Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Coladello de Oliveira.pdf: 75057815 bytes, checksum: a0cd53ad19e688200d5996fff094ee17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Given the legal requirements established by the National Solid Waste (Law 12.305 / 10) for the controlled dumps and landfills until August 2014, recently extended for another 4 (four) years and a locational issue of deposits are closed waste, this research fits as an aid to small towns in the region of Presidente Prudente - SP, Anhumas being the main object of study. The choice of the city of Anhumas for this work was based on the representation of its surroundings, where the characteristics of the physical environment and land use have great similariedade with the regional context. Thus, the main objective is to propose a methodological adaptation of landscape theory, serving as a support for a new model of analysis and choice of sites with potential for the installation of sanitary landfills. For this, we initially fostered the literature related to the theory works and landscape analysis, geoecology, environmental planning and solid waste disposal, and then establish the elements and criteria to be used during the development of the research. In a second step, the inventory step, information about the landscape of the city were raised, registering them with the support of cartographically geographic information system SPRING, which later supported the generation units of legal restriction, synthesis of environmental fragility (Ross, 1994) and landscape. As part of the diagnostic study, mapping the ecodinâmicas units of potential instability (stable) and emergent instability (unstable) allowed to classify areas of greatest weakness, with the first classes ranging from very low (1) to very high (5) being and the second medium (3) to very high (5). These results demonstrated the escasses of location alternatives in the city of Anhumas depending on the sectors of fragility of the physical environment, together with the relevant technical and legal constraints. Aiming to synthesize all the information gathered in the study area, showed up landscape units, which represent the homologous areas of vocation or not to install the project in question. Therefore, one can conclude that this method of choosing the area for landfill provides important information to small municipalities, like Anhumas, not yet have adapted to the requirements set forth by art. 54 of National Solid Waste, choose regions with greater aptitude for installation of sanitary landfills. However, it is noteworthy that once defined the region with potential for such activity to actually install the landfill is still needed specific previous studies, which were not possible to perform a function of scale approach. / Tendo em vista a obrigatoriedade legal estabelecida pela Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (Lei 12.305/10) para que sejam encerrados os lixões e aterros controlados até agosto de 2014, prorrogada recentemente por mais 4 (quatro) anos e a problemática locacional dos depósitos de resíduos, a presente pesquisa se enquadra como um auxílio aos pequenos municípios da região de Presidente Prudente - SP, sendo Anhumas o objeto de estudo principal. A escolha do município de Anhumas para a realização deste trabalho pautou-se na representatividade de seu entorno, onde as características do meio físico e de uso da terra apresentam grande similariedade com o contexto regional. Desta forma, o objetivo principal é propor uma adaptação metodológica da teoria da paisagem, servindo como subsídio para um novo modelo de análise e escolha de locais com potencialidade à instalação de aterros sanitários. Para tanto, fomentou-se inicialmente a literatura com trabalhos relacionados à teoria e análise da paisagem, geoecologia, planejamento ambiental e disposição de resíduos sólidos, para então estabelecer os elementos e critérios a serem utilizados durante o desenvolvimento da pesquisa. Em um segundo momento, na etapa de inventário, foram levantadas informações sobre a paisagem do município, registrando-as cartograficamente com apoio do sistema de informações geográficas SPRING, que posteriormente subsidiou a geração das unidades de restrição legal, síntese de fragilidade ambiental (ROSS, 1994) e de paisagem. Como parte do diagnóstico deste estudo, o mapeamento das unidades ecodinâmicas de instabilidade potencial (estáveis) e instabilidade emergente (instáveis) permitiram classificar áreas de maior fragilidade, sendo a primeira com classes que variam de muito baixo (1) à muito alto (5) e a segunda de médio (3) à muito alto (5). Tais resultados demonstraram a escassez de alternativas locacionais no município de Anhumas em função dos setores de fragilidade do meio físico, aliado às restrições legais e técnicas pertinentes. Com o intuito de sintetizar todas as informações levantadas na área de estudo, apresentaram-se as unidades de paisagem, das quais representam as zonas homologas de vocação ou não para instalação do empreendimento em questão. Portanto, pode-se concluir que este método de escolha de área para aterro sanitário fornece informações importantes aos municípios de pequeno porte, a exemplo de Anhumas, que ainda não adequaram-se às exigências estabelecidas pelo artigo 54 da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, a escolher regiões com maior aptidão para instalação de aterros sanitários. Entretanto, cabe ressaltar que uma vez definida a região com potencialidade à referida atividade, para instalar de fato o aterro sanitário é necessário ainda estudos prévios específicos, dos quais não foram possíveis realizar em função da escala de abordagem.