Planning for closure requires in depth analysis into many operational, environmental, and social factors. Ideally, the planning process should resolve as many of the technical, social, and aesthetic requirements as possible by systematically addressing the various elements that influence the final design. This research identified the significant issues related to planning for the end use of the current Logan landfill after it reaches capacity in 18-20 years and the associated lagoons and wetlands. The current closure plan calls for simply recontouring the landfill to stabilize the slopes, then revegetating. The location of the site has serious implications for environmental impact yet offers positive opportunities for consideration of alternative end uses.

För att minska koldioxidutsläppen i byggbranschen och nå de globala och nationella miljömålen måste nya sätt att hantera material och avfall införas. Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga mängden återbrukbara material vid ombyggnationen av Gylle skola i Borlänge genom att utföra en återbruksinventering av den första etappen i projektet.Genom dokumentstudier och fältobservation föreslår rapporten skillnader i klimatbelastning och ekonomi vid användandet av återbrukade- och jungfruliga byggmaterial. Forskning visar att mycket av de byggmaterial som blir avfall ännu inte nått sin tekniska livslängd. Genom att utföra en återbruksinventering kan återbrukbara material lokaliseras och planeras för att använda i andra projekt eller lämnas till andra aktörer för att på så vis minska klimatbelastningen från byggbranschen.I studien presenteras några av de hinder som föreligger för ett mer omfattande användande av återbrukade material. Exempel på dessa hinder är svårigheten att säkerställa garantier och kvalitet för materialen och att kostnaden för selektiv rivning är för hög för att prioriteras. I rapporten framgår att denna kostnad kan kompenseras till ca 80 % av den minskade kostnaden för deponi. I resultatet presenteras att produktmängden som finns tillgänglig för återbruk i projektet uppgår till 32,6 ton, inom kategorierna dörrar, fönster och undertak. Klimatbesparingspotentialen jämfört med nyinköp är 21,7 ton CO2ekv och det inbyggda ekonomiska värdet är 275 510 SEK för dessa material.Slutsatser för studien är att det är viktigt att prioritera en återbruksinventering i ett tidigt skede för att möjliggöra ett ökat återbruk och att det finns ekonomiska incitament för att prioritera detta då det inbyggda materialet har ett ekonomiskt värde.Vidare diskuteras att fler ekonomiska incitament och kravställningar från myndigheter och andra aktörer krävs för att tillgång och efterfrågan på återbrukat byggmaterial ska öka. / To reduce the carbon dioxide emissions from the construction industry and reaching the global and national environmental goals, new ways to manage building materials and recrement must be implemented. The purpose of this study is to investigate the amount of reusable material at Gylle skola by performing an inventory.Through studies of existing literature and conducted field observations, this study shows differences in climate burden and economics between using reused materials and new materials. Previous studies suggest that a large amount of construction materials that are being disposed of have not yet reached the end of its expected lifespan. By doing an inventory of potential reusable materials in the early stages of a demolition project, the material can be located and plans for continued use in other projects can be made. By doing so, the burden on the climate from the construction industry can be reduced.There are many obstacles of reusing existing materials. Some include difficulties in guaranteeing quality and the additional cost of gentle demolition. The results of this study suggest that the additional cost related to reusing material can be mitigated by as much as 80 % as the cost of disposal is removed. Other findings include the importance of conducting an inventory of potential reusable material in an early stage as well as the existence of financial incentives for reusing materials. The material available for reuse amounts to 32,6 tons. The potential for climate savings from reusing material compared using new material is equivalent to 21,7 tons CO2ekv and the value of the reusable material is 275 510 SEK.In addition, the need for further financial incentives and demands from authorities and other parties in order to increase the supply of and access to reusable material is discussed.

