This study examines the consequences that the establishment of wind power hasrelated to recreation and quality of life for those who live in close proximity to windpower turbines in rural areas. This paper has focused on studying a small village in arural landscape close to mountain nature in Bergs municipality, Sweden. Wind turbines changes the landscape considerably and are difficult not to notice asthey are visible at both long and close distances. These are becoming an increasinglycommon phenomenon in rural areas and places where high winds are common. They are a good source of renewable energy in many aspects and are considered animportant part of the goal that Sweden's total electricity production shall consist of 100 percent renewable energy by the year 2040. It is important to know how people are affected by nearby wind turbines in aspects ofrecreation and quality of life to contribute to a deeper understanding of which maybe, can lead to better planning. This study is conducted using a qualitative study method where empirical data werecollected based on interviews. Additional data in the form of opinions have beencollected through statements sent to Bergs municipality regarding a plan proposal forwind power establishment in an area close to the village of Skålan. It is presented through the results and the discussion sections of this study that windpower establishment in close connection with inhabited environments in rural areascan have negative effects on recreational opportunities and quality of life.

Der Beitrag geht auf die Landschaftsveränderungen der Kulturlandschaft im Bauland und in Hohenlohe im nördlichen Baden-Württemberg ein. Untersucht wird insbesondere die Veränderung der typischen Stillgewässer.

This research adopts a multi-scale approach to examine the patterns, processes, and perceptions of landscape change within the core and buffer zone of Huascaran National Park, Peru. Within the park’s boundaries are the extensively glaciated Cordillera Blanca Mountains, where runoff from glaciers feeds into lakes, streams, and wetlands to provide hydrologic resources to populations on the periphery for agriculture, as well as hydropower to populations in distant urban areas. Inhabitants living on the periphery have livelihoods that are dependant upon land and natural resources found within the park’s core and buffer zone, while governance institutions mediate access and resource use. Landscape transformations occurring within and around the park are a result of human agency, biophysical change, and global climate change. A suite of qualitative and quantitative methodologies were used to investigate the coupled social and ecological dynamics of conservation, land use, and implications of climate change in Huascaran National Park. The principal objectives of this research were to assess the spatial and temporal patterns of landscape change using land-use and land-cover data from remotely sensed imagery and to examine the role of institutions on resource governance at multiple scales. A hybrid classification method was used to classify Landsat (TM and ETM+) satellite data for the years of 1987 and 2001. Hypotheses regarding the spatial and temporal dynamics of land-cover change were tested. Results indicate that the percent of land cover from the woodland, cropland, and snow and ice classes were reduced internal to the core of the national park, while the land-cover class of shrubland increased. Interviews with 143 informants revealed perceptions of landscape change and narratives of socio-political land use change. Interview data corroborated the findings of reduced land cover in the snow and ice class. Data also demonstrated that legacies of land tenure and governance are essential for evaluating the adaptive capacity of different institutions and communities confronting conditions of climate change. This research contributes to literature on dynamics and processes of landscape change by bridging analytical frameworks from landscape ecology, cultural and political ecology, and land change science and contributing to human dimensions of global change research. / text

Im Rahmen des vom Leibniz-Institut für ökologische Raumentwicklung e. V. (IÖR),Dresden, initiierten Projektes „Langzeituntersuchungen von Flächennutzungsänderungen“ wurde als ein Teilprojekt der Landschaftswandel in einer stadtnahen, ländlichen Region über den Zeitraum von 220 Jahren untersucht. Die Schwerpunkte des Gesamtprojektes liegen in der Konzipierung und Durchführung einer langzeitorientierten Erhebung von Flächennutzungsdaten, der Analyse der Entwicklungsdynamik sowie der Bewertung der Flächennutzungsänderungen in Bezug auf die Auswirkungen auf ausgewählte Landschaftsfunktionen. Die Beschreibung des Landschaftszustandes eines Gebietes zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten erfordert neben Flächenbilanzen zur Zusammensetzung der Landschaft auch eine Quantifizierung der räumlichen Konfiguration der Landschaftselemente. Damit ist das Verteilungsmuster (engl.: landscape pattern) von kleinsten, je nach Erfassungs- und Betrachtungsmaßstab als weitestgehend homogen anzusehenden Einzelelementen (engl.: patch) gemeint. Der Ansatz der Landschaftsstrukturmaße (landscape metrics) bietet die Möglichkeit, solche räumlichen Untersuchungen durchzuführen und Landschaftsstrukturen zu quantifizieren.