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:46:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Coladello de Oliveira.pdf: 75057815 bytes, checksum: a0cd53ad19e688200d5996fff094ee17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Given the legal requirements established by the National Solid Waste (Law 12.305 / 10) for the controlled dumps and landfills until August 2014, recently extended for another 4 (four) years and a locational issue of deposits are closed waste, this research fits as an aid to small towns in the region of Presidente Prudente - SP, Anhumas being the main object of study. The choice of the city of Anhumas for this work was based on the representation of its surroundings, where the characteristics of the physical environment and land use have great similariedade with the regional context. Thus, the main objective is to propose a methodological adaptation of landscape theory, serving as a support for a new model of analysis and choice of sites with potential for the installation of sanitary landfills. For this, we initially fostered the literature related to the theory works and landscape analysis, geoecology, environmental planning and solid waste disposal, and then establish the elements and criteria to be used during the development of the research. In a second step, the inventory step, information about the landscape of the city were raised, registering them with the support of cartographically geographic information system SPRING, which later supported the generation units of legal restriction, synthesis of environmental fragility (Ross, 1994) and landscape. As part of the diagnostic study, mapping the ecodinâmicas units of potential instability (stable) and emergent instability (unstable) allowed to classify areas of greatest weakness, with the first classes ranging from very low (1) to very high (5) being and the second medium (3) to very high (5). These results demonstrated the escasses of location alternatives in the city of Anhumas depending on the sectors of fragility of the physical environment, together with the relevant technical and legal constraints. Aiming to synthesize all the information gathered in the study area, showed up landscape units, which represent the homologous areas of vocation or not to install the project in question. Therefore, one can conclude that this method of choosing the area for landfill provides important information to small municipalities, like Anhumas, not yet have adapted to the requirements set forth by art. 54 of National Solid Waste, choose regions with greater aptitude for installation of sanitary landfills. However, it is noteworthy that once defined the region with potential for such activity to actually install the landfill is still needed specific previous studies, which were not possible to perform a function of scale approach. / Tendo em vista a obrigatoriedade legal estabelecida pela Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (Lei 12.305/10) para que sejam encerrados os lixões e aterros controlados até agosto de 2014, prorrogada recentemente por mais 4 (quatro) anos e a problemática locacional dos depósitos de resíduos, a presente pesquisa se enquadra como um auxílio aos pequenos municípios da região de Presidente Prudente - SP, sendo Anhumas o objeto de estudo principal. A escolha do município de Anhumas para a realização deste trabalho pautou-se na representatividade de seu entorno, onde as características do meio físico e de uso da terra apresentam grande similariedade com o contexto regional. Desta forma, o objetivo principal é propor uma adaptação metodológica da teoria da paisagem, servindo como subsídio para um novo modelo de análise e escolha de locais com potencialidade à instalação de aterros sanitários. Para tanto, fomentou-se inicialmente a literatura com trabalhos relacionados à teoria e análise da paisagem, geoecologia, planejamento ambiental e disposição de resíduos sólidos, para então estabelecer os elementos e critérios a serem utilizados durante o desenvolvimento da pesquisa. Em um segundo momento, na etapa de inventário, foram levantadas informações sobre a paisagem do município, registrando-as cartograficamente com apoio do sistema de informações geográficas SPRING, que posteriormente subsidiou a geração das unidades de restrição legal, síntese de fragilidade ambiental (ROSS, 1994) e de paisagem. Como parte do diagnóstico deste estudo, o mapeamento das unidades ecodinâmicas de instabilidade potencial (estáveis) e instabilidade emergente (instáveis) permitiram classificar áreas de maior fragilidade, sendo a primeira com classes que variam de muito baixo (1) à muito alto (5) e a segunda de médio (3) à muito alto (5). Tais resultados demonstraram a escassez de alternativas locacionais no município de Anhumas em função dos setores de fragilidade do meio físico, aliado às restrições legais e técnicas pertinentes. Com o intuito de sintetizar todas as informações levantadas na área de estudo, apresentaram-se as unidades de paisagem, das quais representam as zonas homologas de vocação ou não para instalação do empreendimento em questão. Portanto, pode-se concluir que este método de escolha de área para aterro sanitário fornece informações importantes aos municípios de pequeno porte, a exemplo de Anhumas, que ainda não adequaram-se às exigências estabelecidas pelo artigo 54 da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, a escolher regiões com maior aptidão para instalação de aterros sanitários. Entretanto, cabe ressaltar que uma vez definida a região com potencialidade à referida atividade, para instalar de fato o aterro sanitário é necessário ainda estudos prévios específicos, dos quais não foram possíveis realizar em função da escala de abordagem.