News media consumption is vital to understanding democracy in Latin America. Democracy in the region lacks consolidation that may be encouraged by the ability of news media to shape individuals' political attitudes and behaviors. Yet, we know very little about how citizens of Latin American countries consume news media or how that consumption affects attitudes and behavior. This study offers a region-wide examination of the factors that shape news media consumption and the effects of that consumption on individuals in the region. To explore this topic, I examine survey data from the 2008 Latin American Public Opinion Project in 18 Latin American countries. I argue that news media promote democratic attitudes and political behavior by increasing the symbolic value of democracy and by supplementing those symbols with information that further encourages democratic attitudes and political participation. Additionally, political behavior is not temporally proximate to political behaviors such as voting. This necessitates a mediated path for news media consumption to influence participation through political interest, civil society participation and democratic attitudes. My findings illustrate that each news medium type (TV, radio, newspaper) must be considered separately from each other type. I find that news media consumption has little effect on attitudes. The effect of news media consumption on behavior is best understood as mediated paths through political interest and civil society participation. An additional analysis examines the state of internet use in the region. In total, this project offers a broad understanding of how news media consumption affects individual-level democracy in Latin America.

Latin American film comedies, from the early sound period until the beginnings of the aesthetic and political New Cinemas (1930-1960), mediated modernity in diverse national contexts through affective and aesthetic tactics that shifted the spectator position in the narrative. These film comedies functioned in a mode of "critical realism" that produced historical self-awareness and foregrounded the geopolitical extension and uneven development of modernity. The comedian comedies of Mario "Cantinflas" Moreno (Mexico), Niní Marshall and Luis Sandrini (Argentina), and Oscarito and Grande Otelo (Brazil) demonstrate not only what kind of "peripheral humor" operated within - and traveled beyond - the national context, but also what this kind of humorous social critique reveals about the capacity of film to move viewers, by means of affect, into positions of critical opposition in the public sphere. By examining the linguistic play of these comedians, this study demonstrates four aspects of Latin American comedy that operate via embodiment and spatio-temporal location. First, Cantinflismo had as its basis not merely word play and non-sense, but misdirection, an evasive spatial practice which positioned the viewer to resist social hierarchies within and beyond the nation. Second, Marshall's multiple radio and film characters and her vocal stardom constituted an auditory map of Buenos Aires that created a different spatial intelligibility for her auditors. Third, Sandrini's stutter produced multiple temporalities that, in turn, positioned the audience itself to do a double take regarding its relation to the film text and its location within the standardized time of modernity. Fourth, the palimpsestic parody of the Brazilian chanchanda by Oscarito and Grande Otelo produced an awareness of historicity in a critically realist vein. Taken together, these four parallel examples of comedic practice demonstrate how Latin American film comedies produced a critically proximate spectator capable of perceiving and organizing space and time differently. Affirming that the study of popular film genres should be seen neither as derivate of foreign models nor as defensive authentic cultural expression, the thesis argues that articulating Miriam Hansen's concept of vernacular modernism to Angel Rama's concept of transculturation yields an understanding of popular cinema as a cultural practice of embodiment that foregrounds the differentiated responses to modernization. Furthermore, by re-reading the theories of realism of Gyorgy Lukács and Siegfried Kracauer and the theories of mimesis and innervation of Walter Benjamin through the critical lenses of Henri Bergson and debates about realism in the Latin American literary boom, this study demonstrates how the humor is contingent on thinking within a particular historical context and becoming part of a located collective body. These film comedies produce a critically proximate humorous spectator moved in laughter to examine his/her relation to the film text and his/her historical and geopolitical location within a cultural landscape marked by economic dependency.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第22083号 / 人博第912号 / 新制||人||217(附属図書館) / 2019||人博||912(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)教授 内田 由紀子, 教授 月浦 崇, 教授 小村 豊 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

The genera of Tingidae of the neotropics are herein diagnosed and a key for their identification is also provided. Five new genera are described from Central America, two from Panama, two from Costa Rica, and one new genus is described from Mexico. This brings the total of neotropical genera to 74. One new species, Mexibyrsa woolleyi is described from Mexico. The Tingidae of southern Central America (Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama) are reviewed in detail. There are now 153 described species spread among 43 genera. Thirty-two new species from southern Central America are described. Identification keys are provided for all species found in the study region. / NDSU Entomology Scholarship Committee / Oswald, John D. (TAMU)

Objective: To evaluate the differences among Primary Care (PC) labor perceptions of medical students from Latin America according to their country. Methods: Observational, analytic and cross-sectional multicountry study that evaluated 9 561 first and fifth-year medical students from 63 medical schools of 11 Latin American countries through a survey. To evaluate the perceptions on the PC work, a previously validated scale was used. Tertiles of the scores were created in order to compare the different countries. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were calculated using simple and multiple Poisson regression. A p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Findings: 52.9% of the subjects were female and the mean age was 20.4±2.9 years. 35.5% were fifth-year students. Statistically significant differences were found between the study subjects’ country, using Peru as reference. Students from Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Paraguay perceived PC work more positively compared with Peruvian students, while those from Ecuador showed less favorable opinions. No differences were found among the perceptions of Bolivian, Salvadoran, Honduran and Venezuelan students when compared to their Peruvian peers. Conclusions: Perceptions of PC among medical students from Latin America vary according to the country. Considering such differences can be of major importance for potential local specific interventions for the improvement of PC in these. / Tesis

