Orientadores: Paulo Sergio Moreira Carvalho de Oliveira, André Victor Lucci Freitas / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T09:43:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SendoyaEcheverry_SebastianFelipe_D.pdf: 4690629 bytes, checksum: f883a676253d94c96241592710afbae4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: As formigas são organismos dominantes em muitos ecossistemas tropicais, dentre os quais se encontra o Cerrado. É sabido que no dossel de florestas tropicais a maioria das formigas é altamente dependente de alimentos líquidos derivados das plantas (como nectários extraflorais ou secreções de insetos produtores de exsudatos), sendo considerada funcionalmente como herbívora. A alta abundância destes recursos na folhagem do Cerrado é considerada um incentivo para visitação de formigas, entretanto, não sabemos qual é o grau de dependência da comunidade de formigas de Cerrado por estes recursos. Algumas formigas podem se comportar como predadores oportunistas enquanto forrageiam nas plantas, de forma que para algumas plantas de Cerrado foi comprovado que a presença das formigas pode afetar os níveis de infestação de insetos fitófagos. Neste estudo avaliamos a influência das formigas sobre as larvas de lepidópteros que habitam a folhagem das plantas, tanto para os padrões de uso de hospedeiro como para as estratégias de defesa. Testes de laboratório mostraram que a construção de abrigos foi a estratégia mais frequente e eficiente para evitar o ataque de formigas. Outras características como o tamanho da larva foram importantes para predizer o ataque das formigas, mas seu efeito varia dependendo da espécie de formiga. Dependendo do conjunto de defesas presentes nas larvas os lepidópteros podem responder negativamente à presença de alguns grupos de formigas agressivas, ou não responder caso estejam interagindo com grupos de formigas menos agressivos ou inócuos. Realizamos também levantamentos de larvas e formigas em plantas de quatro fragmentos de Cerrado (no sudeste brasileiro) e encontramos que a quantidade de formigas forrageando numa planta tem um efeito negativo sobre a presença de larvas de lepidóptero. Da mesma forma, lugares com maior densidade de formigas foram também lugares com baixa abundância de larvas. A presença de recursos líquidos alimentícios nas plantas pode ser um fator mediador deste efeito e os grupos de formigas que melhor respondem à presença destes recursos (Camponotus e Pseudomyrmex) foram também os que têm maiores efeitos negativos na presença de larvas. Neste estudo demostramos que o papel das formigas como protetoras das plantas e por tanto a natureza da interação fomrigaplanta varia no espaço. Por um lado, a resposta das formigas à presença de recursos líquidos nas plantas pode ser dependente das condições locais e varia no espaço. Por outro lado, quais formigas estão presentes em cada lugar e a forma em que estas formigas usam os recursos das plantas pode afetar localmente o uso de plantas de Cerrado por larvas de lepidóptero, bem como as estratégias de defesa que ditas larvas podem apresentar. Desta forma, o resultado da interação entre formigas e plantas e especificamente os possíveis benefícios de redução de herbivoria para as plantas são também variáveis no espaço / Abstract: Ants are dominant organisms in tropical ecosystems such as Cerrado savanna. It is well known that most ants in forest canopy are highly dependent on liquid food sources derived from plants (such as extrafloral nectaries and secretions from honey-dew producing insects), being functionally considered as herbivores. The high abundance of those resources in Cerrado is an incentive for ants to visit the foliage, although, we still do not know how dependent the ant community is on those resources. While foraging on plants, some ants can behave as generalist predators, thereby, for some Cerrado plants it has been proved that ant presence may reduce infestation levels of phytophagous insects. In the present study we evaluated the importance of ants visitation for lepidopteran larvae, for both host plant use as well as for the defense strategies. In laboratory tests we showed that shelter construction was the more frequent and most efficient defense of Lepidoptera larvae to avoid ant attack. Other traits such as larval body size were important to predict ant attack, but its effect varied with ant species. Larvae may negatively respond to the presence of some aggressive ant groups and not be affected by innocuous