The leaching of groundwater into two polishing ponds, the last step in the wastewater treatment process on Hovgarden waste facility, was examined. The focus of this study was to analyse the PFAS composition profile (fingerprint) to trace the leaching groundwater. PFASs are very persistent man-made substances, used invarious fields and have been linked to several health issues. Polishing pond data and groundwater data for ions and PFAS was collected, compiled with old data and surveyed, mainly by using principle component analysis (PCA). The results indicate that there is a water flow and a mass flow of ions to the ponds, and possibly also a flow of PFAS. The ponds appear to have a different composition, which possible could be the result of a mass flow, however the macro ion distributionis similar. Of the groundwater wells, data suggests that 18G09, P3 IN and P8 were most affected by the landfill. PFOA was the most detected PFAS, and the sampling points with the highest concentration of PFAS was 18G09, P3 IN and the first sampling point (R1) in the wastewater treatment plant. While no apparent correlation between the polishing ponds and groundwater wells were discovered,data suggest that the leaching may come from some of the wells more affected by the landfill.

Phytoremediation is a technology that can be used in several ways to remediate polluted soils and water. Today, phytoremediation is viewed by many as a technology in the development phase and therefore it is important to evaluate existing facilities to create more support for future establishment. At the closed landfill of Dragmossen situated outside Älvkarleby, Sweden, there is a plantation of salix (Salix spp.) used for leachate management by collecting the leachate in ponds and using it to irrigate the salix. The goal is to let the water evaporate partially and then use the remaining water in the plantation, thus keeping pollutants in the system and stored in the biomass of the plants. In this Degree Project within Environmental and Water Engineering the performance and the risks associated with the salix plantation at the landfill Dragmossen were evaluated. The study was conducted by analyzing data of samples taken from the salix biomass, soil and water in regards to metal concentrations. The allocation of different metals in the plant was investigated and the transfer coefficient (TC-quota) and the translocation factor (TF-quota) were calculated for the salix. The mass flow of metals was mapped and quantified by construction of a model to calculate the load of metals within the system and the extraction of metals from the plantation. The input data for the model consisted of metal concentrations in the leachate, metal concentrations within salix biomass, estimated volume of leachate and the growth of the salix biomass. The results showed that lead, cadmium, copper, chrome, nickel and zinc were extracted in a higher amount than the load from the irrigation. The extraction of arsenic was lower than the amount that was added from the irrigation. The extraction rate for arsenic, lead, cadmium, copper, chrome, nickel and zinc was investigated by calculating the extraction per year and hectare. The extraction rate differs between the metals where zinc was extracted with the highest rate and arsenic with the lowest. A basic risk assessment was conducted where the development of the pollutants in the ground water below the salix plantation was investigated together with the concentrations of metals in the soil on the plantation. This showed that the concentrations of copper and zink over the general reference value for less sensitive land use was exceeded in some areas. The overall results showed that a salix plantation can be a good tool for leachate management for the majority of the metals. The extraction of metals is affected by different parameters of the soil and water chemistry which makes it important to evaluate site-specific conditions before an establishing a salix plantation. / Fytosanering är en teknik som kan användas på flera olika vis för att sanera både förorenad mark och vatten. Idag betraktas fytosanering av många som en teknik under utveckling och det är därmed viktigt att utvärdera befintliga anläggningars prestanda för att skapa ett bättre underlag för framtida etableringar. På den sluttäckta deponin Dragmossen används en salixodling för lakvattenhantering genom att salix (Salix spp.) bevattnas med lakvatten som samlas upp i dammar på området. Vattnet avgår då genom transpiration och tanken är att föroreningarna ska tas upp och lagras i växterna. I detta examensarbete i miljö- och vattenteknik undersöktes prestandan och riskerna med salixodlingen på deponin Dragmossen. Detta genom att sammanställa och analysera data från provtagningar av salix, jord och vatten. Examensarbetet omfattade även en analys av upptag och allokering av metaller i salixplantorna, samt hur dessa metaller förhåller sig i de olika växtdelarna genom att beräkna överföringskoefficienten (TC-kvot) och translokationsfaktorn (TF-kvot). Massflöden av metaller kartlades genom konstruerande av en modell som kvantifierar belastning och upptag av metaller i salixen. Modellens indata bestod av metallhalter i lakvattnet, metallhalter i salixens ved, uppskattad volym lakvatten och tillväxt av salixens biomassa. Resultatet från modellen visade att bly, kadmium, koppar, krom, nickel och zink togs upp i större mängd än vad som tillfördes genom bevattning. Upptaget av arsenik var dock mindre än det som tillfördes genom bevattningen. Upptagshastigheten för arsenik, bly, kadmium, koppar, krom, nickel och zink undersöktes genom att beräkna upptaget per år och hektar. Upptagshastigheten skiljer sig åt mellan olika metaller där zink tas upp snabbast och arsenik är den metall som extraheras i lägst grad. En enklare riskbedömning genomfördes där utvecklingen av föroreningshalter i grundvattnet under salixodlingen undersöktes samt halter av de undersökta metallerna i jorden på salixodlingen. Denna visade på att halter av koppar och zink idag är högre än det generella riktvärdet för mindre känslig markanvändning. Det styrande skyddsobjektet för Cu och Zn är markmiljön. Uppmätta metallhalter i marken kring salixodlingen bedöms inte innebära någon risk för andra skyddsobjekt som människa och grundvatten. Sammantaget visar resultatet att en salixodling som verktyg för lakvattenhantering kan vara ett bra redskap för flertalet metaller. Upptaget påverkas av olika mark- och vattenkemiska parametrar vilket erfordrar att platsspecifika förutsättningar beaktas vid anläggning av en salixodling.