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise dos possíveis impactos ambientais negativos decorrentes da instalação do aterro sanitário industrial e dos lagos de resíduos de bauxita do Parque Industrial do Consórcio do Alumínio do Maranhão - ALUMAR, em termo de contaminação das águas superficiais e subsuperficiais das bacias hidrográficas envolvidas, baseado em um grupo de atributos, considerando um modelo exploratório. A partir de dados espaciais (ensaios laboratoriais e de campo) e mapas elaborados pela ALUMAR, nas escalas 1:10.000 e 1:20.000, foram selecionados, analisados e sintetizados todos os atributos de interesse em um conjunto de 12 documentos cartográficos. Num passo seguinte, foram investigados os aspectos do meio físico (colapsividade, erosão, afundamento, estabilidade do maciço e infiltração) e as características físicas do aterro sanitário industrial e do lagos de resíduos de bauxita (posição em relação ao nível de água, posição em relação ao substrato rochoso, aspectos construtivos e técnicas de impermeabilização), os quais podem gerar condições de instabilização no sistema e nas fontes, provocando vazamento. Frente à análise dos dados obtidos, os acidentes na área do aterro sanitário industrial e dos lagos de resíduos de bauxita, podem ser ocasionado por infiltração e erosão. A contaminação decorrente de vazamentos nesta região não atingirá níveis profundos devido à presença de material silte arenoargiloso da Formação Alter do Chão, pouco permeável, que impedirá o deslocamento dos contaminantes em profundidade, promovendo o espalhamento lateral controlado pelas camadas que comportam-se como drenos, e assim os contaminantes poderão ser interceptados pelos canais de drenagem, poluindo as águas superficiais e subsuperficiais e, por conseqüência, todos os componentes do meio ambiente. / This work presents an analysis of the possible negative environmental impacts associated to the installation of industrial sanitary landfill and of lakes of bauxite residues at the Industrial Park of Aluminum Consortium in Maranhão - ALUMAR, in terms of contamination of superficial waters and groundwater, based on a group of attributes, and considering an exploratory model. From laboratories, field data and maps elaborated by ALUMAR, at scales 1:10,000 and 1:20,000, the attributes were put into 12 cartographic documents. The analyses were done considering collapsible, erosion, settlement, slope stability and infiltration conditions of the areas, technological characteristics o f industrial sanitary landfill of the bauxite waste lakes and spacial position in relation to groundwater level and rocky substratum. According to the analysis of the data obtained, the accidents in the area of industrial sanitary landfill and of the lakes of bauxite residues can be caused by infiltration, due to both a deficiency in its impermeabilization system and erosion. The current contamination in this area will not reach deep levels due to the presence of clayey sand silt layers of the Alter do Chão Formation, and low permeability, which impede the movement of pollutants in depth. On the other hand, this layer should promote the lateral dispersal controlled by the layers which behave as drains. The pollutants can be intercepted by the drainage channels, polluting the superficial waters and groundwater and, as a consequence, all the components of the environment.

O litoral norte do estado do Rio Grande do Sul é composto por vinte e um municípios, com uma população fixa de aproximadamente 330.000 habitantes e nenhum aterro sanitário para receber os resíduos sólidos urbanos produzidos na região. Este trabalho visa identificar e classificar áreas potenciais à instalação de um aterro sanitário de resíduos sólidos urbanos na região do litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul. Para a obtenção deste objetivo a pesquisa foi segmentada em duas etapas: a primeira consistiu no mapeamento, criação de banco de dados SIG, aplicação de técnicas de georreferenciamento e exclusão de áreas legalmente impedidas de receber tais atividades; a segunda etapa consistiu na seleção e classificação de três áreas dentre as porções restantes da fase de exclusão para indicação da mais apta para receber um aterro sanitário. Os resultados mostram que 83% da região do litoral norte está legalmente impedida, por um ou mais parâmetros, de receber um aterro sanitário de resíduos sólidos urbanos, restando 17% da área estudada. Dentre as três áreas selecionadas para o estudo classificatório, a área central, localizada no município de Palmares do Sul, foi considerada a mais apta para receber este tipo de empreendimento, mostrando que é possível encontrar soluções locais para a disposição final de resíduos sólidos urbanos no litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul. / The north coast of the Rio Grande do Sul state is composed by twenty-one counties, with a fixed population of 330,000 inhabitants, approximately and no one landfill to receive the urban solid waste produced in this region. This work aims to identify and classify potential areas for the installation of an urban solid waste landfill in the region of the north coast of Rio Grande do Sul. In order to achieve this objective, the research was segmented into two stages: the first one consisted of mapping, creation of GIS database, application of georeferencing techniques and exclusion of areas legally prevented from receiving such activities; the second stage consisted in the selection and classification of three areas among the remaining portions of the exclusion phase to indicate the most suitable to receive a sanitary landfill. The results show that 83% of the northern coast region is legally prevented, by one or more parameters, from receiving a sanitary landfill of urban solid waste, remaining 17% of the studied area. Among the three areas selected for the classificatory study, the central area, located in the municipality of Palmares do Sul, was considered the most suitable to receive this type of project, showing that it’s possible to find local solutions for the final disposal of urban solid waste in the the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul.