ants, but this response may be affected by the specific defensive set of larvae. We also carried out field samplings of both lepidopteran larvae and foraging ants in four fragments of Cerrado (southeastern Brazil), and we found that the foraging intensity of ants had a negative effect on the probability of finding larvae on plants. We show here that interactions between ants and plants vary across space both in how ants use resources present on plants but also in how they affect herbivorous presence. Localities with higher ant density were also places with low larval abundance. The presence of liquid food resources on plants may be a factor mediating ant effects, and the groups of ants that better responded to those resources were also the ones with higher effect on caterpillar presence. However, ant response to liquid food resources on plants are dependent on local conditions and vary across space. Which ants are present locally and the way that they use plant resources may affect host plant use by lepidopteran larvae, as well as the defensive sets that those larvae may present. This evidence suggest that the importance of the ant-plant mutualism in terms of benefits for both organisms is highly dependent on the characteristics of local communities and vary on space. As consequence, the outcome of ant-plant interaction and specifically the function of ants as plant body guards and the potential benefits for plants of herbivory reduction may highly in some communities and small or even null in others / Doutorado / Ecologia / Doutor em Ecologia

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:32:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_elizandra_schoenardie.pdf: 268602 bytes, checksum: 08408f44b3e993faf7cf221741aa401e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-24 / The Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM) is a zoonotic disease caused by the helminth Toxocara cannis. The precocious diagnosis of this disease in humans is very important to determinate the evolution of the clinical case and the patient's treatment. The goal of the first experiment was determinate the presence of antibodies anti-T. cannis in children from Pelotas through the Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) front to the antigen TES, as well as to define the pattern of bands recognized by the positive serums in ELISA through the "Western blotting . For this experiment 427 serums from children, with ages between one to eleven yeas old was tested, those serums was adsorved with AgSoAl and determinate that 50,6% was positive for antibodies anti-TES, showing a significant association among the positive children for antibodies anti-TES and the contact with dogs and cats. This association was also observed in the children's different age groups, but not regarding the gender of the same ones. To perform the Western Blotting , 70 serums witch give a positive result in the Indirect ELISA was been used, all serums recognize glicoproteic bands in the range between 30 and 120 kDa. Was observed a diminution in the crusade reaction with AgSoAl when the adsorved and not adsorved serums with this antigen has been test in the Western blotting , where a band of 30 kDa demonstrate to be an important glicoprotein to specific diagnosis of VLM. In the second experiment, 25 mice BALB/c were inoculated with approximately 1000 eggs containing the larvae L3. Each fifteen days blood collection was made through the reto orbital plexus until the 105 days after de animals infection. The serums was tested in the Indirect ELISA using the Antigen TES and urea 6M in order to discriminate recent and late infection, through the percentile of avidity of the IgG in the different days after the infection. A low percentile of avidity was observed to the 15 days after inoculation (between 7,25 and 27,5%). After 60 days of infection, all the animals presented avidity between 31,4 and 58%. This result suggests that in mice BALB/c, to the 60 days after infection the chronic phase of VLM is already established. / A Larva Migrans Visceral (LMV) é uma doença zoonótica que possui como principal agente etiológico o helminto Toxocara canis. O diagnóstico precoce da doença no homem é importante para estudos de evolução clínica e tratamento do paciente e os inquéritos epidemiológicos para determinar a freqüência da infecção em uma população. Por isso, o primeiro experimento teve como objetivo, determinar a presença de anticorpos anti-T. canis em crianças da região de Pelotas