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abstract: This linguistic ethnography follows three journalism students (Petra, Penélope, and María) as they engaged in experiential language learning (EX-LL) via collaboration with community members during their Spanish for Specific Purposes (SSP) internship sites in the fields of journalism and medicine within the local Metro Phoenix community. Data were collected over the course of a 15-week semester via ethnographic methods (field notes, interviews, observations, and participant-reported data) to explore how the interns (i) took advantage of their SSP internship experiences to engage in identity work that exceeded the goals of the program and how they (ii) implemented their strategic knowledge via communicative strategies (CSs) during breakdowns in communication with community members related to their SSP internship sites/the social function of such strategies. In order to answer the first research question, the data were analyzed via open and focused coding (Dyson & Genishi, 2005), followed by discourse analysis (Gee, 2005) informed by Critical Applied Linguistics (Pennycook, 2001) and Positioning Theory (Davis & Harré, 1990). To answer the second question, all instances in which the interns implemented communicative strategies were analyzed based upon the categorization repertories established by Dörnyei and Scott (1995a, 1995b, 1997), Lafford (2004), and Tarone and Yule (1987). To go beyond understanding what the interns were saying to why were they saying it, discourse analysis was used (Gee, 2005). The findings show that Petra, Penélope, and María appropriated their SSP internship to engage distinct, yet interrelated language- and ethnic/racial-based identity work. Each intern utilized language (and extra-linguistic elements, such as corporeal expression) to position themselves in different ways within social discourse. Furthermore, this identity work influenced which CSs they utilized, as the social function of many of these strategies was to maintain and/or protect their desired identities. Drawing on these insights, a variety of implications are offered from four viewpoints: implications for (i) EX-LL-based research: colonized versus humanizing research, (ii) critical community collaboration inside and outside of EX-LL, (iii) CSs and communicative competence, and (iv) EX-LL/Languages for Specific Purposes pedagogy and internship design. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Spanish 2018

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Language for Specific Purposes (LSP) is the approach used in the Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa de Línguas Estrangeiras Instrumentais (CEPESLI/UFSM) for the development and implementation of Portuguese courses to Uruguayan Federal Agents, supported by Brazil‟s Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The current project aims at teaching Portuguese to correctional officers in order to prepare them to interact with Brazilians convicts either when living or passing by Uruguay. In this context, given the fact that most of the border prison guards are native speakers of Uruguayan Portuguese (PU), a variety of Brazilian Portuguese, we found it relevant to investigate further their learning needs in learning that variety. Hence, this study aims to present a Needs Analysis for teaching/learning Brazilian Portuguese to/by Uruguayan Portuguese speakers. For that purpose, we initially proceeded to study the characteristics of the border Uruguay-Brazil and Uruguayan Portuguese in their historical, linguistic, social and political aspects (CARVALHO, 2003a, 2003b, 2007, 2008, 2010; MILÁN, SAWARIS e WELTER, 1996; e STURZA, 2005, 2006, 2014). Since we also based our research on the Language for Specific Purposes Approach, we present its history, characteristics and a review or the bibliography on the teaching of Portuguese as a Foreign Language according to this approach (HUTCHINSON e WATERS, 1987; e DUDLEY-EVANS e ST. JOHN, 1998). Regarding the methodology to identify the UP speakers‟ beliefs we followed Barcelos (1995, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2007) and Pajares (1992); and Error Analysis (CORDER, 1967, 1971; SANTOS GARGALLO, 2004) to analyze the linguistic production in Portuguese of Uruguayan PU speakers, in contrast to the Brazilian Portuguese. The subjects of this study were four Uruguayan prison officers, all men, at Cerro Carancho, in Rivera-ROU. The results indicate that the correctional officers should learn the Brazilian Portuguese variety specifically to communicate with Brazilians who are in Uruguayan prisons; it also showed that subjects believe they need to learn to write in Portuguese, fix some aspects of their speech and learn ("improve") their Portuguese to speak to Brazilians who are not from the border area. Finally, the analysis shows that the subjects ignore the origins of their native language, what might be useful in the learning of Brazilian Portuguese as well as it would be to know about some varieties of Portuguese; that they need to cope some linguistic and sociolinguistic problems related to the use of stigmatized forms and errors of relevance