Der Beitrag geht auf die Landschaftsveränderungen der Kulturlandschaft im Bauland und in Hohenlohe im nördlichen Baden-Württemberg ein. Untersucht wird insbesondere die Veränderung der typischen Stillgewässer.

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Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-01-18T10:57:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Suelem Martini Assmann - 2016.pdf: 3866760 bytes, checksum: ca76b11f1bc1b7e011b8779d07190fb7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-01-18T10:57:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Suelem Martini Assmann - 2016.pdf: 3866760 bytes, checksum: ca76b11f1bc1b7e011b8779d07190fb7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-18T10:57:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Suelem Martini Assmann - 2016.pdf: 3866760 bytes, checksum: ca76b11f1bc1b7e011b8779d07190fb7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Forest Code is a measure created in order to establish balance between nature exploitation and conservation. Since the first Brazilian Forest Codes (BFCs), the efficiency of the regulation has been discussed, for it established measures that preserved the minimum of each biome. Among the three BFCs which were created, the New Forest Code (NFC), Law no 12651, of May 25, 2012, is the one which least fulfills its role. The NFC has proved to be a result of needs of capital in a distorted perspective of the sustainability school of thought, which is dealt in this thesis. Regarding such a line of thought, one may understand the reasons for the controversial code amendments and which techniques determine them. In this thesis, we analyzed the NFC consequences in the Cerrado landscape by the means of a case study in the Paraíso creek sub-basin, in Jataí-GO, where several alterations were observed. Our results showed that the total area quantity, which was said to be protected by the forest code, decreased by 38% after the NFC. Areas of this study which suffered most from the code changes were: firstly, the wetlands PPAs (permanent preservation areas), which were decreased by 100%; secondly, the headwaters PPAs, which were decreased by 91%; and, thirdly, lake PPAs, which were decrease by 70% on their permanent area. It was also found, by means of other studies on Cerrado and on other biomes, that such landscape alterations can be noted in the entire ecosystem, causing complications to plants, insects, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes and mammals. Such alterations are caused mainly due to habitat changes, shortening a vast diversity of species into some merely generalist species. Besides that, the effects on quality and quantity of water in rivers and rainfall in the region, on physical, chemical and biological quality of the soil and on atmospheric temperature were also found. By using landscape projection maps, before and after the NFC, we were able to understand with this study that the code alterations are much greater to practice than the law alterations which were made. / O Código Florestal é a medida criada para estabelecer um equilíbrio entre a exploração e a preservação da natureza. Desde os primeiros Códigos Florestais Brasileiros (CFBs), já se discutia a eficiência da norma, pois estipulavam medidas que preservavam o mínimo de cada bioma. Entre os três CFBs criados, o Novo Código Florestal (NCF), lei nº 12.651 de 25 de maio de 2012, é o que menos cumpre seu papel. O NCF demonstra ser reflexo dos anseios do capital em uma ótica um tanto deturpada da corrente sustentabilista tratada neste trabalho. Perante este modelo de pensamento, percebe-se o porquê das polêmicas alterações deste código e quais práticas as definem. Neste trabalho, analisaram-se as consequências do NCF na paisagem do Cerrado por meio de um estudo de caso na sub-bacia do Ribeirão Paraíso, no município de Jataí-GO, onde se puderam constatar diversas alterações. Nos resultados, observou-se que a quantidade total de área, antes dita protegida pelo código florestal, diminuiu em 38% no NCF. As áreas deste estudo que mais sofreram com as alterações do código foram: em primeiro lugar, as APPs de alagados, que sofreram uma diminuição de 100%; em segundo lugar, as APPs de nascentes, sofrendo uma diminuição de 91%; e, em terceiro lugar, a APP de lago, sofrendo uma diminuição de 70% da área permanente. Observaram-se, por meio de outros estudos do Cerrado e em outros biomas, que essas alterações na paisagem refletem em todo o ecossistema, apresentando complicações para espécies de plantas, insetos, aves, répteis, anfíbios, peixes e mamíferos. Alterações estas dadas, principalmente, pela mudança de habitats, resumindo uma vasta diversidade de espécies em apenas algumas generalistas, além dos efeitos na qualidade e na quantidade da água de rios e da pluviosidade da região, na qualidade física, química e biológica dos solos. Através de mapas de projeção da paisagem de antes e depois do NCF, pôde-se compreender que as alterações do código são muito maiores na prática do que foi na lei.