através de Enzyme linked immnosorbent assay (ELISA) com o antígeno de excreção e secreção de larvas de Toxocara canis (TES), bem como definir, através de Western blotting , o padrão de bandas do TES reconhecidas pelos soros positivos ao ELISA. Foram ensaiados no ELISA Indireto 427 soros de crianças de um a 12 anos de idade adsorvidos com antígeno somático de Ascaris lumbricoides e determinado que 50,6% apresentaram anticorpos anti-TES, ocorrendo uma associação significativa entre as crianças positivas e o contato com cães e gatos. Esta associação também foi observada em diferentes faixas etárias das crianças, mas não com relação ao sexo das mesmas. Setenta soros positivos no ELISA foram ensaiados no Western blotting e todos reconheceram frações proteicas entre 30 e 120 kDa. Uma diminuição da reação cruzada com o AgSoAl foi observada quando soros adsorvidos com este antígeno foram testados no Western blotting , sendo que uma fração antigênica de 30 kDa apresentou-se como uma proteína importante para o diagnóstico específico da LMV. No segundo experimento, 25 camundongos BALB/c foram inoculados com aproximadamente 1000 ovos contendo a larva infectante (L3). Colheitas quinzenais de sangue foram realizadas através do plexo retro orbital até os 105 dias pós-infecção dos animais. Os soros foram ensaiados no ELISA Indireto utilizando o antígeno TES e a uréia 6M a fim de discriminar infecção recente e tardia, através do percentual de avidez da IgG nos diferentes dias após a infecção. Um baixo percentual de avidez, característico da infecção aguda, foi observado aos 15 dias pós-inoculação (entre 7,3 e 27,5%). Após 60 dias de infecção, todos os animais apresentaram avidez entre 31,4 e 58%. Através destes resultados, sugere-se que em camundongos BALB/c, aos 60 dias pós-infecção a fase crônica da LMV já está estabelecida.

Le comportement animal est souvent conçu comme résultant d'une association entre un stimulus et une réponse. Selon cette vision, comprendre le cerveau revient à dénouer les liens entre les entrées sensorielles et les sorties motrices. Toutefois, dans des conditions naturelles, l'influence entre l'action motrice et la perception sensorielle est réciproque. Les animaux utilisent constamment les rétroactions sensorielles causées par leurs actions pour ajuster les commandes motrices. Par ailleurs, le comportement n'est pas seulement une réponse à l'environnement sensoriel mais peut être généré par l'activité endogène du cerveau. Afin de comprendre le dialogue sensorimoteur en observant de larges régions cérébrales à une résolution cellulaire, j'ai étudié les comportements induits et spontanés chez la larve du poisson-zèbre. Les atouts de la larve du poisson zèbre sont sa petit taille et sa transparence. On peut utiliser des méthodes d'imagerie fonctionnelle optique, comme la microscopie par nappe laser, afin d'enregistrer l'activité dans une large portion des neurones. Afin d'étudier le comportement de navigation chez la larve dans des conditions compatibles avec l'observation du cerveau, j'ai développé un système de réalité virtuelle visuelle pour la larve du poisson zèbre. L'environnement visuel est mis à jour en fonction des mouvements du poisson. Cette rétroaction peut être choisie comme étant similaire à la rétroaction visuelle que le poisson expérimente en nage libre. En modifiant la rétroaction visuelle naturelle, on peut étudier la manière dont la larve s'adapte aux perturbations. Dans cette optique, j'ai d'abord généré une librairie de mouvements de nage libre. A partir de celle-ci, j'ai extrait la relation entre la trajectoire de la larve et la cinématique de ses mouvements de queue. Cette relation permet de décoder les intentions de déplacements chez une larve dont la tête est restreinte dans un gel et de mettre à jour un environnement visuel selon ses mouvements de queue. Dans un environnement virtuel, la larve parvient à contrôler son orientation et sa vitesse afin de suivre un mouvement d'ensemble ou bien à générer une séquence de mouvements nécessaires à atteindre une cible mobile. Lorsque la rétroaction visuelle n'est pas mise à jour continuellement mais à la fin de chaque mouvement, on observe que les mouvements sont alors plus longs. Cette faible perturbation réduit significativement le succès des déplacements du poisson vers des cibles virtuelles. Le comportement peut aussi résulter de l'activité endogène du cerveau. En absence de stimulus externe, la larve produit des mouvements stéréotypés similaires à ceux produits lorsqu'elle