[pt] Nos grandes centros urbanos, o aumento da geração de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) é bastante superior ao crescimento da população; milhares de toneladas de lixo são despejadas diariamente em lixões ou aterros sanitários, exigindo investimentos cada vez maiores. Um sistema de limpeza urbana poderá ser implantado a partir do abastecimento dos caminhões de coleta de resíduos sólidos com o biogás produzido pela decomposição da matéria orgânica contida nos RSU depositados nestes aterros. Fonte renovável de energia, ao contrário do carvão, petróleo ou gás natural, o biogás, assim utilizado, traz significativa redução na emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) e benefícios ao meio ambiente e à saúde da população. Este trabalho busca avaliar em aterros onde existe uma ampla produção de biogás, a possibilidade da aplicação de uma porcentagem do que é gerado para suprir a demanda de combustível de uma frota de caminhões coletores compactadores, (que são os veículos que mais emitem CO2/Km, além da intensa poluição sonora), substituindo o diesel mineral. São duas as tecnologias de aproveitamento do biogás a serem abordadas. A primeira refere-se ao aproveitamento do biogás para a geração de energia elétrica e sua utilização em caminhões elétricos e a segunda, em caminhões abastecidos com GNV (Gás Natural Veicular). Nesta perspectiva, os aterros deixam de ser apenas depósito final de resíduos; tornam-se um início de um novo ciclo de vida desses resíduos. Os sistemas de limpeza urbana serão projetados por analogia aos ecosistemas biológicos, criando um conceito original de ecossistema do lixo. / [en] The production of MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) is inevitable and occurs daily. Their amount varies depending on the level of economic development and the different layers that society entails. Managing information of MSW s lifecycle, from collection, treatment, disposal, recycling and energy recovery, becomes increasingly important to build a solid foundation for sustainable development. In the definition of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), sustainable consumption means the supply of services and related products that meet basic human needs and promote their best quality of life not only current, as future generations. Therefore, sustainable consumption matters in particular attention for the use of natural resources and toxic substances as well as on strict control of waste and pollutants emissions during the life cycle of the product or service. In a scenario of climate change, with the growing consumption of disposable things and energy and also consequent increase of garbage production, adoption of more sustainable lifestyles must be an obligation, compatible with lower rates of utilization of natural resources and levels emissions of greenhouse gases (GEE). More than any other time, mankind finds itself in a crossroad. Since Industrial Revolution, in a traditional economic vision, technology and the market think that they will always be able to find replacements for finished natural resources and solutions to environmental degradation. Mankind requires energy to perform most of their daily activities. This energy comes from primary sources such as oil, coal, gas (non-renewable), or another nature, as occurs with biomass, solar and hydropower and biogas (renewable). The future development depends on availability of energy for a long time in increasing amounts secure, reliable sources and appropriate to environment.

An investigation was conducted to determine the response of landfills to the operation of a vertical ground source heat pump (i.e., heat extraction system, HES). Elevated landfill temperatures, reported various researchers, impact the engineering performance of landfill systems. A numerical model was developed to analyze the influence of vertical HES operation on landfills as a function of climate and operational conditions. A 1-D model of the vertical profile of a landfill was developed to approximate fluid temperatures in the HES. A 2-D model was then analyzed over a 40 year time period using the approximate fluid temperatures to determine the heat flux applied by the HES and resulting landfill temperatures. Vertical HES configurations simulations consisted of 15 simulations varying 5 fluid velocities and 3 pipe sizes. Operational simulations consisted of 26 parametric evaluations of waste placement, waste height, waste filling rate, vertical landfill expansions, HES placement time, climate, and waste heating. Vertical HES operation in a landfill environment was determined to have 3 phases: heat extraction phase, transitional phase, and ground source heat pump phase. During the heat extraction phase, the heat extraction rate ranged from 0 to 2550, 310 to 3080, and 0 to 530 W for the first year, peak year, and last year of HES operation, respectively. The maximum total heat energy extracted during the heat extraction phase ranged from 163,000 to 1,400,000 MJ. The maximum difference in baseline landfill temperatures and temperatures 0 m away from the HES ranged from 5.2 to 43.2°C. Climate was