<p>Computer programs must give a technical effect that goes beyond"normal physical interaction"to be considered to belong to a technical field. The invention shall be be susceptible of industrial application, which means that it should be possible to reproduce or use in any other industrial way. The reqirement that the invention shall be new means that the technique must not be previously known because of patents, published articles, etc. That an invention shall be a contribution to the state of the art in a technical field means that the invention shall not be obvious to invent for a person skilled in the art. Patents do effect the innovation among the inventers, but in most industries most inventions would be invented independent if there was a patent system or not. Only in pharmaceuticals- and chemicals industries, the patent is of a great importance. Patents are probably of lesser importance for the computer industry than for those industries, even though the industry is of great importance for many other industries and therefor, the patent system can be of great importance for some computer-implemented inventions as well. There is a risque the the competition is negatively affected by the patent system, becuase of the monopoly it gives. I believe, though, that the gain of the patent system compensates for the risque of imperfections in the market. The free movement for goods, persons, services and capital will probably not be affected if the proposal of the directive about patentibility of computer-implemented invention will get passed.</p>

Computer programs must give a technical effect that goes beyond"normal physical interaction"to be considered to belong to a technical field. The invention shall be be susceptible of industrial application, which means that it should be possible to reproduce or use in any other industrial way. The reqirement that the invention shall be new means that the technique must not be previously known because of patents, published articles, etc. That an invention shall be a contribution to the state of the art in a technical field means that the invention shall not be obvious to invent for a person skilled in the art. Patents do effect the innovation among the inventers, but in most industries most inventions would be invented independent if there was a patent system or not. Only in pharmaceuticals- and chemicals industries, the patent is of a great importance. Patents are probably of lesser importance for the computer industry than for those industries, even though the industry is of great importance for many other industries and therefor, the patent system can be of great importance for some computer-implemented inventions as well. There is a risque the the competition is negatively affected by the patent system, becuase of the monopoly it gives. I believe, though, that the gain of the patent system compensates for the risque of imperfections in the market. The free movement for goods, persons, services and capital will probably not be affected if the proposal of the directive about patentibility of computer-implemented invention will get passed.

The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyse the significance of economic thinking and arguments in the treatment of licence agreements in EC competition law. A central question is to what degree the concept of competition in EC law reflects an economically realistic approach to competition. The study also investigates to what degree the economic functioning of intellectual property is considered in competition regulation and how much the economic functioning of the licence agreement is considered. The investigation mainly consists of a comparative analysis of EC competition law and American antitrust law concerning the economic arguments and their importance. The treatment of territorial restrictions, field of use restrictions, quantity clauses, tie-outs, tie-ins, grant back, no-challenge clauses and price restrictions are of special interest here. This study shows that an economically realistic view of competition has influenced current EC competition law, especially in the Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation (TTBER). Exceptions from this development in the EC law are mainly due to the goal of integration of the common market. Territorial restrictions are strictly regulated in the TTBER even when the parties’ market shares are below the market thresholds defined in the regulation. The function of intellectual property rights are not much considered in EC competition law but there are general remarks about the economic functioning of patents in the Guidelines for the TTBER. However, it is difficult to find evidence for economic reasoning about patents in the formation of concrete rules. On the contrary, patents are weakened by the widened concept of exhaustion presented in the Guidelines. The economic functioning of the licence agreement is considered in the rules of TTBER and the economic arguments for clauses which create incentives for making investments or give the possibility of control are acknowledged. However, the free riding argument has a weak position when applied to territorial restrictions, which are more formalistically regulated. The EC competition law has become more similar to American antitrust law. The decisive difference consists in the judicial treatment of territorial restrictions, where the goal of integration is still of central importance in EC law.

This thesis deals with appropriate legislation concerning common utilities, such as infra-structural facilities and natural resources, which can regulate construction, maintenance, use and financing. Appropriate legislation can be viewed in the two main perspectives, effi-ciency and equity, and the thesis concerns primarily on efficiency. The purpose is to develop an analytical model, which can be used to facilitate structured assessments concerning the management of common utilities. The problem field concerned is of great complexity, and the model is therefore to be viewed as a support for decision-making, not as an instrument capable of delivering ready-made solutions. To structure the problem area it’s divided into three parts, the social, physical and institu-tional environments. The social environment is concerned with factors, such as group size and amount of trust and social capital, which can influence the feasibility of co-operation. The analysis leads to a classification of three social groups: Close-knit, loosely-knit and anonymous. The physical environment is concerned with characteristics of utilities, which influences need for, and feasibility of, co-operation. Rivalry of use and excludability are identified as important factors in this aspect. By combining them six types of goods can be identified: Private goods, club goods, common pool resources, toll goods, public goods and local pub-lic goods. The institutional environment is concerned with rules, which can control the use of com-mon utilities. Two concepts are identified as pivotal: property rights regimes and decision-making procedures. There are four property rights regimes: Individual rights, group rights, public rights (limited and unlimited) and no rights. Furthermore there are three decision-making procedures: Market regulation, group decision-making and public decision-making. A fourth possibility is no decision making-forum. By linking together social groups and types of goods a matrix is obtained in which each square represents a unique combination of social and physical environment. In this analyti-cal framework it is analysed which combinations of property rights regimes and decision-making procedures that are best suited to each square. In the end, Swedish legislation on roads, water and sewerage installations and aesthetic design of buildings is analysed with aid of the analytical model. / QC 20100825

