M.A. / Emotive language is found is various sectors of grammar, and occurs'for instance in words, affixes, fixed expressions and certain syntactic constructions, and is, indicative of the speaker's emotionally charged attitudes or value judgments in regard to referents, or elements of the speech situation or participants in the speech situation. Certain figures of speech seem to be emotionally charged as well. Emotive language has clear formal or semantic correlates, and important parameters are the meliorative/pejorative scale and that of strengthening/weakening. In Chapter 2, which dealt with the morphological expression of emotion, certain affixes and types of compounds were found to play a part in marking language as emotive. It became clear that the diminutive suffix in particular played a major role, and was employed in expressing emotive aspects such as affection, admiration, ridicule, disdain, contempt, sympathy and mistrust. Compounds functioning as intensive forms or of the bahuvrihi type were moreover found to•be emotively charged. Chapter 3•dealt with the role of syntactic mechanisms in emotive language. While certain parts of speech, such as interjections, emphatic particles, degree words, forms of address and exclamations were found to be particularly prone to emotive expression, rhetorical questions, elliptical constructions and various kinds of repetition were also found to have emotive functions. In Chapter 4 the important part played by lexemes and fixed expressions in emotive language was investigated. Emotive words or expressions were found to contrast with neutral, i.e. purely referential, words or expressions in many cases. Modal adverbs proved to be an important carrier of emotive overtones, while the emotive sphere was seen to be enhanced by loans from languages such as English and Zulu. The role of figurative. language and certain figures of speech in particular in emotive expression, was studied in Chapter 5. The figures of speech which were considered, were metaphor, dehumanisation, hyperbole, comparison, sarcasm, synecdoche and irony. In Chapter '6 certain conclusions were drawn, such as the fact that emotive language may take on various forms and occur in various sectors of grammar and vocabulary. At the same time it is found in a spectrum of registers of Afrikaans, e.g. in novels, short stories, youth literature, magazines and even the language of the Bible.

Kin Fai Ellick Wong. / "July 2000." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-130). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND HUMANITIES. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 587-597. / by Cheng-Teh James Huang. / Ph.D.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 203-212). / This dissertation develops a form of relativism in which propositions are treated as sets of world-time-individual triples, in contrast to standard views that treat them as sets of worlds or world-time pairs. This builds on existing proposals for predicates of personal taste such as fun and tasty, and has ties to approaches to de se attitudes involving centered worlds. I develop an accompanying pragmatic view in which the context set is similarly construed as a set of world-time-individual triples. The semantic and pragmatic systems together are used to account for the behavior of predicates of personal taste, epistemic modals, indicative conditionals, and a variety of attitude reports, including control constructions. I also explore ways that this account can help solve puzzles related to Moore's paradox. To give one concrete example, I propose that the proposition expressed by the sentence it might be raining is the set of world-time-individual triples <w,t,x> such that it's compatible with x's knowledge in w at t that it's raining. On the pragmatic side, a speaker is justified in asserting this sentence in a conversation if it is compatible with the speaker's own knowledge that it's raining; by asserting it, though, the speaker is making the stronger proposal to make it common ground that it is compatible with the knowledge of the entire group of conversational participants that it's raining. If this proposal is accepted by the other participants, then the group will have established that their knowledge states are aligned in a particular way. I introduce the core semantic and pragmatic proposals in Chapter 2, focusing on epistemic modals, predicates of personal taste, and belief reports. / (cont.) In Chapter 3, I extend the analysis to indicative conditionals, showing that this solves longstanding puzzles involving the relationship between conditionals and disjunction. In Chapter 4, I extend the approach to certain control constructions, with a special emphasis on capturing their de se interpretation. In Chapter 5, I look at two puzzles related to Moore's paradox, with special attention to the meaning of imagine. / by Tamina C. Stephenson. / Ph.D.