navigue en réponse à un stimulus. Après avoir établit une nouvelle méthode de classification des mouvements de queue, j'ai analysé la séquence des mouvements générés spontanément. Ces séquences sont composées de successions quasi rythmiques qui alternent avec de longues périodes de repos. Les mouvements consécutifs sont davantage similaires lorsqu'ils s’enchaînent rapidement (~10s). Afin d'étudier les mécanismes neuronaux responsables de la décision d'effectuer un mouvement spontané, j'ai couplé l’imagerie par nappe laser à l'analyse des mouvements. Des résultats préliminaires mettent en évidence des groupes de neurones dont l'activité prédit la direction des mouvements des virages. Deux groupes repartis bilatéralement oscillent en opposition de phase et l'état de cet oscillateur avant un mouvement prédit sa direction. Les neurones responsables de la décision du type de mouvement à effectuer spontanément sont différents des neurones qui contrôlent le timing de leur déclenchement. Ensemble, ces résultats éclairent les processus de rétroaction et de dynamique interne qui façonnent le comportement et ouvre la voie à l'étude de processus sensorimoteurs complexes dans des systèmes simples. / Behavior is often conceived as resulting from a stimulus-response association. Under this paradigm, understanding the nervous system is reduced to finding the relation between a sensory input and a motor output. Yet, in naturally behaving animals, motor actions influence sensory perceptions just as much as the other way around. Animals are continuously relying on sensory feedback to adjust motor commands. On the other hand, behavior is not only induced by the sensory environment, but can be generated by the brain's rich internal dynamics. My goal is to understand the sensory-motor dialogue by monitoring large brain regions, yet, with a single-neuron resolution. To tackle this question, I have used zebrafish larva to study visually induced and internally driven motor behaviors. Zebrafish larvae have a small and transparent body. These features enable using large-scale optical methods, such as selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM), to record brain dynamics. In order to study goal-driven navigation in conditions compatible with imaging, I developed a visual virtual reality system for zebrafish larva. The visual feedback can be chosen to be similar to what the animal experiences in natural conditions. Alternatively, alteration of the visual feedback can be used to study how the brain adapts to perturbations. For this purpose, I first generated a library of free-swimming behaviors from which I learned the relationship between the trajectory of the larva and the shape of its tail. I then use this technique to infer the intended displacements of head-fixed larvae. The visual environment was updated accordingly. In the virtual environment, larvae were capable of maintaining the proper speed and orientation in the presence of whole-field motion and produced fine changes in orientation and position required to capture virtual preys. I demonstrate the sensitivity of larvae to visual feedback by updating the visual world only after the discrete swimming episodes. This feedback perturbation induced a decay in the performance of prey capture behavior, suggesting that larva rely on real-time visual feedback during swimming. Behavior can also be induced by the internal dynamics of the brain. In the absence of salient sensory cues, zebrafish larva spontaneously produces stereotypical tail movements, similar to those produced during goal-driven navigation. After having developed a new method to classify tail movements, I analyzed the sequence of spontaneously generated tail movements. The latter switched between period of quasi-rhythmic activity and long episodes of rest. Moreover, consecutive movements were more similar when executed at short time intervals (~10s). In order to study the mechanisms responsible for the spontaneous decisions to move, I coupled SPIM to tail movement analysis. Using dimensionality reduction, I identified clusters of neurons predicting the direction of spontaneous turn movements but not their timings. This Preliminary result suggests that distinct pathways could be responsible for the timing (when) and the selection (what) of spontaneous actions. Together, the results shed light on the role of feedback and internal dynamics in shaping behaviors and open the avenue for investigating complex sensorimotor process in simple systems.