and/or discursive errors. / A Abordagem Instrumental de ensino de línguas é a base teórica utilizada pelo Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa de Línguas Estrangeiras Instrumentais (CEPESLI) na elaboração e execução dos cursos relacionados aos projetos do Ministério das Relações Exteriores do Brasil para a capacitação em português como língua estrangeira instrumental de agentes do governo uruguaio. O projeto que se desenvolve atualmente diz respeito à capacitação de agentes penitenciários, com o intuito de lhes proporcionar conhecimento instrumental de português para interagir em português com brasileiros residentes ou de passagem pelo Uruguai. Nesse contexto, tendo em vista o fato de que grande parte dos agentes penitenciários fronteiriços é falante de uma variedade de português, o português uruguaio (PU), consideramos relevante investigar mais a fundo suas necessidades de aprendizagem do português utilizado no Brasil (PB). Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar uma Análise de Necessidades para o ensino/aprendizagem de PB a falantes de PU. Para tanto, inicialmente procedemos ao estudo das características da fronteira Uruguai-Brasil e do português uruguaio em seus aspectos histórico, linguístico, social e político (CARVALHO, 2003a, 2003b, 2007, 2008, 2010; MILÁN, SAWARIS e WELTER, 1996; e STURZA, 2005, 2006, 2014; etc.). Também buscamos como referência teórica os pressupostos da abordagem instrumental, seu histórico, suas características gerais e seu vínculo com o ensino de português como língua estrangeira para o público em geral e para falantes de PU (HUTCHINSON e WATERS, 1987; e DUDLEY-EVANS e ST. JOHN, 1998; etc.). Com relação à metodologia, utilizamos o estudo de crenças (BARCELOS, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2007; PAJARES, 1992, etc. ) para levantar as crenças de falantes de PU sobre o uso e a aprendizagem de português; e a Análise de Erros (CORDER, 1967, 1971; SANTOS GARGALLO, 2004; etc.) para analisar a produção linguística em português de agentes penitenciários uruguaios, falantes de PU, em contraste com o PB. Os sujeitos participantes desse estudo foram quatro agentes penitenciários uruguaios, homens, funcionários da penitenciária Cerro Carancho, localizada na cidade de Rivera-ROU. Os resultados indicaram que os sujeitos precisam aprender a variedade brasileira do português (PB) com fins específicos para se comunicar com brasileiros que se encontram em situação de privação de liberdade nas penitenciárias uruguaias; evidenciou também que os sujeitos acreditam que precisam aprender a escrever em português; corrigir alguns aspectos da fala; e aprender ( melhorar ) português para usar com brasileiros que não são da fronteira. Por último, as análises evidenciaram que os sujeitos necessitam aprimorar seus conhecimentos sobre a origem de sua língua materna; sobre as variedades do português e alguns problemas linguísticos e sociolinguísticos relacionados ao uso de formas estigmatizantes e erros de pertinência e/ou discursivos.

Sabendo-se que a gramática e o dicionário são instrumentos linguísticos que contribuem para o processo de gramatização das línguas (AUROUX, 1992) e que no Brasil esse processo se desenvolveu em cinco momentos, quatro deles propostos por Orlandi & Guimarães (2001) e o quinto proposto por Zoppi-Fontana (2004, 2007), esta tese analisa o livro didático Diga trinta e três... em português! (aplicado no curso de Português como Língua Estrangeira do Programa Mais Médicos para o Brasil, nos Módulos de Acolhimento e Avaliação que ocorreram no Brasil e em Cuba), que pode ser considerado um instrumento linguístico norteador no processo de ensino-aprendizagem do PLE, corroborando para o quinto momento do processo de gramatização do português brasileiro. Tomando por base as características do pós-método ao propor uma atitude reflexiva na atitude do professor sobre a sua prática pedagógica, com o objetivo de um ensino que corresponda às reais necessidades do aluno, adotou-se o Ensino de Línguas para Fins Específicos, que assume a língua como instrumento/meio para um desempenho eficaz na situação-alvo, possibilitando a aprendizagem de língua para o cumprimento de tarefas em contextos específicos (RAMOS, 2005), como aporte teórico na análise do livro didático em questão. Assim, com o auxílio da pesquisa qualitativa de cunho etnográfico e interpretativista, geraram-se os dados possíveis para o desenvolvimento dessa análise, que contou com o olhar da professora-pesquisadora sobre o livro didático, as contribuições de outros professores que atuaram nesse mesmo contexto, por meio de questionários, e as anotações do diário de pesquisa. Como conclusão desta pesquisa, é possível afirmar que o livro didático Diga trinta e três... em Português! configura-se como um instrumento linguístico desenvolvido para uma finalidade específica no que tange o ensino de Português como Língua Estrangeira aos médicos intercambistas, mas também que se situa na condição do pensamento desenvolvido na era do pós-método, ao permitir que o professor, em sua prática pedagógica, assuma um perfil reflexivo, priorizando o papel do aluno como agente na construção do seu conhecimento. / It is known that