determined to be the most significant factor impacting the vertical HES. Trends pertaining to performance of numerous variables (fluid velocity, pipe size, waste placement, waste height, waste filling rate, vertical landfill expansions, HES placement time, climate, and waste heating) were determined during this investigation. Increasing fluid velocity until turbulent flow was reached increased the heat extraction rate by the system. Once turbulent flow was reached, the increase in heat extraction rate with increasing fluid velocity was negligible. An increase in the heat extraction rate was caused by increasing pipe diameter. Wastes placed in warmer months caused an increase in the total heat energy extracted. Increasing waste height caused an increase in the peak heat extraction rate by 43 W/m waste height. Optimum heat extraction per 1 m of HES occurred for a 30 m waste height. Increasing the waste filling rate increased the total heat energy extracted. Heat extraction rates decreased as time between vertical landfill expansions increase. Total heat energy extracted over a 35 year period decreased by approximately 21,500 MJ/year for every year after the final cover was placed until HES operation began. For seasonal HES operation, the total heat energy obtained each year differs and the fourth year of operation yielded the most energy. Wet Climates with higher heat generating capacities yielded increased heat extraction rates. Maximum temperature differences in the landfill due to the HES increased by 16.6°C for every 1 W/m3 increase in peak heat generation rate. When a vertical HES was used for waste heating, up to a 13.7% increase in methane production was predicted. Engineering considerations (spacing, financial impact, and effect on gas production) for implementing a vertical HES in a landfill were investigated. Spacing requirements between the wells were dependent on maximum temperature differences in the landfill. Spacing requirements of 12, 12, 16, and 22 m are recommended for waste heating, winter-only HES operation, maximum temperature differences in the landfill less than 17°C, and maximum temperature differences in the landfill greater than 17°C, respectively. A financial analysis was conducted on the cost of implementing a single vertical HES well. The energy extracted per cost ranged from 0.227 to 0.150 $/MJ for a 50.8 mm pipe with a 1.0 m/s fluid velocity and a 50.8 mm pipe with a 0.3 m/s fluid velocity, respectively. A vertical HES could potentially increase revenue from a typical landfill gas energy project by $577,000 per year.

The dispersion of contaminants deriving from landfills poses a risk to the surrounding environment and human health. Old landfills are treated with extra precaution, due to their poorer construction, less stringent operation and lack information regarding the waste content. Vetlanda municipality has identified 48 old landfills. One of them is Rösaberg inerta massor. It is one of the largest landfills in the region and is located close to numerous sensitive environmental receptors (such as the river Emån). During a phase 1 investigation (MIFO 1) in 2017, the landfill was designated the highest risk classification, class 1, and is considered a very high risk to environment and human health. No sampling was conducted during this time, but the level of contaminants was assumed to be very high.   The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of contaminants by determining the pollution levels in soil and groundwater in the landfill. Samples was obtained by completing a site investigation, involving trial pits examination and installing of monitoring wells. National as well as site-specific guideline values were used to determine the effects of the contaminant levels of the site. In the software Groundwater Modeling system (GMS) was used to study if the contaminant plumes reach the river Emån. A 50-year scenario was set up in GMS to investigate likely concentrations in the future. Finally, a new risk assessment of the site was done, based on the obtained results.   The results indicated that the landfill does not pose such a large environmental risk that initially was expected in the phase 1 investigation. The level of contaminants was higher in the groundwater than in the soil. High concentrations of PAH-Hs and 2,6-dichlorobenzamide were found in two of the groundwater samples. However, the risk assessment using the information obtained from the study indicated a lower risk than what was estimated in the MIFO 1 assessment 2017. In this study, the risk of the landfills current properties was evaluated to a risk 2. The 50-year scenario indicated that contaminants in the uppermost groundwater layer will have dispersed in a higher rate than the contaminants in the lower layer. The risk was estimated to a risk 3 in 50 years. It should be noted that no samples was conducted in river Emån which needs to be done before ruling out the necessity for remediating the groundwater. No remediation action for the soil was assessed to be necessary. / Spridning av föroreningar som härrör från deponier riskerar att påverka den omgivande miljön och människors hälsa negativt. Framför allt gamla, nedlagda deponier bör behandlas med extra försiktighet då de ofta ackompanjeras av otillräckliga sluttäckningskonstruktioner och bristande kunskap om deponins innehåll och utbredning.  