Construite, dans un premier temps, de façon économique et commerciale, l’intégration régionale, en tant qu’avatar politique ne saurait se passer du soutien des populations. La Communauté Andine, regroupant la Bolivie, la Colombie, l’Equateur et le Pérou, a déclaré 2011 année andine de l’intégration sociale, et a mis au centre de son agenda les défis de la politique, de l’égalité, de la participation et de l’identité. Ce parti pris est révélateur d’une prise de conscience des enjeux de l’implication des populations dans les processus régionaux et s’inscrit dans une tendance plus générale à l’ouverture du dialogue avec les citoyens andins depuis le milieu des années 2000. Le Secrétariat Général de la CAN a en particulier développé une communication institutionnelle valorisant le sens d’une identité et d’une citoyenneté andine comme vecteurs d’implication et de participation des populations dans le jeu régional. A partir de cette expérience, la présente thèse entend interroger les modalités de mobilisation d’un sentiment d’appartenance des populations dans l’intégration régionale / Formerly constructed on economic and commercial ambitions, regional integration, as a political level, should relay on popular support. The Andean Community that involves Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, declared 2011 as the Andean year of social integration, and put a major focus on the politic, equality, participation and identity challenges. Such a commitment reveals a growing awareness of the popular involvement issues, and is part of a global trend toward a broader dialogue with the populations since the mid-2000s. The CAN General Secretariat developed in particular an institutional communication enhancing the sense of an Andean identity and citizenship as vectors for the involvement and participation ofthe populations in the regional game. From this particular case study, this thesis intends to question the modalities of the mobilization of a sense of belonging in regional integration.

This thesis refers to Latin-American immigration to Spain during the last twenty years (1990 - 2010). This thesis is divided in two main parts. The first part is devoted to a general overview and also to the most important aspects related to the emigration of Latin Americans into Spain. The individual chapters are focused on the following topics: discussion and development of research of immigration in Spain, the roots of Latin American emigration, Spain as the destination of emigrants, migration policy of Spain, the composition of the Latin American population living in Spain, the integration of Latin American immigrants in Spanish labour market and Latin American gangs in Spain. The second part of this thesis is dedicated to a research focusing on the coexistence of Spanish and Latin Americans in the Iberian Peninsula. Based on the survey the following aspects are examined: the reasons of Latin Americans leading to emigration to Spain, experience of Latin American emigrants with attitude of Spanish people towards them, attitude of Spanish towards immigrants and last but not least the integration of Latin American immigrants into the Spanish society. My thesis is based on available materials concerning the issue, i.e. existing studies focusing on immigration at the present time, and statistical...

The diploma thesis deals with the relation between the socialism of the 21st century as an ideology (or revolutionary theory) and human security concept applied on case of Venezuela, with regards to the regional context of Latin America. First, it presents both theoretical terms in deeper contexts; in case of Latin-American socialism deals with theoretical background in the work of Heinz Dieterich, advisor of Hugo Chávez and compares to the perspective of Russian professor Alexander Buzgalin, it also deals with regional perspective of indigenous socialism. In case of concept of human security, the thesis offers an insight into its genesis in United Nations, gives voice to some critical approaches and presents models that are further used. Both theoretical terms are applied in the analytical chapters of the thesis on case of the Bolivarian Republic. In case of socialism, the author analyses its impact on the 1999 constitution and deals with implementation on the example of communal councils; in case of human security concept, she choses three models that are tested to evaluate the current situation in the country. The author also considers the relation between a crisis or a threat to human security and migration as possible indicator of a current state. On the example of Venezuela, the author evaluates the...

This thesis investigates the effect of foreign aid on income inequality, and studies the impact in Latin America during the time period from 1960 to 2020. The method employed is a pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) model, using fixed effects. The results imply that foreign aid increases income inequality. The theoretical literature on this topic focus mostly on foreign aid’s effect on economic growth, and growth is thought to lessen income inequality. Aid is on the other hand considered to raise income inequality due to misappropriation of aid by the political and local elite in recipient countries. Negative impacts of aid are also viewed as the result of low accountability of both donors and recipients of aid. Empirical studies examining the impact of foreign aid on income inequality are furthermore scarce compared to aid’s impact on economic growth, and the results of existing studies are inconclusive, where most discover either weak positive or negative effects.

Summary of book provided by publisher: "The meanings of ritualized head treatments among ancient Mesoamerican and Andean peoples is the subject of this book, the first overarching coverage of an important subject. Heads are sources of power that protect, impersonate, emulate sacred forces, distinguish, or acquire identity within the native world. The essays in this book examine these themes in a wide array of indigenous head treatments, including facial cosmetics and hair arrangements, permanent cranial vault and facial modifications, dental decorations, posthumous head processing, and head hunting. They offer new insights into native understandings of beauty, power, age, gender, and ethnicity. The contributors are experts from such diverse fields as skeletal biology, archaeology, aesthetics, forensics, taphonomy, and art history."