grammar and the dictionary are linguistic instruments that contribute to the process of grammatization of languages (AUROUX, 1992) and that in Brazil this process has developed in five moments, four of them proposed by Orlandi & Guimarães (2001) and fifth proposed by Zoppi-Fontana (2004, 2007), this dissertation analyzes the textbook Diga trinta e três... em português! (applied in the course of Portuguese as a Foreign Language of the Programa Mais Médicos para o Brasil, in the Modules of Reception and Evaluation that took place in Brazil and Cuba), which can be considered a guiding linguistic instrument in the teaching-learning process of PFL, corroborating for the fifth moment of the process of grammatization of Brazilian Portuguese. Based on the characteristics of the post-method in proposing a reflexive attitude in the attitude of the teacher about his/her pedagogical practice, with the objective of a teaching that corresponds to the real needs of the student, it was adopted the Teaching of Languages for Specific Purposes, which assumes the language as an instrument/mean for an effective performance in the target situation, enabling language learning to fulfill tasks in specific contexts (RAMOS, 2005), as a theoretical contribution in the analysis of the textbook in question. Thus, with the aid of qualitative research of an ethnographic and interpretative nature, the available data for the development of the analysis were generated, which counted on the teacher-researchers view on the didactic book, contributions of other teachers who acted in the same context, through questionnaires, and field diary. As a conclusion to this research, it is possible to state that the textbook Diga trinta e três... em Português! is configured as a linguistic instrument developed for a specific purpose in what concerns the teaching of Portuguese as a Foreign Language to the exchange doctors, but also that it is situated in the condition of the thought developed in the postmethod era, by allowing the teacher, in his pedagogical practice, assume a reflexive profile, prioritizing the students role as an agent in the construction of his knowledge.

Sabendo-se que a gramática e o dicionário são instrumentos linguísticos que contribuem para o processo de gramatização das línguas (AUROUX, 1992) e que no Brasil esse processo se desenvolveu em cinco momentos, quatro deles propostos por Orlandi & Guimarães (2001) e o quinto proposto por Zoppi-Fontana (2004, 2007), esta tese analisa o livro didático Diga trinta e três... em português! (aplicado no curso de Português como Língua Estrangeira do Programa Mais Médicos para o Brasil, nos Módulos de Acolhimento e Avaliação que ocorreram no Brasil e em Cuba), que pode ser considerado um instrumento linguístico norteador no processo de ensino-aprendizagem do PLE, corroborando para o quinto momento do processo de gramatização do português brasileiro. Tomando por base as características do pós-método ao propor uma atitude reflexiva na atitude do professor sobre a sua prática pedagógica, com o objetivo de um ensino que corresponda às reais necessidades do aluno, adotou-se o Ensino de Línguas para Fins Específicos, que assume a língua como instrumento/meio para um desempenho eficaz na situação-alvo, possibilitando a aprendizagem de língua para o cumprimento de tarefas em contextos específicos (RAMOS, 2005), como aporte teórico na análise do livro didático em questão. Assim, com o auxílio da pesquisa qualitativa de cunho etnográfico e interpretativista, geraram-se os dados possíveis para o desenvolvimento dessa análise, que contou com o olhar da professora-pesquisadora sobre o livro didático, as contribuições de outros professores que atuaram nesse mesmo contexto, por meio de questionários, e as anotações do diário de pesquisa. Como conclusão desta pesquisa, é possível afirmar que o livro didático Diga trinta e três... em Português! configura-se como um instrumento linguístico desenvolvido para uma finalidade específica no que tange o ensino de Português como Língua Estrangeira aos médicos intercambistas, mas também que se situa na condição do pensamento desenvolvido na era do pós-método, ao permitir que o professor, em sua prática pedagógica, assuma um perfil reflexivo, priorizando o papel do aluno como agente na construção do seu conhecimento. / It is known that grammar and the dictionary are linguistic instruments that contribute to the process of grammatization of languages (AUROUX, 1992) and that in Brazil this process has developed in five moments, four of them proposed by Orlandi & Guimarães (2001) and fifth proposed by Zoppi-Fontana (2004, 2007), this dissertation analyzes the textbook Diga trinta e três... em português! (applied in the course of Portuguese as a Foreign Language of the Programa Mais Médicos para o Brasil, in the Modules of Reception and Evaluation that took place in Brazil and Cuba), which can be considered a guiding linguistic instrument in the teaching-learning process of PFL, corroborating for the fifth moment of the process of grammatization of Brazilian Portuguese. Based on the characteristics of the post-method in proposing a reflexive attitude in the attitude of the teacher about his/her