Endogenously produced carbon monoxide (CO) is an important gaseous signalling molecule which regulates a variety of cardiorespiratory functions. CO is produced in cells by the heme oxygenase (HO) family of proteins by the breakdown of heme into equimolar amounts of CO, bilirubin and Fe2+. My thesis focuses on the hypoxia- and hyperoxia-inducible HO-1/CO system exclusively and aims to provide the first evidence that the HO-1/CO system is involved in cardiorespiratory control in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) and goldfish (Carassius auratus). Overall, I hypothesise that the HO-1/CO system acts as a negative regulator of cardiorespiratory function in fish. Using immunohistochemistry, I was able to characterise the distribution of HO-1 and thus reveal the potential for endogenous CO production (from heme breakdown) in branchial and skin neuroepithelial cells (NECs; putative O2 chemoreceptors) and associated innervation as well as the heart of the developing zebrafish larva. The presence of HO-1 in these structures suggests the likelihood of specific and localized production of CO in fish. To assess the functional significance of the HO-1/CO system in control of cardiorespiratory function, I used pharmacological and gene knock down approaches to diminish HO-1 activity, and presumably endogenous CO production, in adult and larval fish, respectively. The results from these experiments provided evidence that 1) CO has an inhibitory influence on ventilation in goldfish and zebrafish but that its function is temperature- and species-dependent and 2) showed that the HO-1/CO system tonically inhibits cardiac activity in larval zebrafish.

The series of two fossil species belonging to the order Palaeodictyoptera from the Late Carboniferous of Kuznetsk Basin in Russia were re-examined. The two species as Tchirkovaea guttata and Paimbia fenestrata were investigated with emphasis on the wing growth and development in comparison with the structure of developing wings in recent mayflies. This fossil material of T. guttata and P. fenestrata was long considered by previous authors as undisputed evidence for a unique type of wing development in the Palaeozoic insects. The idea was that the larvae of these insects possessed the wings, which became articulated and fully movable already earlier during the postembryonic development and that these gradually growing wings changed their position from longitudinal to perpendicular to the body axis. Moreover, the development was supposed to include two or more subimaginal instars, implying that the fully winged instars moulted several times during postembryonic development. After detailed study of the available fossils and subsequent comparison of the fossil evidence with the development of wings in the recent mayfly Cloeon dipterum it was discovered, that the alleged series of immature, subimaginal and imaginal wings of T. guttata and P. fenestrata do not provide clear evidence that would support...

Orientador: Maria Lucia Negreiros Fransozo / Coorientador: Álvaro Montenegro Neto / Banca: Sérgio Luiz de Siquiera Bueno / Banca: Marcos Domingos Siqueira Tavares / Banca: Sandro Santos / Banca: Roberto Munehisa Shimizu / Resumo: Avaliações sobre os possíveis impactos das crescentes emissões de CO2, por ação antrópica, nos oceanos e as consequentes alterações sobre a biota marinha, são indispensáveis para elaboração de medidas mitigatórias. Deste modo, torna-se imprescindível o desenvolvimento de sistemas aquáticos, cujas variáveis abióticas se assemelhem ao máximo às condições marinhas previstas para o futuro. Apresenta-se aqui a descrição de um novo modelo de sistema recirculante, capaz de proporcionar controle e estabilidade de condições préestabelecidas para o pH, temperatura e salinidade, em conjunto com a manutenção individual de organismos para investigações experimentais de curta ou longa duração. Este sistema apresenta 2 aquários interligados ao sistema de filtragem, perfazendo um total de 70 litros de água marinha. Para avaliação da estabilidade e eficiência do sistema, foram utilizados os resultados obtidos nas criações larvais do caranguejo Eriphia gonagra, durante toda fase zoeal (~30 dias), em diferentes cenários realísticos previstos pelo Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas - IPCC. Verificou-se que o sistema manteve a temperatura, pH, salinidade, oxigênio dissolvido, amônia, nitrito e variáveis do sistema carbonato estáveis e nos níveis desejados. Verificou-se que a independência dos componentes deste sistema permite sua fácil adaptação para outros tipos de estudo ou organismos. O sistema demonstrou ser útil em experimentos laboratoriais de pequena escala e possibilita estudos adicionais com grande replicação, principalmente nesta área de pesquisa ainda com alta carência de dados fundamentais / Abstract: Not available / Doutor