Chapter 11 of the Property Agents and Motor Dealers Act 2000 (Qld) and the Retail Shop Leases Act 1994 (Qld) both introduce procedural requirements to the process for creation of land contracts and were both introduced to address a perceived lack of conscience in each of the industries affected. These represent a recent broadening of the ambit of consumer protection legislation in Queensland which deviates from more traditional methods of statutory intervention into land contracts. This paper focuses on the extent to which the Acts effectively introducing a conscience element into certain land contracts, and the extent to which this alters classical contract law. The effectiveness of the approach is then tested against the critiques of two alternative theories of law - law and economics and feminist contract theory - to see whether the legislative approach answers the deficiencies in contract identified within the terms of each theory.

In this article, the author analyzes the property legal system has to achieve efficient and useful results. In addition, he points out the reasons for the existence of private property and public property, then he explains the costs and benefits of private property, and he states the difference between real and personal property is the registry system. He concludes by stating the courts believe that a property agreement is obligatory if it is economically efficient. / En este artículo, el autor analiza que el sistema de reglas de la propiedad tiene que lograr resultados eficientes y útiles. También, señala las razones de la existencia de la propiedad privada y propiedad pública, luego, explica los costos y beneficios de la propiedad privada, y establece que la diferencia entre la propiedad inmueble y mueble es el sistema de registros. Concluye, afirmando que las cortes creen que un pacto de propiedad es vinculante si es económicamente eficiente.