[pt] Problemas de engenharia geotécnica onde a resistência ao cisalhamento é fator determinante para o projeto são geralmente avaliados com base no critério de ruptura de Mohr-Coulomb; no entanto, modelos constitutivos avançados são necessários para abordar grande parte de problemas geotécnicos onde estimativas de deformação são necessárias. Lade e Kim propuseram um modelo constitutivo elastoplástico avançado para investigar o comportamento tensão vs. deformação de materiais com atrito, sob condição drenada ou não drenada. Nesta dissertação, este modelo foi implementado no programa computacional de diferenças finitas FLAC3D com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento elasto-plástico de aterros. As equações governantes do modelo constitutivo de Lade-Kim são apresentadas e um algoritmo explícito de integração de tensões foi implementado na presente pesquisa. Os resultados numéricos obtidos com o modelo de Lade e Kim foram comparados com aqueles publicados na literatura, envolvendo ensaios triaxiais de laboratório realizados em areia e análises numéricas 2D do comportamento de barragem. Finalmente, após validação da implementação do modelo, análises do comportamento 2D e 3D de aterros foram executadas, verificando a influência destes tipos de análise nos valores calculados, bem como resultados numéricos foram também comparados com aqueles determinados pelo tradicional modelo elasto-plástico de Mohr-Coulomb. / [en] Geotechnical engineering problems, where the design is mainly influenced by the shear strength, can be successfully analyzed considering a traditional constitutive model; however, advanced constitutive models must be used when the estimative of deformation is an important factor to be considered. Lade and Kim proposed the Lade-Kim model in order to model a granular material stress-strain constitutive relation under different combinations of effective stress and drained or undrained conditions. In this dissertation, this model is implemented and validated in the FLAC3D finite volume program, in order to study the elasto-plastic behavior of embankments. The governing equations of the constitutive model of Lade-Kim are presented and, using an appropriate stress integration algorithm, it is implemented in FLAC3D. This procedure is validated by using experimental results of triaxial tests performed on the sand of the Sacramento River and performing two-dimensional deformation analyzes of embankments and comparing the results with the literature. Finally, the Lade-Kim model is used in two-dimensional and three-dimensional deformation analyses of embankments in order to analyze the influence of the three-dimensional condition. On the other hand, the same analyzes were carried out using the Mohr- Coulomb constitutive model in order to compare the results and analyze the efficiency of the Lade-Kim constitutive model. Thus, it is concluded that the Lade-Kim constitutive model was successfully implemented and that it provides accurate results regarding modeling geomechanical behavior under different combinations of effective stresses.