Det finns i nuläget 48 kända nedlagda deponier i Vetlanda kommun, där en av dem är Rösaberg inerta massor. Den är bland de största deponierna i området och ligger nära ett flertal skyddsvärda objekt i området, såsom Emån. Under en MIFO 1-undersökning som utfördes 2017, ansågs deponin uppnå den högsta riskklassningen (riskklass 1) som innebär att området betraktas som en mycket hög risk för människors hälsa och omkringliggande natur. Inga prover genomfördes under denna undersökning, men föroreningsnivån antogs vara hög då liknande deponier i närheten uppvisat höga föroreningshalter.   Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka förekomsten av föroreningar och dess halter i området för att kunna dra slutsatser om deponins effekter på närliggande miljö och människor. Data för föroreningsförekomst och halter i mark och grundvatten erhölls genom att genomföra en platsundersökning där provgropar grävdes samt grundvattenrör installerades. För att kunna uppskatta effekterna som föroreningsnivåerna skulle ha på platsen togs generella såväl som platsspecifika riktvärden fram och jämfördes med de uppmätta halterna. För att kunna fastställa vilken risk som deponin utgör för Emån studerades föroreningsplymernas flödesmönster i grundvattnet i datorprogramvaran GMS. Spridningsgraden och den sannolika föroreningshalten i framtiden undersöktes genom att inrätta ett 50-årigt scenario i GMS. Slutligen gjordes en ny riskbedömning av området baserat på de erhållna resultaten.   Resultaten visade att deponin inte innehåller de höga föroreningshalter som initialt befarades. Generellt visade sig föroreningsnivåerna vara högre i grundvattnet än i marken. En riskbedömning genomfördes med hjälp av resultaten erhållen från studien och gav indikationer på en lägre risk än den ursprungliga klassningen. Klassningen resulterade i en riskklass 2 med strikt bedömning då några föroreningar stack ut från den generellt annars låga föroreningshalten, såsom PAH-H:er samt pesticiden 2,6-diklorbensamid i grundvatten. Scenariot för föroreningssituationen i ett 50-årsperspektiv visade att föroreningar från det övre grundvattenlagret sprids och minskar mer i halt än det undre skiktet. Riskklassningen för detta scenariot uppskattades till en riskklass 3. Det bedömdes att en åtgärd inte är nödvändig för mark på grund av dess låga föroreningshalt. För grundvatten rekommenderas vidare undersökningar på Emåns påverkan av föroreningar från deponin innan en avskrivning av åtgärder kan göras.

I Sverige finns uppskattningsvis mellan 4000 och 8000 stycken deponier. De flesta av deponierna är nedlagda och år 2001 fanns det 142 stycken aktiva deponier för hushållsavfall. År 2010 hade antalet minskat till 76 stycken.  Vid nedbrytning av organiskt material i deponier bildas metanhaltig deponigas som bidrar till växthuseffekten. Utsläppens omfattning prognostiseras med hjälp av beräkningsmodeller, exempelvis IPCCs. Dessa modeller fordrar att antaganden görs av exempelvis andelen gas som utvinns via gasuppsamlingsutrustningen, det organiska materialets halveringstid och avfallets sammansättning och mängd. I Sverige görs antagandet att 60 procent av deponigasen samlas upp på deponier med gasuppsamlingsutrustning. Rapportens övergripande syfte var att undersöka hur osäkerheterna i de antaganden som görs kan inverka på de prognostiserade deponigasemissionerna. Syftet var också att bedöma om metangasutsläpp från deponier utgör ett stort eller försumbart tillskott av växthusgasutsläpp i jämförelse med andra källor. Detta gjordes genom en känslighetsanalys som baserades på en litteraturstudie, IPCC- prognostiserade metanmängder samt genom intervjuer med deponiägare.   Prognostiserad metangasproduktion från landets deponier jämfördes med uppskattad metangasproduktion, där det senare baserades på utvunna mängder i landet och en uppskattad utvinningsgrad på 60 procent. Prognostiserad metangasmängd jämfördes med en uppskattad mängd metan, där den senare baserades på utvunna gasmängder i landet och uppskattad utvinningsgrad. Omfattningen av emissionerna gjordes genom känslighetsanalys där utvinningsgrad hos gasuppsamlingssystemets varierades mellan 30 och 80 procent. De utvunna gasmängderna har varit relativt konstanta de senaste tio åren trots att antalet deponier med gasuppsamlingsutrustning minskat från 75 till 47 stycken och att deponeringsförbud har instiftats. Den antagna halveringstiden på 7,5 år torde därför vara för lågt ansatt vilket också styrks av den dåliga nedbrytningen i flera äldre deponier, minskade mängder deponerat avfall samt att inget organiskt material deponeras sedan 2005. Sveriges huvudsakliga metankällor är jordbrukssektorn och deponier från avfallssektorn. År 1990 var de prognostiserade utsläppen från de två sektorerna ungefär lika stora. Fram till år 2010 har de prognostiserade utsläppen från deponier halverats medan utsläpp från jordbruket ligger på ungefär samma nivå som tidigare.   