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att jämföra larvterapi och konventionella metoder vid behandling av svårläkta sår utifrån följande perspektiv: upprensning av sår, duration av sårläkning och patienternas upplevelse. Polit & Becks (2006) modell användes vid arbete med denna litteraturstudie. Sökning av relevant litteratur gjordes i tre databas: PubMed, CINAHL och The Cochrane Library. Relevanta artiklar granskades med hjälp av granskningsprotokollerna modifierade av författarna efter Willman (2006). Nio olika studier har undersökts i denna litteraturstudie. Studierna utreder dels larvterapins effektivitet i upprensning av sår samt larvernas läkningsförmåga och dels hur patienterna upplever larvterapi. Detta sattes i relation till konventionella behandlingsmetoder. Resultaten är positiva i larvterapins favör. Larvterapi är ett effektivt sätt att rensa upp nekrotisk och inflammerad vävnad i svårläkta sår. Såren rensas och läker fortare med få biverkningar jämfört med konventionella behandlingar. Dessutom bildas granulationsvävnad snabbare, vilket är en förutsättning för sårets läkning. Korrekt information och involvering av patienten skapar en positiv attityd i denna behandlingsform. Ett stort behov finns för detta i sårläkningens område pga ökade restriktioner av antibiotikaanvändning och ett önskat minskat lidande hos patienter med svårläkta sår. Det finns stora möjligheter för larvterapin om den fortsätter att utforskas. / The aim of this literature study is to compare larva therapy and conventional methods in treatment of ulcers on the basis of the following perspective: debridement of ulcers, duration of wound healing and patients´ experience. Polit & Becks (2006) model was used when working with this literature study. Search of relevant literature was done in three databases: PubMed, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library. Relevant articles were checked with the help of checklists modified of authors after Willman (2006). Nine different studies have been examined. The studies partly investigate the larva therapy’s effectiveness in debridement of ulcers and maggots´ capability in healing and partly how patients experience the larva therapy. This was set in relation to conventional treatment methods. The results are positive in larva therapy’s favour. Ulcers are debrided and healed quicker with few secondary effects compared to conventional treatments. Larva therapy is an effective way to debride necrotic and inflamed tissue in ulcers. Moreover new granulation tissue forms faster which is a condition for wound healing. Correct information and patients´ participation creates a positive attitude for this treatment. There is a big need for this in wound healing because of increased restrictions of use of antibiotics and desired decreased suffering for patients with ulcers. There are many possibilities with larva therapy if it continues to be researched.

The cardiovascular system of Drosophila melanogaster consists of a cardiac tube composed of myogenic cardiomyocytes and associating non-contractile pericardial cells, pumping hemolymph into the open circulatory system. The cardiac tube, known as the dorsal vessel, is embedded in a highly regulated extracellular matrix environment, required to maintain cellular integrity and cardiac function. After embryogenesis, the dorsal vessel undergoes extensive physiological changes, relying on the extracellular matrix to adapt and remodel accordingly. Three extracellular matrix proteins are investigated throughout this thesis: Type IV Collagen, Laminin and Pericardin. Due to their localization, morphology, and role in early development, the pericardial cells are candidate cells responsible for dorsal vessel extracellular matrix deposition and regulation throughout post-embryonic growth. Using immunofluorescence techniques in combination with confocal microscopy, I characterize the association between pericardial cells and extracellular matrix proteins, and quantify extracellular matrix protein deposition at the dorsal vessel throughout post-embryonic development. Gene knock-down experiments assess pericardial cell contribution to extracellular matrix synthesis and deposition at the dorsal vessel in third instar larva. Moreover, I quantify extracellular matrix protein deposition at the dorsal vessel in the absence of pericardial cells. These data suggests that pericardial cells regulate extracellular matrix protein deposition, localization and contribute to proper cardiac morphology in post-embryonic development. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:13:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ariane Furtado de Lima.pdf: 1547772 bytes, checksum: 2b187bf1d3cfbc9d8257e7d583283199 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The effects of feeding privation on growth of larvae of jundiá Rhamdia voulezi as well as the feeding preference during larval period were evaluated. For this purpose two experiments were conducted which began soon after complete absorption of the yolk sac, the fourth day after hatching (DAH). The feeding privation experiment was performed in 8 treatments consisting of different diets, including the control treatment (CT) in which there was no food supply. The food was provided for the first time in the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th DAH corresponding to treatments: T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9 and T10, respectively. The food consisted of zooplankton and newly hatched artemia. We performed 3 trials of selectivity to analyze the feeding preference throughout the larval period, comprising different larval stages and classes of standard length. In this, the larvae were fed exclusively on zooplankton collected from fish ponds. The results demonstrated that the larvae fed on the fourth to sixth DAH had a significantly higher growth than those fed later, from the seventh DAH. The point of no return was recorded in the same period in the 7th DAH. With respect to feeding selectivity, there were variations in the patterns of prey selection in different days of life analyzed. Initially on the 5th DAH, preflexion stage, larvae strongly selected rotiferas (unidentified) and cladocerans (Diaphanosoma spinulosum, D. brevireme, Moina sp., M. micrura, M. minuta). In the remaining days of life examined, the cladocerans continued to be strongly selected. However on the 8th DAH, flexion stage, they selected less intensely the copepods Argyrodiaptomus azevedoi and Termocyclops decipiens and more strongly A. furcatus, Notodiaptomus spinuliferus and Metacyclops mendocinus at 10 DAH, postflexion stage. The delay of the first feeding drastically affected the growth of the larvae, and that if feeding is started before the point of no return there are chances of recovery. So, it is important to have suitable availability of food, with a variety of type and size so that they can compensate for the morphological limitations of larvae in the early of their development. Concomitant to its growth, the larvae tend to specialize in certain prey items. The size of prey consumed is related to the size of the larvae and the gape size. Initially larvae have a preference for smaller prey, rotifers and cladocerans, and later when they are more developed prefer to feed on larger prey, the copepods. / Neste estudo foram avaliados os efeitos da privação alimentar sobre o crescimento das larvas de jundiá Rhamdia voulezi bem como a preferência alimentar durante o período larval. Para isto foram realizados dois experimentos que tiveram início logo após a absorção completa do saco vitelínico, que ocorreu no 4o dia após a eclosão (DAE). O primeiro experimento de privação alimentar foi realizado com 8 tratamentos constituídos por diferentes regimes alimentares, incluindo o tratamento controle (TC) no qual não houve fornecimento de alimento. O alimento foi fornecido pela primeira vez no 4o, 5o, 6o, 7o, 8o, 9o e 10o DAE, correspondendo aos tratamentos: T4; T5, T6, T7, T8; T9 e T10, respectivamente. A alimentação consistiu de zooplâncton e artêmia recém-eclodida. Para avaliar a preferência alimentar, foram realizados 3 ensaios de seletividade alimentar ao longo de todo o período larval, compreendendo diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento e classes de comprimento padrão. Neste, as larvas foram alimentadas exclusivamente com zooplâncton coletado de tanques de cultivo. Os resultados demonstraram que as larvas de jundiá que receberam alimento do 4o ao 6o DAE tiveram desenvolvimento significativamente maior que aquelas alimentadas mais tardiamente, a partir do 7o DAE. O ponto de não retorno foi