[pt] O propósito do trabalho é avaliar os modelos matemáticos utilizados para a previsão da geração de biogás pelos aterros sanitários brasileiros e comparar as previsões com os resultados monitorados ao longo dos anos de operação. Cerca da metade do volume desse biogás é metano, sendo essa a sua parte mais significativa; primeiro, porque é um gás de efeito estufa; segundo, porque a sua queima, além de desejável, pode gerar energia – e renovável. Por isso, projetos de aterros que queimam metano podem receber incentivos financeiros – os créditos de carbono – através do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) do Protocolo de Quioto. Os aterros sanitários estudados são todos projetos MDL, para os quais existe obrigatoriamente um prévio documento de concepção, com as previsões de resultados, bem como documentos periódicos posteriores comprovando as metas alcançadas, todos publicados na internet. Pelo método de trabalho, explicitam-se a previsão de geração do metano – contidas no documento de concepção de projeto – e a quantidade captada – contida nos relatórios de monitoramento. Os modelos, parâmetros, resultados e eficiências são apresentados, bem como comparações entre diferentes aterros e modelos. Ao final do trabalho, responde-se a questão: as eventuais discrepâncias entre a previsão de geração e a captação efetiva de biogás dos aterros sanitários operados sob o MDL podem ser explicadas pelo uso inadequado dos modelos de previsão? / [en] Solid waste disposal sites (SWDS) – especially landfills – are a significant source of methane. Although having the potential to be captured and used as a fuel, most of the methane formed in SWDS is emitted to the atmosphere. After the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change entered into force in 1994 with the final goal of preventing climatic changes, all the countries that have ratified it were asked to estimate and report their greenhouse gas emissions, including methane. In order to support countries in this task, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has published three sets of guidelines for national inventories, including sets of equations for calculating the quantity of methane formed as biodegradable waste decays. In addition, the Kyoto Protocol has created the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to assist the developed countries to offset their own greenhouse gas emissions by assisting other countries to achieve sustainable development and to reduce their emissions. Based on IPCC s methodologies, the CDM has issued a tool to help developers estimate reductions in methane emissions as a result of their project activities. Unfortunately, the four methodologies for calculating methane formation in landfills that are used worldwide – three from IPCC and one from CDM – yield different results, although they are all based on equations to simulate first order decay of biodegradable waste. Furthermore, differences in results from the use of the different models are not clearly presented, and there is not a clear understanding on how they should be used. The incorrect application of the methodologies can be seen in national inventories and in CDM projects activities. The purpose of this thesis is to assess the mathematical models used to predict the generation of biogas by landfills in Brazil and to compare the forecasts with the monitored results over the years of operation. According to Scharff and Jacobs (2006), the emission from a landfill has a high temporal and spatial variability and the authors assert that this is a complicated area of study. Approximately half the volume of this biogas is methane, which is its most significant part; firstly, because it is a greenhouse gas; and secondly, because its burning, as well as being desirable, can generate energy – of the renewable type. For this reason, landfill projects that burn methane are able to receive financial incentives – the carbon credits – through the CDM. Since 2005, when the Kyoto Protocol entered into force and launched the CDM, solid waste disposal sites are seen differently in Brazil. The landfills studied here are CDM projects that had their potential for biogas EXPANDED ABSTRACT evaluated at their inception and which later on had their generation models and their parameters re-evaluated. These projects have undergone a renewal of their first 7-year crediting period, within the CDM procedures, when it was necessary to update the baseline and monitoring methodology. In order to have an ex-ante estimation of the methane generation in CDM landfill projects, it is necessary to follow the methodologies approved by the CDM Executive Board. These methodologies are based on the procedures used for national greenhouse gas inventories of the IPCC, which in turn assesses the scientific knowledge around the world on climate change and greenhouse gases. There are three editions of IPCC guidelines (1997, 2000 and 2006), other than several versions for the ones issued by the CDM Executive Board. This thesis shows the differences among the models contained in these methodologies, besides the different interpretations and different ways to apply the methodologies in the analyzed projects. Two more models were added to the analysis: those referred to in World Bank (2004) – the so-called Scholl-Canyon model and the U.S. EPA s LFG Emissions Model (LandGEM). All CDM projects are required to have a prior design document as