陳雄根. / 手稿本, 複本據稿本影印, 並分訂兩册. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學硏究院中國語文學部, 1989. / Shou gao ben, fu ben ju gao ben ying yin, bing fen ding liang ce. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 1251-1328). / Chen Xionggen. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue yan jiu yuan Zhongguo yu wen xue bu, 1989. / 論文提要 --- p.1 / 目錄 --- p.23 / 序言 --- p.44 / 凡例 --- p.47 / （第一冊） / Chapter 第一章 --- 《廣雅疏證》成書的背景 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 王氏生平和著述 --- p.6 / Chapter 第三節 --- 王氏的學術淵源及《廣雅疏證》成書經過 --- p.20 / 第一章注釋 --- p.59 / Chapter 第二章 --- 王氏的古音學與聲訓理論 --- p.85 / Chapter 第一節 --- 引言 --- p.85 / Chapter 第二節 --- 古韻分部問題 --- p.87 / Chapter (一) --- 古韻二十一部 --- p.87 / Chapter (二) --- 古韻二十二部 --- p.111 / Chapter 第三節 --- 古代聲調問題 --- p.115 / Chapter 第四節 --- 合韻問題 --- p.123 / Chapter 第五節 --- 王氏的古音學與《廣雅疏證》的關係 --- p.128 / Chapter 第六節 --- 王氏「因聲求義」的主張 --- p.133 / 附論：王氏「以聲為義」說述評 --- p.150 / 第二章注釋 --- p.171 / （第二冊) / Chapter 第三章 --- 王氏以「聲同」求義說研究 --- p.188 / Chapter 第一節 --- 有關「聲同」求義的用語闡釋 --- p.188 / Chapter 第二節 --- 從近人上古擬音的標準對有關文例再考察 --- p.202 / Chapter (一) --- 具雙聲關係 --- p.202 / Chapter (二) --- 具旁紐關係 --- p.214 / Chapter (三) --- 具準旁紐關係 --- p.221 / Chapter (四) --- 聲母關係複雜 --- p.222 / Chapter (五) --- 聲母不近 --- p.227 / 小結 --- p.233 / 「同聲」字聲音關係統計表 --- p.240 / Chapter 第三節 --- 王氏論定「同聲」的依據 --- p.247 / Chapter (一) --- 以異文為據 --- p.247 / Chapter (二) --- 以諧聲為據 --- p.250 / Chapter (三) --- 以聲訓為據 --- p.254 / Chapter (四) --- 以《說文》讀若為據 --- p.256 / Chapter (五) --- 以古注意為據 --- p.257 / Chapter (六) --- 以古今字為據 --- p.259 / Chapter (七) --- 以假借字為據 --- p.260 / Chapter (八) --- 以反切為據 --- p.262 / Chapter 第四節 --- 王氏論定「同聲」依據的得失 --- p.266 / Chapter (一) --- 材料允當 --- p.266 / Chapter (1) --- 異文例 --- p.267 / Chapter (2) --- 諧聲例 --- p.267 / Chapter (3) --- 聲訓例 --- p.268 / Chapter (4) --- 《說文》讀若例 --- p.269 / Chapter (5) --- 古注音例 --- p.269 / Chapter (6) --- 古今字例 --- p.270 / Chapter (7) --- 假借字例 --- p.270 / Chapter (8) --- 反切例 --- p.271 / Chapter (二) --- 依據失準 --- p.273 / Chapter (1) --- 「同聲」的界定過寬 --- p.273 / Chapter (2) --- 古音的時代斷限太長 --- p.279 / Chapter (3) --- 過信古書材料 --- p.282 / Chapter (I) --- 異文方面 --- p.282 / Chapter (II) --- 諧聲方面 --- p.286 / Chapter (III) --- 聲訓方面 --- p.288 / Chapter (IV) --- 《說文》讀若方面 --- p.290 / Chapter (V) --- 古注音方面 --- p.293 / Chapter (VI) --- 古今字方面 --- p.295 / Chapter (VII) --- 假借方面 --- p.297 / Chapter (VIII) --- 反切方面 --- p.300 / Chapter (三) --- 王氏定音依據對近人構擬上古音系的補苴 --- p.304 / 第三章注釋 --- p.312 / Chapter 第四章 --- 王氏以「聲近」求義說研究 --- p.344 / Chapter 第一節 --- 有關「聲近」求義的用語闡釋 --- p.344 / 小結 --- p.365 / Chapter 第二節 --- 從近人上古擬音的標準對有關文例再考察 --- p.369 / Chapter (一) --- 具雙聲關係 --- p.369 / Chapter (二) --- 具旁紐關係 --- p.378 / Chapter (三) --- 具準旁紐關係 --- p.384 / Chapter (四) --- 具鄰紐關係 --- p.389 / Chapter (五) --- 聲母關係複雜 --- p.394 / Chapter (六) --- 聲母不近 --- p.398 / 小結 --- p.405 / 「聲近」字聲音關係統計表 --- p.411 / Chapter 第三節 --- 王氏論定「聲近」的依據 --- p.417 / Chapter (一) --- 以聲訓為據 --- p.417 / Chapter (二) --- 以諧聲為據 --- p.420 / Chapter (三) --- 以異文為據 --- p.423 / Chapter (四) --- 以轉語為據 --- p.424 / Chapter (五) --- 以假借為據 --- p.426 / 小結 --- p.430 / 第四章注釋 --- p.432 / （第三冊） / Chapter 第五章 --- 王氏以「聲轉」求義說研究 --- p.449 / Chapter 第一節 --- 從楊雄《方言》到王氏的轉語理論 --- p.449 / Chapter 第二節 --- 有關「聲轉」求義的用語闡釋 --- p.461 / Chapter (一) --- 一聲之轉 --- p.461 / Chapter (二) --- 聲之轉、聲轉、轉聲 --- p.467 / Chapter (三) --- 甲即乙之轉 --- p.472 / Chapter (四) --- 語之轉 --- p.474 / Chapter (五) --- 方俗語轉 --- p.478 / Chapter (六) --- 其他 --- p.480 / 小結 --- p.481 / Chapter 第三節 --- 從近人上古擬音的標準對有關文例再考察 --- p.491 / Chapter (一) --- 具雙聲關係 --- p.491 / Chapter (二) --- 具旁紐關係 --- p.507 / Chapter (三) --- 具準旁紐關係 --- p.515 / Chapter (四) --- 具鄰紐關係 --- p.519 / Chapter (五) --- 聲母關係複雜 --- p.525 / Chapter (六) --- 特殊聲轉例 --- p.530 / Chapter (1) --- 轉語保持叠韻關係 --- p.530 / Chapter (2) --- 聲母不近而韻轉 --- p.536 / Chapter (七) --- 其他聲轉關係 --- p.540 / Chapter (1) --- 語之侈弇 --- p.541 / Chapter (2) --- 語之輕重 --- p.547 / Chapter (3) --- 語之緩急 --- p.557 / 小結 --- p.567 / 「聲轉」字聲音關係統計表 --- p.577 / Chapter 第四節 --- 王氏的轉語理論及其淵源 --- p.583 / Chapter (一) --- 戴震的「同位」、「位同」、「正轉」、 「變轉」說 --- p.583 / Chapter (二) --- 王氏的「同位相等」 、「異位相轉」說 --- p.592 / Chapter (三) --- 王氏的「正轉」、「變轉」說 --- p.599 / 小結 --- p.604 / Chapter 第五節 --- 轉語之間意義上的聯繫 --- p.609 / Chapter 第六節 --- 轉語的類推 --- p.622 / Chapter (一) --- 義相近者聲轉之理亦比之而同 --- p.622 / Chapter (二) --- 事雖不同而聲轉之理相同 --- p.630 / Chapter 第七節 --- 王氏推求轉語的方法 --- p.636 / Chapter (一) --- 直接引用楊雄、郭璞的轉語材料 --- p.636 / Chapter (二) --- 在楊雄、郭璞的說解基礎上再加闡釋 --- p.638 / Chapter (三) --- 繁徵博引以證轉語 --- p.640 / Chapter (四) --- 以今語證轉語 --- p.644 / Chapter (五) --- 以類推求轉語 --- p.648 / Chapter (六) --- 利用異文、對文、上下文、連文等材料以求轉語 --- p.651 / Chapter 第八節 --- 王氏轉語理論的評價 --- p.655 / 第五章注釋 --- p.666 / （第四冊） / Chapter 第六章 --- 王氏聲義相通說研究 --- p.697 / Chapter 第一節 --- 有關聲義相通的用語闡釋 --- p.697 / Chapter (一) --- 甲與乙通 --- p.697 / Chapter (二) --- 甲通作乙 --- p.702 / Chapter (三) --- 古通用、古同聲而通用 --- p.705 / Chapter (四) --- 甲古通作乙 --- p.711 / Chapter (五) --- 古聲近而通用、聲近而通用 --- p.715 / Chapter (六) --- 義通 --- p.719 / 小結 --- p.725 / Chapter 第二節 --- 從近人上古擬音標準對有關文例再考察 --- p.731 / Chapter (一) --- 聲音全同 --- p.731 / Chapter (二) --- 具雙聲關係 --- p.734 / Chapter (三) --- 具旁紐關係 --- p.744 / Chapter (四) --- 具準旁紐關係 --- p.749 / Chapter (五) --- 具鄰紐關係 --- p.753 / Chapter (六) --- 聲母關係複雜 --- p.755 / Chapter (七) --- 聲母不近 --- p.760 / 小結 --- p.762 / 通用字聲音關係統計表 --- p.765 / Chapter 第三節 --- 王氏論定通用字的依據 --- p.771 / Chapter (一) --- 以異文為據 --- p.771 / Chapter (二) --- 以聲訓為據 --- p.775 / Chapter (三) --- 以古書文義及注疏為據 --- p.778 / 小結 --- p.782 / Chapter 第四節 --- 王氏「聲義相通」說的評价 --- p.792 / 第六章注釋 --- p.816 / Chapter 第七章 --- 王氏論「之言」聲訓探賾 --- p.848 / Chapter 第一節 --- 王氏對「之言」聲訓的繼承及創新 --- p.848 / Chapter (一) --- 援引舊例 --- p.851 / Chapter (二) --- 引錄古聲訓，並出新說 --- p.855 / Chapter (三) --- 古聲訓不可從，自立新說 --- p.857 / Chapter 第二節 --- 王氏所立「之言」聲訓的理論根據 --- p.862 / Chapter (一) --- 直據舊有聲訓 --- p.862 / Chapter (二) --- 以古書異文為據 --- p.864 / Chapter (三) --- 以通用字為據 --- p.866 / Chapter (四) --- 受古書文句啟發 --- p.868 / Chapter (五) --- 以今語為據 --- p.870 / Chapter (六) --- 以《廣雅》原文互證 --- p.871 / Chapter 第三節 --- 王氏所立「之言」聲訓中釋詞與被釋詞的聲音關係 --- p.876 / Chapter (一) --- 具諧聲關係 --- p.876 / Chapter (二) --- 具雙聲關係 --- p.880 / Chapter (三) --- 具旁紐關係 --- p.884 / Chapter (四) --- 具準旁紐關係 --- p.887 / Chapter (五) --- 具鄰紐關係 --- p.888 / Chapter (六) --- 聲母不近 --- p.889 / Chapter 附錄： --- 《廣雅疏證》「之言」聲訓統計說明 --- p.892 / 王氏「之言」聲訓上下字聲音闗係統計表 --- p.894 / Chapter 第四節 --- 王氏「之言」取訓的方式 --- p.895 / Chapter (一) --- 以單音詞為訓 --- p.895 / Chapter (二) --- 連用兩聲訓為訓 --- p.897 / Chapter (三) --- 舉聲訓後略加解釋 --- p.901 / Chapter (四) --- 以叠語為訓 --- p.902 / Chapter (五) --- 以連語為訓 --- p.906 / Chapter (六) --- 以複音詞為訓 --- p.907 / Chapter 第五節 --- 王氏以「之言」聲訓探求物名之義考 --- p.910 / Chapter (一) --- 以事物的作用為據 --- p.918 / Chapter (二) --- 以事物的性質為據 --- p.920 / Chapter (三) --- 以事物的形狀為據 --- p.921 / Chapter (四) --- 以事物的狀態為據 --- p.922 / Chapter (五) --- 以事物的顏色為據 --- p.924 / Chapter 第六節 --- 王氏「之言」聲訓的評價 --- p.927 / 第七章注釋 --- p.934 / （第五冊） / Chapter 第八章 --- 王氏連語理論探賾 --- p.950 / Chapter 第一節 --- 連語的定義 --- p.950 / Chapter 第二節 --- 王氏對連語的界定 --- p.958 / Chapter 第三節 --- 王氏的連語理論 --- p.963 / Chapter (一) --- 語音方面 --- p.963 / Chapter (二) --- 語義方面 --- p.982 / Chapter (1) --- 義存於聲 --- p.982 / Chapter (2) --- 連語上下字同義，不可分訓 --- p.985 / Chapter (3) --- 一詞多義 --- p.994 / Chapter (三) --- 字形方面 --- p.1006 / Chapter (1) --- 字無定體 --- p.1006 / Chapter (2) --- 連語上下字靈活的組合性 --- p.1019 / Chapter 第四節 --- 王氏與同時學者對連語研究的成績的比較 --- p.1031 / Chapter 第五節 --- 王氏連語理論的評價 --- p.1044 / 第八章注釋 --- p.1056 / （第六冊） / Chapter 第九章 --- 王氏「因聲求義」理論再評價 --- p.1081 / Chapter 第一節 --- 王氏「因聲求義」的特色 --- p.1081 / Chapter 第二節 --- 王氏論定古音的標準 --- p.1088 / Chapter (一) --- 以古韻二十一部及古書材料為據 --- p.1088 / Chapter (二) --- 「同」、「近」、「通」、「轉」聲音的分合 --- p.1095 / Chapter 第三節 --- 王氏「因聲求義」的成績 --- p.1098 / Chapter (一) --- 繫聯同源字 --- p.1098 / Chapter (二) --- 明通假 --- p.1105 / Chapter (三) --- 求轉語 --- p.1111 / Chapter (四) --- 闡明重言及連語 --- p.1114 / Chapter 第四節 --- 王氏聲訓理論在乾嘉學派的地位 --- p.1121 / Chapter (一) --- 因聲求義，不限形體 --- p.1121 / Chapter (二) --- 轉語的研究 --- p.1130 / Chapter (I) --- 轉語的聲轉條件 --- p.1130 / Chapter (II) --- 轉語形成的先後 --- p.1135 / Chapter (III) --- 轉語細微的音變 --- p.1146 / Chapter (IV) --- 轉語的類推 --- p.1155 / Chapter (三) --- 連語的考察 --- p.1158 / Chapter 第五節 --- 王氏「因聲求義」的缺失 --- p.1170 / Chapter (一) --- 論定古音方面 --- p.1171 / Chapter (I) --- 古韻分部未臻完善 --- p.1172 / Chapter (II) --- 界定「同聲」的標準過寬 --- p.1179 / Chapter (III) --- 過信古書材料 --- p.1183 / Chapter (IV) --- 古音的時代斷限太長 --- p.1184 / Chapter (二) --- 用語的混淆 --- p.1187 / Chapter (I) --- 「同」、「通」有時不分 --- p.1187 / Chapter (II) --- 聲轉用語的混淆 --- p.1188 / Chapter (III) --- 「聲同」與「聲近」 --- p.1191 / Chapter (IV) --- 「義同」與「義近」 --- p.1191 / Chapter (三) --- 例證不充分 --- p.1196 / Chapter (四) --- 不能完全擺脫字形以說義 --- p.1201 / Chapter (五) --- 繫聯字源欠缺系統 --- p.1205 / Chapter (六) --- 聲訓理論的缺失 --- p.1213 / Chapter 第六節 --- 餘論─歷來有關《廣雅疏證》的研究 --- p.1217 / 第九章注釋 --- p.1224 / 參攷書目 --- p.1251

Linguists and philosophers of language have shown increasing interest in the expressions that refer to quantifiers: determiners like 'every' and 'many', in addition to determiner phrases like 'some king' and 'no cat'. This thesis addresses several puzzles where the way we understand quantifier expressions depends on features that go beyond standard truth conditional semantic meaning. One puzzle concerns the fact that it is often natural to understand 'Every king is in the yard' as being true if (say) all of the kings at the party are in the yard, even though the standard truth conditions predict it to be true if and only if every king in the universe is in the yard. Another puzzle emerges from the observation that 'Every American king is in the yard' sounds odd relative to contexts where there are no American kings, even though the standard truth conditions predict it to be trivially true. These puzzles have been widely discussed within linguistics and philosophy of language, and have implications for topics as diverse as the distinction between semantics and pragmatics and the ontological commitments of ordinary individuals. Yet few attempts have been made to incorporate discussions from the linguistics literature into the philosophical literature. This thesis argues that attending to the linguistics literature helps to address these puzzles. In particular, my solutions to these puzzles rely on notions from work on information structure, an often overlooked area of linguistics. I will use these notions to develop a new theory of the pragmatics of ordinary discourse, in the process of resolving the puzzles. In the first two chapters, I provide accessible overviews of key notions from the literature on quantifier expressions and information structure. In the third chapter, I discuss the problem of contextual domain restriction. In the fourth chapter, I consider the problems posed by empty restrictors. In the final chapter, I tackle the issue of category mistakes.