registrado neste mesmo período, no 7o DAE. Com relação à seletividade alimentar, houve variações nos padrões de seleção de presas nos diferentes dias de vida analisados. Inicialmente no 5o DAE, estágio de pré-flexâo, as larvas selecionaram fortemente os rotiferas (não identificados) e os cladoceras (Diaphanosoma spinulosum, D. brevireme, Moina sp., M. micrura, M. minuta). Nos demais dias de vida analisados, os cladoceras continuaram a ser fortemente selecionados. Entretanto no 8o DAE, estágio de flexão, selecionaram menos intensamente os copepodas Argyrodiaptomus azevedoi e Termocyclops decipiens e no 10o DAE, estágio de pós-flexão, consumiram especialmente Argyrodiaptomus furcatus, Notodiaptomus spinuliferus e Metacyclops mendocinus. Conclui-se que o retarde da primeira alimentação afeta drasticamente o crescimento das larvas, e que, se a alimentação for iniciada antes do ponto de não retorno há chances de recuperação e sobrevivência larval. Para isto, é importante que haja disponibilidade adequada de alimento, com variedade de tipo e de tamanho de modo que possam compensar as limitações morfológicas das larvas no início do seu desenvolvimento. Concomitante ao seu crescimento, as larvas tendem a se especializar em determinados itens presa, existindo uma seleção de presas tanto pelo tipo como também pelo tamanho, onde o tamanho da presa consumida está relacionado com o tamanho da larva e o tamanho de sua boca. Inicialmente as larvas de jundiá têm preferência por itens presas menores, os rotíferos e cladoceras, posteriormente, quando estão mais desenvolvidas, preferem alimentar-se de presas maiores, os copepodas.

Apesar da importância dos herbívoros de solo na estruturação da comunidade e também como pragas agrícolas, nosso entendimento sobre a ecologia química de suas interações com a planta hospedeira é limitado comparado à vasta literatura sobre os herbívoros que se alimentam de órgãos aéreos das plantas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar os estímulos olfativos envolvidos na busca hospedeira de Diabrotica speciosa. Larvas de 1º. ínstar de D. speciosa foram capazes de localizar plantas hospedeiras de milho, mas sem distinguir plantas não induzidas das induzidas pela herbivoria radicular e/ou foliar. Já larvas de 2º e 3º ínstar apresentaram preferência por plantas sem indução frente a plantas induzidas pela herbivoria radicular. No entanto, estas larvas preferiram plantas induzidas pela herbivoria foliar em detrimento a plantas sem indução. Na situação em que plantas sem indução foram confrontadas com plantas induzidas pela herbivoria foliar + radicular não houve preferência destas larvas. A análise do perfil de voláteis juntamente com o PCA (\'Análise dos Componentes Principais\') revelaram semelhança entre os voláteis emitidos por plantas induzidas pela herbivoria radicular e foliar + radicular, bem como entre plantas sem indução e induzidas pela herbivoria foliar. Estas diferenças nos perfis de voláteis não foram suficientes para explicar o comportamento de busca hospedeira de larvas de 2º e 3º ínstar, sugerindo a possibilidade de outras pistas químicas associadas com a busca hospedeira de larvas de D. speciosa. / Despite the importance of soil herbivores in community structure and their status as pests, our understanding about the chemical ecology of their interactions is still limited compared to the vast literature on aboveground herbivores. The current study aimed at identifying the olfactory stimuli used in host search by Diabrotica speciosa. First-instar larvae of D. speciosa were able to find corn host plants; however, they did not distinguish between herbivore-induced and non-induced plants (control). Second-and-third-instar larvae preferred non-induced over root-herbivore induced plants. Nevertheless, second-and-third-instar larvae preferred leaf-herbivore induced plants, inflicted by D. speciosa adults, over non-induced plants. When larvae were exposed to non-induced and leaf + root-herbivore induced plants, they did not show preference. Volatile profile analysis together with PCA (Principal Component Analysis) revealed similarity between volatiles emitted by root-herbivore induced and leaf + root-herbivore induced plants as well as between non-induced and leaf-herbivore induced plants. These differences in plant volatile profile were not sufficient to explain host search behavior of second-and-third instar larvae, suggesting the possibility of other chemical cues are associated with host search of D. speciosa larvae.