well as verified monitoring reports, which demonstrate the emission reductions, all documents published on the Internet. The method of work used in this study was to highlight for each project the generation forecast and the amount of methane captured during several years of operation, with the knowledge that these figures are not a simple translation of carbon credits. CDM procedures require some baseline and leakage discounts and allow more credits whenever electricity is generated from the biogas, and these facts have to be understood and taken into account. Models, parameters, results and efficiencies are then presented and compared. Based on the analyses of the models, the authors also indicate the need for a correction in the tool to calculate emissions from landfills as adopted by the CDM Executive Board. This thesis also shows how the experience of the first 7-year crediting period of each project was used in its second period, and makes a critical analysis of the suitability of the use of these prediction models, as well as a confrontation with other studied models, where the data was adequate. This study has the ultimate intent to contribute to enterprises that are designed to improve sanitary conditions

During the last decades, solid waste management has been going through a lot of changes regarding, regulation and applications of models and systems. New practices to solve environmental problems have been approached in different scenarios, situations and in different countries. Today the problem of waste management requires the application of broader approach including new methodologies, systems, practices and models to continue the development toward sustainable systems. The objective of this thesis to assess the waste management situation in the Provinces of Jujuy (Municipality of San Salvador de Jujuy) and Salta (Municipality of Salta Capital) located in the north of Argentina and to provide technical recommendations to implement or improve their waste management system. To carry out the technical and environmental assessment of the waste situation in the municipalities in Jujuy and Salta, the Integrated Waste Management (IWM) approach from UN-HABITAT and UNEP, Global Waste Management Outlook is applied; as well as the chronological and practical methodology WHAT (Waste Holistic Assessment Tool) from the Municipal Association in Sweden “Gästrike Återvinnare” based on ten (15) aspects that, according to praxis in Sweden, are considered relevant in order to assess the waste management system in a municipality. The Province of Jujuy and Salta are facing environmental problems as contamination of soil and groundwater, landfills producing greenhouse gas emissions and social problems of people living at the landfill that need to be addressed. The result of this thesis shows that in the province of Jujuy the waste management situation need to be prioritized. At the capital of Jujuy, there are produced 400 tonnes of household waste per day. The level of knowledge of the system perspective is very low and they need the creation of goals, objectives and policies for the implementation of a sustainable system. It is also necessary the assessment of the type and quality of the waste produced, to have a picture of the situation based on facts. The collection and transport need improvements on infrastructure and regarding the workers at the landfill. There is a lack of sorting system or sorting stations. Sorting of waste and recycling is only based on the activity of the informal workers living at the landfill. The construction of a sorting plant at Chanchillos is positive but the lack of separation system limit the usefulness of the equipment. Regarding the financing aspects, there is a system in place for charging the customers for services provided regarding collection of waste, but there is a problem with financing, to cover not only the costs for the daily services but to secure financing for needed investments in infrastructure, treatment facilities etc. In conclusion, the most important aspects with high priority In Jujuy to start with the implementation of an integrated waste management system in Jujuy are: system goals, source and quality of waste, waste sorting, waste treatment, cooperation, planning, financing, knowledge, socio economic aspects and environmental aspects. The results with lower priority are collection and transport, law and regulations, public awareness and business opportunities. On the other hand, the legislative framework shows that the legislation is in place concerning the issues of waste and environmental protection as well the legislative framework at national and provincial level. However, it is necessary to develop a specific legislation, regarding waste management practices, considering, waste hierarchy as well as the development guidelines regarding extended producer responsibility (EPR). In relation to the technical aspects of the landfill, the results show that there is a potential to implement two different solutions for waste treatment a) The capturing of the landfill gas to reduce gas emissions from the landfill. b) Possibility to build up a biogas plant with electricity generation or biodiesel production taking advantage of the raw material of the place as manure. The results in the Province of Salta shows the implementation of an integrated system is in place but it is necessary the improvement of the system. At the capital