Wu Siu-yu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-66). / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

陳曙光. / "2007年9月" / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2007. / 參考文獻(leaves 108-114). / "2007 nian 9 yue" / Abstract also in English. / Chen Shuguang. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2007. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 108-114). / 提要 / Chapter 第一章： --- 引論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節： --- 硏究緣起與硏究方法 --- p.1-3 / Chapter 第二節： --- 鄭樵的生平及其著述 --- p.3-6 / Chapter 第三節： --- 鄭樵注《爾雅》的原因及鄭注的版本 --- p.6-10 / Chapter 第二章： --- 鄭樵《爾雅注》的體例 --- p.11 / Chapter 第一節： --- 序言及篇目解題 --- p.11-12 / Chapter 第二節： --- 釋字義的體例 --- p.12-22 / Chapter 第三節： --- 校勘、駁正的體例 --- p.22-26 / Chapter 第四節： --- 鄭氏音注的體例 --- p.26-28 / Chapter 第三章： --- 鄭樵《爾雅注》徵引古籍疏理 --- p.29 / Chapter 第一節： --- 鄭注中所見的古籍整理 --- p.29-36 / Chapter 第二節： --- 《爾雅》郭注鄭注異同考 --- p.36-51 / Chapter 第三節： --- 鄭注因襲邢疏書證考 --- p.51-56 / Chapter 第四節： --- 小結 --- p.56-57 / Chapter 第四章： --- 從《爾雅注》看鄭樵的訓詁學 --- p.58 / Chapter 第一節： --- 鄭樵對《爾雅》的認知 --- p.58-63 / Chapter 第二節： --- 《爾雅注》與《通志二十略》之關係 --- p.63-72 / Chapter 第三節： --- 鄭樵的訓詁學理論探究 --- p.72-82 / Chapter 第五章： --- 《爾雅注》與宋代《爾雅》注的關係 --- p.83 / Chapter 第一節： --- 宋代《爾雅》注的槪況 --- p.83-84 / Chapter 第二節： --- 邢昺的《爾雅疏》 --- p.84-88 / Chapter 第三節： --- 陸佃的《爾雅新義》 --- p.88-90 / Chapter 第四節： --- 鄭注與邢疏及新義的關係 --- p.90-96 / Chapter 第六章： --- 鄭注的評價 --- p.97 / Chapter 第一節： --- 鄭注的價値 --- p.97-103 / Chapter 第二節： --- 鄭注的不足 --- p.103-105 / Chapter 第七章： --- 結論 --- p.106-107 / 參考書目 --- p.108-114 / 附錄一：《爾雅》、郭璞注、鄭樵注比對表 --- p.1-118 / 附錄二：鄭樵著述表(轉錄） --- p.119-127

本文重點在於提出框式結構理論的增補原則，指出語義「冗餘」性體現在語義內涵的大小差異，針對同一對象的兩個成份，較具體成份層級高於較抽象成份，這稱為框式結構的「『冗餘』成份假設」。在粤語實際情況中，後置成份是較抽象成份，有較寬廣的語義指稱，前置成份是較具體成份，指稱比較直接。 語例方面，後置的「嚟、住、咋、啫、咁滯」比對應的前置成份更抽象。「嚟」表示過去時，對應的「正話、啱啱」表示一個過去時間點；「住」表示靜態的時間間隔，「暫時」是提供靜態間隔的時段；「咋 、啫 」表示各種限制，「淨係」表示指義限制，「咁滯」約量動態、靜態謂語的狀態，「差唔多」約量動態謂語的達成階段。本文認為以上假設的句法意義在於前置成份層級高於後置成份，前後置成份不一定組成一個狹義的短語，但在展現局部性的孤島內，兩者保持固定層階關係。較具體成份的指稱未定，較抽象成份指稱也不能定下來，這是兩者層階固定的原因。前後置成份的內涵差異跟兩者句法性質有關，前置成份是修飾語。根據傳統方案，後置成份是功能詞短語的中心語，是表示關係的成份 ，而根據最新理論，後置成份是廣義的謂語。按照新近的方案，粤語後置成份的大量出現有其類型學依據，反映更廣泛的語際差異。前後置成份的語義差異，可視為修飾語與中心語或謂語的差異所致。本文最終目標是指出互補作用是上述關係的必然結果，後置成份補充前置成份沒有的語義，前置成份使後置成份未明確的指稱明確化，如「正話、暫時」指出後置成份的時間，「齋、淨係、差唔多」指出後置成份的焦點。粤語前後置成份的共現讓互補作用減少聽話者從語言外推斷語義的需要。從信息角度看，框式結構減輕了理解的負擔。 / The major focus of this thesis is to offer supplementary principles for the theory of discontinuous constructions. It indicates that semantic "redundancy" is embodied in the intensional variation. For the two elements acting upon the same target, the more specific one is at a higher hierarchy level than the more abstract one. This is known as the "Hypothesis for 'Redundant' Elements" with regard to the theory of discontinuous constructions. In the case of Cantonese, the postverbal elements are more abstract and have a wider scope of reference, whereas the preverbal elements are more specific and their reference is more direct. For example, postverbal lai4, zyu6, zaa3, ze1 and gam3zai6 are more abstract than their preverbal counterparts: lai4 indicates the past time, and the corresponding zing3waa6 and ngaam1ngaam1 indicate a past time point; zyu6 indicates a stative time interval, and zaam6si4 offers a duration for this stative interval; zaa3 and ze1 are restrictive in various dimensions, and zing6hai6 indicates restriction in the denotative sense; gam3zai6 approximates on the state of dynamic and stative predicates, and caa1m4do1 approximates on the stage of achievement of dynamic predicates. As for the syntactic implications, it is argued that the preverbal elements are hierarchically higher than the postverbal elements, but they do not necessarily form a phrase in the strict sense. However, within an island exhibiting locality, they have a fixed hierarchical relation. This is because the reference of the more abstract element cannot be determined before the reference of the more specific one is determined. Intensional variation between the preverbal and postverbal elements relates to their syntactic nature. The preverbal element is an adjunct. In accordance