Ur den enskilda deponins perspektiv kan det konstateras att utvinningsgraden hos gasuppsamlingssystemet varierar i både ett kortsiktigt och i ett långsiktigt perspektiv. Beroende på när en mätning utförs kommer en viss variation uppvisas i gasutvinningssystemets utvinningsgrad dvs både emitterade och uppsamlade gasmängder varierar mellan mättillfällena.  Det kan konstateras att en stor osäkerhet byggs in i den beräknade årsproduktionen av metangas när metanmängderna beräknas med hjälp av medelvärden från ett fåtal mätningar utförda under korta mätperioder. Statistiska Centralbyrån har gjort beräkningar av den årliga utvinningsgraden. Dessa beräkningar har grundats på faktiska utvunna mängder som jämförts med beräknade totala mängder. För en enskild deponi kan skillnaderna mellan de beräknade och faktiska mängderna vara stora vilket medför att utvinningsgraden eller produktionen är svårbedömd både för den enskilda deponin och på nationell nivå.   Potentialen för gasutvinning i deponier bedöms i det här examensarbetet vara större än vad som har prognostiserats. Perioden för gasuttag sträcker sig längre än vad man trott med anledning av att mycket av det organiska materialet i gamla deponier fortfarande inte har brutits ner, samt att gasproduktion fortfarande sker. Med anledning av de låga driftskostnaderna bör deponigasutvinning fortskrida så länge som det är tekniskt möjligt och ekonomiskt hållbart. Genom provtagningar av avfallet i kombination med mätningar som sträcker sig över längre perioder, skulle bättre kännedom om metangasproduktionen i deponier kunna fås. / There are a large number of landfill sites in Sweden. The total number is estimated to be somewhere between 4000 to 8000 landfills. In 2007 there were 142 landfill sites still operating, three years later the number of operating landfills decreased to 76. The municipalities are at present carrying out an inventory of old landfill sites in Sweden. The focus is on the location and risk classification of the landfill sites. There is a substantial uncertainty of the content and the progress of the degradation process unless the landfill is dug out. Methane containing landfill gas is produced when the organic matter in the waste is degraded. Since methane is a potent green house gas the emissions of landfill gas will contribute to the green house effect.   The extent of the emissions is usually quantified using the IPCC model or similar. The models require certain estimations to be made such as the amount of gas that is extracted, the half-life of the organic matter and the composition of the waste. The aim of the report was therefore to look into these estimations and how these can effect the landfill gas production. The aim was also to evaluate whether the methane emissions from landfills is a major contributor to the green house gas emissions in comparison to other sources. The master thesis has been carried out through a literature study and interviews with landfill owners that resulted in a sensitivity analysis.     The plausibility of the IPCC model was studied by carrying out a sensitivity analysis of the efficiency of the gas extraction system and how this will influence the total emissions of landfill gas.  An overview of the connection between the land fill gas production and the decomposition of the organic matter could be realized by analyzing the material in the landfill through tests on different depths in the landfill when drilling new gas wells. The extracted amounts of landfill gas are also contradictive to the estimation of the half-life of 7,5 years that is assumption regularly made within the IPCC- model. This theory is supported by the inadequate decomposition of organic material in old landfill sites. The reduced amounts of waste that is landfilled and the prohibition of landfilling of organic and combustible waste in 2005 are also supporting this theory. The main methane sources in Sweden are ruminants from the agricultural sector and landfills. In 1990 the forecast of the methane emissions of the two sectors were equal. The forecast of today shows that the agricultural emissions are more or less the same but the emissions from landfill are halved.   Another conclusion was that the efficiency of the gas extraction is varying in a short- term and in a long-term perspective. Depending on when a measurement is carried out there will be a variation of the efficiency of the gas extraction system. Anyhow annual values of the extracted amounts are calculated based on a few occasional measurements over very short time periods.  Moreover, the yearly efficiency is determined based on real extracted values of methane and calculated total values of methane production that are non-comparable.   The potential of gas extraction is probably larger than what has been predicted and the period of gas extraction is probably longer than expected. Supported by the low operation costs for the gas extraction the extraction should be carried out as long as it is technically possible and economically reasonable.  Analyzing the material in the landfill site will increase the understanding of the gas production and the degradation of the waste in the landfill.