of the Province of Salta, there are produced 600 tonnes waste a day, that is deposited in a controlled landfill with biogas extraction and only a small percentage of the waste is sent for recycling. Regarding the waste collection and separation there are similarities with the problems of infrastructure described in the Province of Jujuy, such as the lack of trash cans, that makes the collection difficult and the lack of a separation system is a common deficit. The municipality does not have an update data of the quality and quantity of waste since 2003. In relation to public awareness there is a cooperative in cooperation with a private company that oversees the waste sorting. This program is a good initiative but it only covers 2000 blocks of the city and 14 000 households representing only the 10% of the total area. Regarding the financing there is a problem with financing, to cover not only the costs for the daily services but to secure financing for needed investments in infrastructure, treatment facilities, etc. The waste is transported to the landfill, which is using the cell method and is well constructed, considering important aspects as the size of the cells, quantity and variation of rainfall, the absorptive capacity of the waste as well as the control of the capacity of the cells for high degree compaction. However, the controlled landfill has technical problems during the extraction of biogas with leachates and oxygen that ingress into the holes where methane gas is extracted. In conclusion, the aspects with high priority in Salta are: classification of source and type of waste, cooperation, planning, financing, business opportunities and socio-economic aspects. The aspects with low priority are: system goals, collection and transport, waste treatment, law and regulations, public awareness, knowledge, environmental aspects. This shows that the government strategy is working positively regarding instruments and legislation. However, the control and financial system need improvement to afford the costs of the waste management system. The controlled landfill has technical problems during the extraction of biogas with leachates and oxygen that enter the holes where methane gas is extracted. There is also a potential to a) upgrade the biogas to biofuel or b) for generation of energy which is highly demanded in the Province. The conclusions of the assessment show that today the problem of waste management requires a broader approach and new methodologies to understand the situation of the decision makers in the area of waste management. Where not only the physical or technical aspects on a waste management system are considered but also broader and deeply oriented aspects that include other factors that describe the cause of the problems. The methodology applied in this thesis called WHAT (Waste Holistic Assessment Tool) can be used as a practical assessment tool in the future, for the analysis of the conditions for the establishment and development of integrated waste management system in a municipality. After the application of the WHAT methodology in this thesis it can be noticed that there is a potential of future improvements of the methodology as a) the inclusion of the Swedish knowledge and knowhow in the area.  b) potential to development of a software to provide a quick assessment in a municipality. c)  the inclusion of a database for the implementation of waste management. d) potential to include a financial tool with cost and benefits of the investments. According to the concept of sustainable waste management, the system needs to ensure health and safety aspects but in addition it must also be environmentally, effective, economically affordable and socially acceptable.

Odor problems are a common complaint from residents living near landfills. Many compounds can cause malodorous conditions. However, hydrogen sulfide (h2s) has been identified as a principal odorous component from construction and demolition (c&d)debris landfills. Although several studies have reported the ambient concentrations of h2s near c&d landfills, few studies have quantified emission rates of h2s. The most widely used and proven technique for measuring gas emission rates from landfills is the flux chamber method. Typically the flux chamber is a cylindrical enclosure device with a spherical top which limits the gas emission area. Pure zero grade air is introduced into the chamber, allowed to mix with emitting gases captured from the landfill surface, and then transported to the exit port where concentrations can be measured. Flux measurements using the flux chamber were performed at five different c&d landfills from june to august, 2003. The flux rates of h2s measured in this research were three to six orders of magnitude lower than the flux rates of methane reported in the literature. In addition to the h2s flux measurements, dispersion modeling was conducted, using the epa dispersion model, industrial source complex short term (iscst3), in order to evaluate impacts on landfill workers and communities around the landfills. The modeling results were analyzed to estimate the potential ground level maximum h2s concentrations for 1-hr and 3-min periods and the frequency (occurrences per year) above the h2s odor detection threshold for each landfill. Odor complaints could be expected from four among five landfills selected for this study, based on 0.5-ppb odor detection threshold.