pedagogical practice, with the objective of a teaching that corresponds to the real needs of the student, it was adopted the Teaching of Languages for Specific Purposes, which assumes the language as an instrument/mean for an effective performance in the target situation, enabling language learning to fulfill tasks in specific contexts (RAMOS, 2005), as a theoretical contribution in the analysis of the textbook in question. Thus, with the aid of qualitative research of an ethnographic and interpretative nature, the available data for the development of the analysis were generated, which counted on the teacher-researchers view on the didactic book, contributions of other teachers who acted in the same context, through questionnaires, and field diary. As a conclusion to this research, it is possible to state that the textbook Diga trinta e três... em Português! is configured as a linguistic instrument developed for a specific purpose in what concerns the teaching of Portuguese as a Foreign Language to the exchange doctors, but also that it is situated in the condition of the thought developed in the postmethod era, by allowing the teacher, in his pedagogical practice, assume a reflexive profile, prioritizing the students role as an agent in the construction of his knowledge.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:24:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6396.pdf: 4172276 bytes, checksum: 65b0bbb72f628ad11a5febf4fbf664b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-22 / The technological higher education has expanded significantly in Brazil and there is a connection between the world of science and technology and the English language (CELANI, 2008). The technological higher education context, therefore, provides a rich environment for investigations considering the language teaching process, especially English. Actions are needed to adjust language teaching to the requirements of this context (ALMEIDA FILHO, 2008). Commonly, studies on needs analysis, which guide the planning of language courses for specific purposes, focus exclusively on the perspective of learners but, at the beginning of their undergraduate program, these needs may not be clear to them (ANTHONY, 1997; AUGUSTO-NAVARRO et al, 2012). Bearing that in mind, our research aims at discussing the planning of English for specific purposes courses in higher education, taking into account three perspectives: the educational institution, based on its official documents (program and syllabus); learners, considering their interests and perceptions of needs and, finally, the labor market, represented by employers of companies that hire the professionals who graduate from the technological program in focus: Aircraft Maintenance Technology. Data collection was performed using questionnaires and document analysis. The results show that there are similarities and differences, especially between the expectations of learners and the demands of the labor market compared to the objectives presented in the syllabus. Based on the obtained results and on theoretical issues considering language teaching for specific purposes discussed by many authors, we present principles aiming at sensitizing and guiding professionals involved in language for specific purposes course planning. / A expansão dos cursos superiores tecnológicos vem ocorrendo de maneira significativa no Brasil e há uma relação direta entre o mundo da ciência e da tecnologia e a língua inglesa (CELANI, 2008). O contexto do ensino superior tecnológico é, assim, um ambiente rico para investigações considerando o ensino de línguas, especificamente o inglês. Ações são necessárias para adequar o ensino de línguas aos requisitos desse contexto (ALMEIDA FILHO, 2008). Comumente, as pesquisas acerca das necessidades e interesses, que norteiam o planejamento do curso de línguas para propósitos específicos, focalizam a perspectiva dos aprendizes, mas, no início do curso superior, tais necessidades podem não estar claras para os mesmos (ANTHONY, 1997; AUGUSTO-NAVARRO et al, 2012). Propomos então, nesta pesqusia, uma investigação em relação ao planejamento de disciplinas de inglês para propósitos específicos no ensino superior, levando em conta três perspectivas: a da instituição de ensino, por meio dos documentos norteadores (plano de curso e de disciplinas); a dos aprendizes, considerando seus interesses e suas percepções acerca das necessidades e, por fim, a do mercado de trabalho, representado por funcionários de empresas que contratam o profissional formado pelo curso tecnológico de manutenção em aeronaves. O estudo é feito por meio de questionários e análise de documentos. Os resultados mostram que há semelhanças e limitações, principalmente entre as expectativas dos aprendizes e as demandas do mercado de trabalho em relação aos objetivos apresentados nos planos de disciplinas. Diante dos resultados obtidos e com base em pressupostos do ensino de línguas para fins específicos, discutidos por diferentes pesquisadores da área, apresentamos princípios com o potencial de sensibilizar e guiar profissionais envolvidos em propostas de planejamento e desenvolvimento de disciplinas de inglês instrumental.