En ohållbar resursanvändning har lett till att resurser länge lagts i osorterade deponier, vilket leder till att farliga ämnen lakas ur och förorenar sjöar och vattendrag. Klimatförändringar som förväntas leda till stigande havsnivåer gör att deponier i närheten till hav, sjöar och vattendrag kan komma att sprida föroreningar i större utsträckning än de gör idag. För att bidra till ytterligare kunskap kring ämnet har metallhalten i två gamla deponier intill Mälaren undersökts. Studien baseras på en fältundersökning där mark och grundvattenprover samlats in, analyserats och kategoriserats enligt MIFOs principer: farlighet, föroreningsnivå och spridningsrisk. Utgångspunkten är att skyddsvärdet är stort då området angränsar till Mälaren. Det undersökta området omfattas av två deponier (Ekudden och Uddhagen) i anslutning till varandra och undersöks därför samtidigt. Studiens syfte är att identifiera områden med punktkällor där åtgärder bör vidtas för att minimera risken för en kontaminering av Mälarens vatten nu och i framtiden. Studien visade att samtliga provpunkter överskred halter för KM (känslig markanvändning) för en eller flera metaller. Genom en visualisering kunde sex områden identifieras där en eller flera provpunkter visade på halter där minst tre ämnen överskrider halten för MKM (mindre känslig markanvändning), eller där en eller flera ämnen överskrider halten för FA (farligt avfall). Då områdets avgränsning inte var tillräckligt tydlig kunde inte alla provpunkterna ses som punktkällor. Två områden anses ha två eller fler punktkällor som sprider föroreningar. Punktkällorna är belägna på en kampingplats där halter för KM inte bör överskridas. Fyra områden anses ha delområden som utgörs av provpunkterna där halterna är högre än övriga provpunkter. Fyra punkter anses även ligga så pass nära strandkanten att en höjning av Mälaren skulle kunna leda till en översvämning av provpunkterna vilket kan innebära en ökad risk för kontaminering av ytvattnet. En åtgärd som föreslås för att minimera risken för fortsatt urlakning är en välplanerad bioremediering i kombination med fytoremediering då stora delar idag används i rekreationella syften. Structor miljöteknik AB på uppdrag av Kungsörs kommun / The unsustainableuse of resources has resulted inresiduesbeing put into unsorted landfills for a long time, this practice has ledto hazardous substances being leached out and polluting lakes and watercourses. Climate changeis leadingto rising sea levels, whichmay result inthat landfills in vicinity of seas, lakes and watercourses may spread pollution to a greater extent than they do today. To contribute to further knowledge about thissubject, the metal content in two old landfills next to Lake Mälaren has been investigated. The study is based on a field survey where soil and groundwater samples were collected, analyzed and categorized according to MIFO's principles: hazard, pollution level and risk of spreading. The starting point is that the protection value is large as the area borders Lake Mälaren. The investigated area is covered by two landfills (Ekudden and Uddhagen) adjacent to each other and because of that the areas areinvestigated at the same time. The purpose of the study was to identify hotspots of pollutants,where measures should be taken to minimize the risk of contamination of the lakenow and in the future. The study showed that all test points exceeded levels for KM (sensitive land use) for one or more metals. Through a visualization, six areas could be identified where one or more test points showed levels where at least three substances exceed the level for MKM (less sensitive land use), or where one or more substances exceed the level for FA (hazardous waste). As the demarcation of the area was not clear enough, not all test points could countas hotspots.Two areas are considered to have two or morehotspotsthat spread pollutants. The hotspot-areasare located on a campsite where levels for KM should not be exceeded. Four areas are considered assub-areas, these sub-areasconsist of the test points where pollutantsare high, but the demarcation of the area is uncertain.Four areasare also considered to be at risk if lake Mälaren shouldincrease which could lead to a flood of the test pointsandmay entail an increased risk of contamination of the surface water. One measure that is proposed to minimize the risk of continued leaching is a well-planned bioremediation in combination with phytoremediation as large parts of the investigated area iscurrently used for recreational purposes

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Due to high levels of unemployment many people in South Africa have sought work in the informal sector of the country's economy. The activities of landfill waste pickers therefore came about because of this. Landfill waste pickers recover recyclables on mountains of waste and sell to different Buy Back Centers (BBCs) in their areas. Despite the hardships, working on unbearable working conditions and poor income, landfill waste pickers have managed to sustain their livelihoods. The aim of the study was to conduct an analysis of the livelihoods of landfill waste pickers in South Africa using the sustainable livelihood framework. The study adopted both qualitative and quantitative research approach using multiple case study strategy of inquiry. The population of the study was the landfill waste pickers at the selected landfill sites and material recovery facility. Convenient sampling was used to select the research sample. Data was gathered through observations, semi-structured one-on-one interviews, focus groups, questionnaires, and document analysis to involve multiple sources of data. The research study took place in the following provinces of South Africa namely Western Cape, North West, and Eastern Cape. Out of these provinces the following municipalities were selected for the study Stellenbosch and Oudtshoorn (Western Cape), Potchefstroom and Vryburg (North West) and Graaff Reinet (Eastern Cape). Themes were identified using the elements of sustainable livelihood framework (SLF) and thematic analysis. SLF was used to analyse and present findings under the following elements of SLF vulnerability context, livelihood assets, transforming structures and processes, livelihood strategies and livelihood outcomes. After using a robust approach in analyzing the livelihoods of waste pickers the main outcome was that waste pickers are trying to make a living and they are entrepreneurs. The study also showed that it is important that waste pickers need to be integrated into the waste management system but not to formalize or regulate them. But ultimately give them support so that they continue to do their work better in better conditions.