A comprehensive field investigation was conducted at Potrero Hills Landfill (PHL) located in Suisun City, California to quantify emissions of twelve (hydro)chlorofluorocarbons (i.e. F-gases). The specific target constituents for this study included CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, HCFC-21, HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HCFC-151a, HFC-134a, HFC-152a, and HFC-245fa. The majority of the F-gas emission studies have been conducted outside of the United States and very limited field landfill emission data are available in the United States. Because of historical usage of blowing agents in insulation foams including CFC-11, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, and HFC-245fa, models reported in literature predicted high F-gas emissions from a landfill environment, but very limited field data are available to verify such predictions. In this investigation, the surface flux of the twelve F-gases, methane, and carbon dioxide was quantified from various landfill cover systems and in areas with different waste ages, waste heights, and cover thicknesses at Potrero Hills Landfill. In addition, destruction efficiencies for the twelve F-gases were determined based on inlet and outlet concentrations of the onsite flare system. Lastly, the surface flux values were scaled up to a facility-wide emission value to estimate the total fugitive emissions from the landfill. The F-gas flux values for the daily covers were in the 10 -8 to 10-1 g m-2 day -1 range and 10-7 to 10-2 g m-2 day-1 range for the wet and dry season, respectively. The F-gas flux values for the intermediate covers in the -10-6 to 10-4 g m-2 day-1 range and -10-6 to 10-4 g m-2 day-1 range for the wet and dry season, respectively. The F-gas flux values for the final covers were in the 10-7 to 10-5 g m-2 day-1 range and -10-7 to 10-6 g m-2 day-1 range for the wet and dry season, respectively. F-gas fluxes for the final covers had the highest number of below detection limit cases as well as lower than R2 threshold cases. Thest F-gas fluxes were measured from daily cover system constructed with auto shredder residue (i.e. auto fluff) for the both the wet and dry seasons. The highest fluxes were measured for CFC-11, HCFC-21, and HCFC-141b in the wet season and for CFC-11, HCFC-141b, and HFC-134a in the dry season across the seven cover locations. Lower level of variation was observed for methane and carbon dioxide with flux values ranging over five orders of magnitude for the seven tested locations. The methane flux values for the daily covers were in the 10-2 to 10+1 g m-2 d-1 range and 1 to 10+1 g m-2 day-1 range for the wet and dry season, respectively. The carbon dioxide flux values for the daily covers were in the -10+1 to 10+2 g m-2 day-1 range and -10+1 to 10+1 g m-2 day-1 range for the wet and dry season, respectively. The methane flux values for the intermediate covers were in the -10-2 to 10+1 g m-2 d-1 range and -10-3 to 10+1 g m-2 day-1 range for the wet and dry season, respectively. The carbon dioxide flux values for the intermediate covers were in the 1 to 10+2 g m-2 day-1 range for both seasons. The methane fluxes for the final cover were -10 -3 g m-2 day-1 and 10-4 g m-2 day-1 for the wet and dry season, respectively. The carbon dioxide flux values for the final cover were in the 10+1 g m-2 d-1 range and 1 to 10+1 g m-2 day-1 range for the wet and dry season, respectively. Negative flux values were typically observed during the wet season and at the intermediate and final covers. The destruction efficiencies for the twelve F-gases were above 99.5% for the onsite flare. Highest F-gas raw gas concentrations were measured for HFC-134a while the lowest F-gas concentration was measured for CFC-113. The F-gas concentrations in the raw gas ranged from 103 to 106 pptv. Similar to what has been reported in the literature, the landfill gas flare system was an efficient abatement device in controlling F-gas emissions. The surface emission measurement values from the field investigation were scaled up to estimate facility-wide fugitive emission values using the relative surface areas of the daily, intermediate, and final cover distributions in the landfill. The total fugitive emissions from the landfill including twelve F-gases, methane, and carbon dioxide ranged from 6,900 to 94,000 CO2E tonnes per year during the wet season, from 21,000 to 47,000 CO2E tonnes per year during the dry season, and from 13,000 to 75,000 CO2E tonnes per year during the year, prorated by the season (representing weighted average of 58% wet season emission rate and 42% dry season emission rate in a 12-month calendar year). The total fugitive F-gas emissions ranged from 1,600 to 4,800 CO2E tonnes per year during the wet season, from 140 to 600 CO2E tonnes per year during the dry season, and from 1,000 to 3,000 CO2E tonnes per year, prorated by the season. The total fugitive methane emissions ranged from 530 to 75,000 CO2E tonnes per year during the wet season, 17,000 to 35,000 CO2E tonnes per year during the dry season, and from 7,500 to 58,000 CO2E tonnes per year, prorated by the season. The total fugitive carbon dioxide emissions ranged from 5,000 to 14,000 CO2E tonnes per year during the wet season, 4,200 to 12,000 CO2E tonnes per year during the dry season, and from 4,500 to 13,000 CO2E tonnes per year, prorated by the season. In comparison to the total fugitive emission value derived from the first-order decay (FOD) model reported by USEPA and the total fugitive emission values calculated using waste-in-place (WIP) – landfill gas correlation equation presented in Spokas et al. (2015), the field-derived methane emission values were one to three orders of magnitude lower.