Freshwater is a vital resource that circulates between the atmosphere, the land and the sea. Understanding and quantifying changes to the partitioning of precipitation into evapotranspiration, runoff and water storage change in the landscape are required for assessing changes to freshwater availability. However, the partitioning processes and their changes are complex due to multiple change drivers and effects. This thesis investigates and aims to identify and separate the effects of atmospheric climate change and various landscape drivers on long-term freshwater change. This is done based on hydroclimatic, land-use and water-use data from the beginning of the twentieth century up to present times and across different regions and scales, from catchment to global. The analyzed landscape drivers include historic developments of irrigated and non-irrigated agriculture and flow regulation. The thesis uses and develops further a data-motivated approach to interpret available hydroclimatic and landscape data for identification of water change drivers and effects, expanding the approach application from local to continental and global scales. Based on this approach development, the thesis identifies hydroclimatic change signals of landscape drivers against the background of multiple coexisting drivers influencing worldwide freshwater change, within and among hydrological basins. Globally, landscape drivers are needed to explain more than 70% of the historic hydroclimatic changes, of which a considerable proportion may be directly human-driven. These landscape- and human-driven water changes need to be considered and accounted for also in modeling and projection of changes to the freshwater system on land. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Submitted.</p> / VR, project 2009-3221

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:30:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6062.pdf: 46340074 bytes, checksum: 52ef652c733b2061e102079b94b25e80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-13 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The investigation of land use changes as a result of pressure from anthropogenic processes, is a tool for establishing correlations between spatial and temporal patterns and ecological processes of the landscape, being adequate for management of the surrounding protected areas. The Conservation Units surrounding_s in Brazil require measures that complement conservation strategies adopted only for the limits of the protected areas. The bu_er zones of conservation units surrounding has not yet received the attention needed to meet the objectives of in situ conservation. The general aim of this work was to analyze and quantify the land use dynamic and fragmentation process of natural vegetation, analyze the ecological sustainability and delineate scenarios for biodiversity conservation in the Passo Fundo National Forest surrounding, in the period 1986 to 2011, in order to generate information to management and implementation of conservation measures. Land use maps were made from Landsat image 5 of 12/09/1986, 08/09/1997 and 01/09/2011, orbit 222, 79 and 80 points. The mapping was done by visual classi_cation in software Mapinfo 10.0. The natural vegetation fragmentation process in 1986, 1997 and 2011 was analyzed from the elaboration of thematic maps of natural vegetation, and application of the landscape metrics in software Fragstats 4.1 (number of fragments, mean area of the fragments, proportion of natural area in the landscape, and degrees of isolation /connectivity and complexity of shapes of the patches). Ecological sustainability was assessed by using naturalness / urbanity (IB), environmental quality of fragments of natural vegetation (IQABIO) and environmental vulnerability (VAT-P) indicators, whose equations were calculated using the Idrisi software Selva. With environmental quality and naturalness and natural vegetation indicators were selected fragments of the study area with higher naturalness and quality to delineate a biodiversity conservation scenario for the Flona-PF surrounding. The results showed that the direct and indirect drivers of landscape change are respectively the agricultural activities, urbanization and conict with the local indigenous community. From 1986 to 2011 there was a reduction in the areas occupied by human activities and an increase in the proportion of natural areas. The average size of fragments or patches of natural vegetation increased, and the isolation distance between the fragments decreased in 2011, compared to previous periods (1986 and 1997). The indicators (IB, IQABIO and VAT-P) pointed Flona-PF and neighboring fragments as the areas with higher environmental quality, naturalness and less vulnerability. However, the vulnerability analysis (VAT-P) take into account only the direct forces changes of landscape changes