with traditional accounts, the postverbal element is the head of a functional phrase indicating relations. In line with the recent theories, the postverbal element is a predicate in the broad sense. The recent proposals explain from the typological perspective the emergence of extensive postverbal elements in Cantonese, which is a reflection of the broader cross-linguistic variation. Semantic differences between preverbal and postverbal elements can be translated as the differences between adjuncts and heads or predicates. The ultimate goal of this thesis is to highlight the certainty of the resulting complementation effect. The postverbal elements offer the missing sense for the preverbal ones, and the preverbal elements specify the underspecified reference of the postverbal ones: zing3waa6 and zaam6si4 indicate the time, whereas zaai1, zing6hai6 and caa1m4do1 indicate the focus. The co-occurrence of Cantonese preverbal and postverbal elements alleviates the necessity for the listeners to infer from outside the language. From the informational point of view, the discontinuous constructions reduce the burden of interpretation. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 鄭兆邦. / Parallel title from added title page. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 327-346). / Abstracts also in English. / Zheng Zhaobang.

It is the goal of all reading instructors to use techniques that will enhance reading comprehension. This is certainly no less so in the second language classroom. Studies have shown that readers possess schemata for text structure that is activated during the reading process. It has also been shown that a reader's textual schemata may be culturally influenced and that second language students may possess textual schemata that conflicts or interferes with the structure of the text making comprehension more difficult. For this reason, second language learners may benefit from explicit instruction in text structure and content relationships. Semantic mapping is a text organization strategy which may be used to explicate text structure and content relationships with both expository prose and fiction. The purpose of this study was to use semantic mapping to explicate the structure and content of short fiction and to measure the effect, if any, on comprehension. For the purposes of this study, comprehension was defined two ways: (1) recognition comprehension, which is the ability to retain and recall factual detail from text content, and (2) comprehension as evidenced by the use of certain critical thinking skills, i.e., elaboration and supplementation in forming written responses. Two hypotheses were posed: 1. The use of semantic mapping will result in an increase in recognition comprehension by a treatment group of English as a second language readers using a semantic mapping strategy, as compared to a control group using an advance organizer, based on a combination multiple choice and true/ false quiz. 2. The use of semantic mapping will result in greater use of elaboration and supplementation by a treatment group of English as a second language readers using a semantic mapping strategy, as compared to a control group using an advance organizer, based on an analysis of a quiz requiring written responses. In order to determine the results of this study, .t-tests were used to compare the mean scores between groups. In the case of recognition comprehension, the group receiving the treatment, semantic mapping, did score significantly higher than the control group. In the case of comprehension, as evidenced by the use of elaborations and supplementations in written responses, the group which used semantic mapping showed a higher level of use, but the difference was not statistically significant. A Mann-Whitney U test ranked the subjects' scores individually on an ordinal scale and then compared the means between groups. In the case of elaborations the treatment group showed a significantly higher level of use. However, there was no corresponding significant difference in the case of supplementations.