För att främja en hållbar utveckling har FN satt upp 17 vägledande globala miljömål som nationell lagstiftning bör utformas efter, vilket Sverige har gjort. För att se till att miljölagstiftningen följs av verksamheter utövas tillsyn mot vissa typer av verksamheter, bland annat deponier. Deponier är bland annat miljöfarliga för att de kan släppa ut lakvatten till omgivande miljö. Tillsynsmyndigheter för Gräfsåsens avfallsanläggning har anmärkt på att vissa av deras utsläppsvillkor för lakvatten ej uppnås. Studien ska, med utgångspunkt från relevanta faktorer för val av reningsteknik (emissionskrav, lakvattnets karaktärisering &amp; lakvattenproduktion), gällande villkor från utsedda tillsynsmyndigheter och styrdokumentet BREF utreda två lämpliga system avreningstekniker för lakvatten samt eventuella återupprepande reningssteg, vid Gräfsåsens avfallsanläggning. Hänsyn kommer även tas till tidigare genomförda pilotstudier för lakvattenhantering vid Gräfsåsens avfallsanläggning, och vilka övergripande slutsatsersom kan dras från dem. Karaktäriseringen utgick från att inhämta historiska data från provtagningar, som jämfördes med BREF:s riktvärden för relevanta parametrar samt nuvarandeutsläppsvillkor. Resultaten visade att reningsteknikerna skulle inriktas mot avskiljning av organiskt material (TOC &amp; BOD7), långkedjiga PFAS, totalt oorganiskt kväve samt totalkväve. Försedimenteringsdamm valdes för att jämna ut lakvattenflödet samt minska mängdenorganiskt material och metaller som kan försämra biologisk rening. Luftad damm och översilningsyta valdes för att de kan minska mängden kväve, organiskt material ochmetaller. Skumfraktionering och adsorptionsfilter valdes för att effektivt avskilja långkedjiga PFAS. Studien har visat att Gräfsåsens avfallsanläggning behöver installera en försedimenteringsdamm samt utöka sin biologiska rening. Tidigare använda reningstekniker som luftad damm, adsorptionsfilter samt våtmark har ej optimeratstillräckligt. / To promote sustainable developement, the UN has set up 17 global environmental goals that national legislation should incorporate. To ensure that environmental legislation is followed by certain practioners, supervision is performed. Landfills are seen as an environmentally hazardous activity that need supervision, mainly due to the fact that environmentally hazardous substances like leachate water could be spread to the environment. Supervisory authorities for Gräfsåsen avfallsanläggning have noted that some of their emission requirements for leachate water are not fulfilled. The study shall, based on relevant factors for the selection of treatment technology (emission requirements, characterization of leachate &amp; production of leachate), current conditions from appointed supervisory authorities, the steering document BREF, investigate two suitable systems of treatment techniques for leachate, at Gräfsåsens avfallsanläggning. Consideration will also be given to previously completed pilot studiesfor leachate management at Gräfsåsens avfallsanläggning, and general conclusions that can be drawn from them. The characterization was based on gathering historical measurement data, and then compare the data to BREF guideline values for relevant parameters as well as current emission requirements.The results showed that treatment techniques should be aimed at removing organic matter, long- chained PFAS, total inorganic nitrogen &amp; total nitrogen. Pre- sedimentation ponds were chosen to even out the leachate flow and reduce the amount of organic matter and metals that could impair biological treatment. Aerated pond and overflow area were chosen because they can reduce the amount of nitrogen, organic matter and metals. Foamfractionation and adsorption filter was chosen to efficiently separate long-chained PFAS. The study has shown that Gräfsåsens avfallsanläggning needs to install a presedimentation pond and expand its biological treatment. Previously used treatment techniques such as aerated pond, adsorption filter and wetlands have not been sufficiently optimized / <p>2023-06-02</p>