Cette thèse essaie d’établir un lien entre les supports utilisés dans l’enseignement/apprentissage de l’anglais de spécialité et les chances d’une appropriation effective par les apprenants. Basée sur le concept d’apprenabilité/enseignabilité de Pienemann et celui de zone proximale de développement(ZPD) de Vygotsky entre autres, cette recherche-action a permis de découvrir que les documents authentiques sont généralement d’un accès très difficile pour les apprenants, et que les documents fabriqués sont généralement plus accessibles mais requièrent des tâches à consignes claires et sans ambiguïté pour constituer de l’input compréhensible et permettre qu’il y ait réellement apprentissage. Toutefois, les apprenants censés être des experts dans le domaine de spécialité ne le sont souvent pas, et dans un tel environnement, où parfois ni l’enseignant, ni les apprenants, ne sont experts dans le domaine de spécialité, et où les résultats attendus sont généralement au-delà de la ZPD des apprenants, même avec des documents fabriqués accompagnés de tâches appropriées, l’enseignement de l’anglais de spécialité ne peut se faire avec beaucoup de succès. Dans ces conditions, faire travailler les apprenants, en autonomie ne suffit pas pour garantir la réussite de l’apprentissage. D’où la nécessité, non seulement de revoir le contenu des enseignements et de les faire cadrer véritablement avec les connaissances des apprenants dans la (les) matières(s) de spécialité, mais aussi de permettre aux enseignants de s’approprier le concept de la nécessaire autonomisation des apprenants, pour en faire un concept partagé de tous, et pour que les apprenants se mettent effectivement à apprendre. / The aim of this thesis is to show the relationship between the documents that are used in the teaching/learning of English for specific purposes and the possibility of learners to actually achieve learning. Based on the concepts of learnability/teachability of Pienemann and of Zone of Proximal Development of Vygotsky among others, this action research has led to the finding that learners find it much more difficult to understand authentic texts than pedagogic ones but the latter require tasks with very clear instructions to become understandable input. However, in an environment where learners who are supposed to be experts in their specific subjects are not, and where sometimes neither the teachers nor the learners are experts in the specific subjects, and expected results are often beyond the ZPD of students, even with non authentic texts and relevant tasks with clear instructions, one cannot be certain to teach successfully. In such contexts, independent learning is not enough to guarantee success. It is therefore necessary to revise and adapt learning contents to the knowledge of learners in their specific subjects, and also to make sure the conceptof independent learning is adopted by all teachers so as to actually enable students to begin learning.