disregarding the indirect forces as the demand of land by the local indigenous community, which can cause changes in this conservation area, including change of category. The results show a tendency to decrease the direct forces of landscape change for the Flona-PF surrounding during 1986 to 2011. / A investigação das mudanças no uso da terra como resultado da pressão dos processos antrópicos e uma abordagem metodológica fundamental para estabelecer correlações entre padrões espaciais e temporais e processos ecológicos da paisagem, sendo adequada para o manejo e gestão do entorno das áreas protegidas. O entorno das Unidades de Conservaçao (UCs) no Brasil necessita de medidas que complementem as estratégias de conservação adotadas, unicamente para os limites das UCs. O entorno ou as chamadas zonas de amortecimento das unidades de conservação ainda não tem recebido a atenção necessária para efetivar os objetivos da conservação in situ. O objetivo geral desta tese foi analisar e quantificar a dinâmica de uso e cobertura da terra, o processo de fragmentação dos habitats naturais, a sustentabilidade ecologica e a elaboração de cenários de conservação da biodiversidade da paisagem do entorno da Floresta Nacional de Passo Fundo, RS, no período de 1986 a 2011, a fim de gerar informações que contribuam para o manejo e implementação de medidas de conservação, do entorno desta UC. Foram realizados mapeamentos de uso e cobertura da terra, com base em imagens Landsat 5 de 12/09/1986; 9/08/1997 e de 01/09/2011, órbita 222, pontos 79 e 80. O mapeamento foi efetuado por classificação visual das imagens, em software Mapinfo 10.0. O processo de fragmentação dos habitats naturais em 1986, 1997 e 2011, foi analisado a partir da elaboração de mapas temáticos da vegetação natural do entorno da Flona-PF, e aplicação das seguintes metricas da paisagem, no software Fragstats 4.1: número de fragmentos, área media dos fragmentos, proporção de área natural na paisagem, maior mancha, graus de isolamento/conectividade e complexidade de formas. A sustentabilidade ecológica foi avaliada pelo uso de indicadores de naturalidade/urbanidade (IB), qualidade ambiental dos fragmentos de vegetação natural (IQAbio) e vulnerabilidade ambiental (IVA-P), cujas equações foram calculadas através do software Idrisi Selva. Com os indicadores de naturalidade e qualidade ambiental da vegetação natural foram selecionados os fragmentos da área em estudo com maior naturalidade e qualidade para o delineamento do cenário de conservação da biodiversidade do entorno da Flona-PF. Os resultados mostraram que as forcas diretas e indiretas de mudanças que atuam sobre a paisagem são respectivamente, as atividades agropecuarias, urbanização e conflitos com a comunidade indígena local. De 1986 a 2011 houve uma redução das áreas ocupadas pelas atividades antropicas e um aumento na proporção de áreas naturais. A área média dos fragmentos ou manchas de habitat natural aumentou e a distância de isolamento entre os fragmentos reduziu em 2011, em relaçao aos períodos anteriores (1986 e 1997). Todos os indicadores IB, IQAbio e IVA-P sugerem que a Flona-PF e os fragmentos vizinhos e contínuos a mesma, são as áreas com maior qualidade ambiental, naturalidade e menor vulnerabilidade. A analise de vulnerabilidade (IVA-P) considerou somente as forcas diretas de mudanças da paisagem, no entanto, forças indiretas, como a demanda por apropriação de território pela comunidade indígena local, poderão provocar mudanças na unidade de conservação, inclusive a alteração de sua categoria. Os resultados apontam um tendência para a redução das forças diretas de mudanças no entorno da Flona-PF no período de 1986 a 2011.

Im Rahmen des vom Leibniz-Institut für ökologische Raumentwicklung e. V. (IÖR),Dresden, initiierten Projektes „Langzeituntersuchungen von Flächennutzungsänderungen“ wurde als ein Teilprojekt der Landschaftswandel in einer stadtnahen, ländlichen Region über den Zeitraum von 220 Jahren untersucht. Die Schwerpunkte des Gesamtprojektes liegen in der Konzipierung und Durchführung einer langzeitorientierten Erhebung von Flächennutzungsdaten, der Analyse der Entwicklungsdynamik sowie der Bewertung der Flächennutzungsänderungen in Bezug auf die Auswirkungen auf ausgewählte Landschaftsfunktionen. Die Beschreibung des Landschaftszustandes eines Gebietes zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten erfordert neben Flächenbilanzen zur Zusammensetzung der Landschaft auch eine Quantifizierung der räumlichen Konfiguration der Landschaftselemente. Damit ist das Verteilungsmuster (engl.: landscape pattern) von kleinsten, je nach Erfassungs- und Betrachtungsmaßstab als weitestgehend homogen anzusehenden Einzelelementen (engl.: patch) gemeint. Der Ansatz der Landschaftsstrukturmaße (landscape metrics) bietet die Möglichkeit, solche räumlichen Untersuchungen durchzuführen und Landschaftsstrukturen zu quantifizieren.