lend a modicum of support to state land transfer bills.

<p>This study examines landownership structures and settlement during the Middle Ages in the province of Östergötland in Sweden. It departs from a critical approach to the established view of social structure and property in the Scandinavian medieval society.</p><p>The investigations are made at two levels. The first level is a cross section of the mid 16th century. This investigation shows that lay aristocrats and ecclesiastical institutions controlled most of the land, especially in the core areas of the parishes. The second level is a detailed investigation at the farm level in six parishes starting from the middle of the 16th century and working retrogresively to the early Middle Ages. This study shows that the landowning structure of the 16th century can be traced back to about AD 1300. For the early Middle Ages reconstructions are made through inheritance successions and genealogies of the aristocratic families. These reconstructions show that, in some parishes, most of the land was probably controlled by a few very rich families or dynasties during the early Middle Ages. The results lead to a question about the Viking Age and medieval society in general. This question is answered in a hypothesis stressing the development of the concept of land ownership in combination with the development of the land tenure system as one of the important factors for reproduction of local power during the Viking Age and early Middle Ages.</p>