Cette recherche avait pour objectif d’analyser les évaluations de programmes d’études en langues de spécialité de 1er cycle universitaire afin de dégager les enjeux et la pertinence de ces formations. Trois questions de recherche sont poursuivies : • Quels établissements d’enseignement supérieur canadiens offrent des programmes d’études professionnalisant intégrant des compétences langagières sur objectifs spécifiques et le savoir-faire professionnel? • Compte tenu de la nature et de la fonction des programmes et des cours de langues de spécialité au sein des établissements d’enseignement supérieur, - quels sont les enjeux principaux ? - quelles sont les recommandations les plus fréquentes dans les rapports des évaluateurs externes ? L’analyse révèle que les enjeux principaux sont l’apport des formations aux besoins d’emploi ; la correspondance aux besoins des bénéficiaires ; l’évaluation systématique et justifiée lors de la prise de décisions ; la révision, mise à jour et évaluation systématique des programmes ; la collaboration interdisciplinaire et interuniversitaire ; l’enseignement des compétences langagières de la discipline professionnelle sous-jacente ; l’enseignement de la perspective interculturelle ; l’objectif constitutif ou instrumental de l’acquisition des langues ; la professionnalisation de la discipline au lieu de la fonction « service » ; la promotion de programmes, de collaborations et d’échanges internationaux ; l’intégration des TIC ; et la certification en langue de spécialité. Les évaluateurs externes recommandent la modernisation et la réorganisation des cours, la mise sur pied des collaborations, l’amélioration des formules et de l’offre des échanges internationaux, l’élaboration des stratégies pour étudier et planifier le lancement des initiatives, la promotion des bénéfices des connaissances langagières auprès des autres disciplines et facultés, la création des stratégies de révision de programme, et la mise en place des dispositifs pour profiter de nouvelles ressources technologiques. Ainsi, dans un premier temps, les résultats permettent d’apporter à la didactique des langues un éclairage sur la valeur de la fonction formative des mécanismes d’évaluation de programme. Dans un deuxième temps, ils apportent aux praticiens un éclairage sur la qualité, la pertinence et les enjeux des formations en langue de spécialité et un éclairage sur l’importance et l’impact des pratiques évaluatives sur les décisions prises. / This study was designed to analyse undergraduate programme reviews of languages for specific purposes (LSP) in order to discover the stakes and the pertinence of this training offered at Canadian institutions of higher learning. The three research questions are: • Which Canadian institutions of higher learning offer curricula integrating competences in LSP and professional know-how? • Taking into account the nature and function of LSP programs and courses within higher education, what are the major stakes? • What are the most frequent recommendations found in the external reviewers’ program assessments, taking into account the nature and function of LSP programs and courses? The analysis revealed that the most important stakes in providing quality, pertinent training in LSP are contribution of course content to professional training; correspondence to the needs of the learners; systematic programme evaluation including proof for decision-making; systematic programme revision, updating and evaluation; interdisciplinary and interuniversity collaboration; teaching language competences related to the underlying professional discipline; teaching intercultural perspectives; constitutive or instrumental objective of language acquisition; professionalization of the discipline rather than the “service” function; promoting programmes, collaborations and international exchanges; integrating information and communication technologies; and providing learners with opportunities for formal language certification in LSP. The external evaluators recommended modernising and reorganising courses, setting up collaborations, improving international exchanges and methods for promoting them, elaborating strategies for studying and implementing initiatives, promoting the benefits of language study to other disciplines and faculties, creating strategies for programme revision, and formulating plans of action to take advantage of new technological resources. These findings therefore shed light on the value of the formative function of curriculum evaluation mechanisms for the field of language teaching and on the stakes involved for teaching practitioners in providing quality, pertinent LSP training. They also shed light on the importance and the impact of evaluation practices on decision-making.

Cette recherche avait pour objectif d’analyser les évaluations de programmes d’études en langues de spécialité de 1er cycle universitaire afin de dégager les enjeux et la pertinence de ces formations. Trois questions de recherche sont poursuivies : • Quels établissements d’enseignement supérieur canadiens offrent des programmes d’études professionnalisant intégrant des compétences langagières sur objectifs spécifiques et le savoir-faire professionnel? • Compte tenu de la nature et de la fonction des programmes et des cours de langues de spécialité au sein des établissements d’enseignement supérieur, - quels sont les enjeux principaux ? - quelles sont les recommandations les plus fréquentes dans les rapports des évaluateurs externes ? L’analyse révèle que les enjeux principaux sont l’apport des formations aux besoins d’emploi ; la correspondance aux besoins des bénéficiaires ; l’évaluation systématique et justifiée lors de la prise de décisions ; la révision, mise à jour et évaluation systématique des programmes ; la collaboration interdisciplinaire et interuniversitaire ; l’enseignement des compétences langagières de la discipline professionnelle sous-jacente ; l’enseignement de la perspective interculturelle ; l’objectif constitutif ou instrumental de l’acquisition des langues ; la professionnalisation de la discipline au lieu de la fonction « service » ; la promotion de programmes, de collaborations et d’échanges internationaux ; l’intégration des TIC ; et la certification en langue de spécialité. Les évaluateurs externes recommandent la modernisation et la réorganisation des cours, la mise sur pied des collaborations, l’amélioration des formules et de l’offre des échanges internationaux, l’élaboration des stratégies pour étudier et planifier le lancement des initiatives, la promotion des bénéfices des connaissances langagières auprès des autres disciplines et facultés, la création des stratégies de révision de programme, et la mise en place des dispositifs pour profiter de nouvelles ressources technologiques. Ainsi, dans un premier temps, les résultats permettent d’apporter à la didactique des langues un éclairage sur la valeur de la fonction formative des mécanismes d’évaluation de programme. Dans un deuxième temps, ils apportent aux praticiens un éclairage sur la qualité, la pertinence et les enjeux des formations en langue de spécialité et un éclairage sur l’importance et l’impact des pratiques évaluatives sur les décisions prises. / This study was designed to analyse undergraduate programme reviews of languages for specific purposes (LSP) in order to discover the stakes and the pertinence of this training offered at Canadian institutions of higher learning. The three research questions are: • Which Canadian institutions of higher learning offer curricula integrating competences in LSP and professional know-how? • Taking into account the nature and function of LSP programs and courses within higher education, what are the major stakes? • What are the most frequent recommendations found in the external reviewers’ program assessments, taking into account the nature and function of LSP programs and courses? The analysis revealed that the most important stakes in providing quality, pertinent training in LSP are contribution of course content to professional training; correspondence to the needs of the learners; systematic programme evaluation including proof for decision-making; systematic programme revision, updating and evaluation; interdisciplinary and interuniversity collaboration; teaching language competences related to the underlying professional discipline; teaching intercultural perspectives; constitutive or instrumental objective of language acquisition; professionalization of the discipline rather than the “service” function; promoting programmes, collaborations and international exchanges; integrating information and communication technologies; and providing learners with opportunities for formal language certification in LSP. The external evaluators recommended modernising and reorganising courses, setting up collaborations, improving international exchanges and methods for promoting them, elaborating strategies for studying and implementing initiatives, promoting the benefits of language study to other disciplines and faculties, creating strategies for programme revision, and formulating plans of action to take advantage of new technological resources. These findings therefore shed light on the value of the formative function of curriculum evaluation mechanisms for the field of language teaching and on the stakes involved for teaching practitioners in providing quality, pertinent LSP training. They also shed light on the importance and the impact of evaluation practices on decision-making.

La presente tesis doctoral tiene como propósito el estudio del fenómeno sociopragmático llamado atenuación retórica (hedging en inglés) en dos géneros distintos del discurso médico escrito: los artículos de investigación científica y los informes de caso o casos médicos. Con este fin se examina un corpus de ambos géneros escritos en español y en inglés (L2) por científicos españoles y publicados en revistas científicas de prestigio en el campo de la biomedicina . Se comparan los resultados obtenidos del análisis del corpus con los obtenidos por otros autores con muestras lingüísticas escritas en inglés. El trabajo, pues, consiste en un análisis interlingüístico e intergenérico de la atenuación retórica en el discurso médico. Un interés particular que presenta la tesis reside en las aplicaciones pedagógicas que tiene para los profesores de enseñanza de idiomas con fines específicos (LFE). / La present tesi doctoral té com a objectiu l'estudi del fenòmen sociopragmàtic anomenat atenuació retòrica (hedging en anglès) en dos gèneres diferents del discurs mèdic escrit: els articles d' investigació científica i els informes de cas o casos mèdics. Amb aquesta finalitat s' examina un corpus en ambdós gèneres escrits en espanyol i en anglès (L2) per cientifics espanyols i publicats en revistes científiques de prestigi en el camp de la biomedicina . Es comparen els resultats obtinguts de l'anàlisis del corpus amb els obtinguts per altres autors amb mostres lingüístiques escrites en anglès. El treball, doncs, consisteix en una anàlisi interlingüística i intergenèrica de la atenuació retòrica en el discurs mèdic. Un interès particular que presenta la tesis resideix en les aplicacions pedagògiques que té pels professors d' ensenyament d' idiomes per a finalitats específiques (LFE). / This PhD aims at studying the sociopragmatic phenomenon called hedging in two different genres of the written medical discourse: the research article and the case report. Therefore, a corpus of these two genres is examined both in Spanish and in English (L2). Being all texts written by Spanish scientists and published in scientific journals of prestige in the biomedical field . The results obtained in the corpus analysis are then compared to the ones obtained by other authors with similar linguistic samples written in English. This thesis, hence, consists of itergeneric and interlinguistic analyses of hedging in medical disourse. A special interest of this research project may lay in the pedagogical applications for teachers of languages for specific purposes (LSP).