Questa tesi ha lo scopo di verificare l’influenza che la teoria economica esercita sullo sviluppo del concetto di impresa giuridicamente e funzionalmente rilevanti per il diritto commerciale brasiliano contemporaneo. L’obiettivo è quello di individuare come le modalità di costruzione di rapporti tra diritto ed economia rendono difficile da un lato, per realizzare il compito di elaborare un concetto giuridico dell’impresa, e dall’altro, di individuare possibili alternative alle reimpostazione del problema per facilitare la stesura di um concetto di impresa giuridicamente rilevante fondati negli dati pertinenti il teorico economico. L’indagine è condotta dalla messa in discussione dei fini normativi svolte dall’impresa e il concetto economico di impresa per cui lavorano gli giuristi. Questi aspetti della teoria sono raccolti per verificare la coerenza tra la finalità normativa dell’impresa e il suo concetto economico dominante. Il test viene effettuato analizzando il concetto giuridico di impresa e il concetto economico di impresa. Nella seconda parte di questa tesi, si indaga le teorie economiche dell’impresa fornito dall'economia neoclassica e dalla Nuova Economia Istituzionale, per verificare le strutture e le funzioni dell’impresa. Poi, per intraprendere uno sforzo interdisciplinare di integrazione tra diritto ed economia, dai presupposti metodologici del Funzionalismo Giuridico. Sulla base del risultato dell’affermazione di dialogo interdisciplinare, si procede alla elaborazione di un concetto giuridico di impresa fondati nel dato teorico economico, per verificare l’ipotesi che la impresa è una situazione giuridica complessa. / Esta tese tem por objeto a influência que dado teórico econômico exerce na elaboração de um conceito de empresa juridicamente relevante e operacionalizável no direito comercial brasileiro contemporâneo. Seu objetivo consiste em identificar de que modo as formas de construção das relações entre direito e economia dificultam, por um lado, a consecução da tarefa de elaborar-se um conceito jurídico de empresa, e, de outro lado, identificar alternativas possíveis para a reimpostação do problema que auxiliem na elaboração de um conceito de empresa juridicamente relevante e operacionalizável a partir do dado teórico econômico. A pesquisa é conduzida a partir do questionamento das funções normativas desempenhadas pela empresa e o do conceito econômico de empresa com o qual trabalham os juristas. Estes aspectos da teoria são cotejados para verificar se há congruência entre a função normativa preponderante da empresa e o seu conceito econômico. Este teste é realizado mediante a análise do conceito jurídico de empresa e o conceito econômico de empresa. Na segunda parte desta tese, investiga-se as teorias econômicas da empresa fornecidas pela economia neoclássica e pela Nova Economia Institucional, para verificar-se as estruturas e funções da empresa. Em seguida, empreende-se esforço de integração interdisciplinar entre direito e economia, a partir das pressuposições metodológicas do Funcionalismo Jurídico. Com base no resultado da afirmação do diálogo interdisciplinar, parte-se para a elaboração de um conceito de empresa juridicamente relevante e operacionalizável a partir do dado teórico econômico, mediante o teste da hipótese segundo a qual a empresa constitui uma situação jurídica complexa. / This thesis aims at verifying the influence that the economic data has on the legal concept of firm in contemporary brazilian commercial law. Its goal is to identify how the distinct ways chosen to build the relationships between law and economics make it difficult to achieve the task of drawing up a legal concept of the firm and to identify possible alternatives to face the problem in a way that could lead to a relevant legal concept of the firm. The survey is conducted from the questioning of legal functions performed by the firm and how the lawyers build an economic concept of the firm. This test is performed by the analysis of the legal concept of enterpreneur and the economic concept of the firm. In the second part, this thesis investigates the economic theories of the firm provided by neoclassical economics and by New Institutional Economics, to check the economic structures and functions of the firm. Then, it undertakes an interdisciplinary effort between law and economics, from the theoretical assumptions provided by the Legal Functionalism. Based on the result of the interdisciplinary dialogue, it proceeds to the development of a legal concept of the firm starting from the economic theory, by testing the hypothesis that the legal meaning of the firm is a nexus of contracts relationship.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuizFMS_DISSERT.pdf: 1601230 bytes, checksum: 31879264dfcf4bbb6732aceaa21d84e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In the Brazilian legal scenario, the study of taxation has traditionally been restricted to positivist analysis, concerned with investigating the formal aspects of the tax legal rule. Despite its relevance to the formation of the national doctrine of tax, such formalist tradition limits the discipline, separating it from reality and the socioeconomic context in which the Tax Law is inserted. Thus, the proposal of the dissertation is to examine the fundamentals and nature of taxation and tax legal rules from the perspective of Law and Economics (Economic Analysis of Law). For this purpose, the work initially reconnects the Tax Law and Science of Finance (or Public Finance) and Fiscal Policy, undertaking not only a legal analysis, but also economic and financial analysis of the theme. The Economics of Public Sector (or Modern Public Finance) will contribute to the research through topics such as market failures and economic theory of taxation, which are essential to an economic approach to Tax Law. The core of the work lies in the application of Law and Economics instruments in the study of taxation, analyzing the effects of tax rules on the economic system. Accordingly, the dissertation examines the fundamental assumptions that make up the Economic Analysis of Law (as the concept of economic efficiency and its relation to equity), relating them to the tax phenomenon. Due to the nature of the Brazilian legal system, any worth investigation or approach, including Law and Economics, could not pass off the Constitution. Thus, the constitutional rules will serve as a limit and a prerequisite for the application of Law and Economics on taxation, particularly the rules related to property rights, freedom, equality and legal certainty. The relationship between taxation and market failures receives prominent role, particularly due to its importance to the Law and Economics, as well as to the role that taxation plays in the correction of these failures. In addition to performing a review of taxation under the approach of Economic Analysis of Law, the research also investigates the reality of Brazilian tax system, applying the concepts developed in relevant cases and issues to the national scene, such as the relationship between taxation and development, the compliance costs of taxation, the tax evasion and the tax enforcement procedure. Given the above, it is intended to lay the groundwork for a general theory of Economic Analysis of Tax Law, contextualizing it with the Brazilian tax system / No cen?rio jur?dico brasileiro, o estudo da tributa??o ? tradicionalmente restrito a uma an?lise positivista, preocupada em investigar os aspectos formais da norma jur?dico-tribut?ria. Em que pese sua relev?ncia para a forma??o da doutrina tribut?ria nacional, tal tradi??o formalista limita a disciplina, dissociando-a da realidade e do contexto socioecon?mico no qual o Direito Tribut?rio est? inserido. Dessa maneira, a proposta da disserta??o ? examinar os fundamentos e a natureza da tributa??o e das normas jur?dico-tribut?rias sob a perspectiva do Direito e Economia (ou An?lise Econ?mica do Direito). Para tanto, inicialmente o trabalho reaproxima o Direito Tribut?rio da Ci?ncia das Finan?as (ou Finan?as P?blicas) e da Pol?tica Fiscal, empreendendo n?o s? uma an?lise jur?dica, mas tamb?m econ?mica e financeira do tema. A Economia do Setor P?blico (ou Finan?as P?blicas Moderna) contribuir? para a pesquisa atrav?s de temas como as falhas de mercado e a teoria econ?mica da tributa??o, centrais para uma abordagem econ?mica do Direito Tribut?rio. O n?cleo do trabalho reside na aplica??o dos instrumentos do Direito e Economia no estudo da tributa??o, analisando os efeitos das normas tribut?rias sobre o sistema econ?mico. Nesse sentido, a disserta??o examina as premissas fundamentais que comp?em a An?lise Econ?mica do Direito (como o conceito de efici?ncia econ?mica e a sua rela??o com a equidade), relacionando-as com o fen?meno tribut?rio. Em virtude da natureza do sistema jur?dico brasileiro, qualquer investiga??o ou abordagem que se preze, inclusive a de Direito e Economia, n?o poderia passar a largo da Constitui??o. Dessa forma, as normas constitucionais funcionar?o como limite e pressuposto para a aplica??o do Direito e Economia ? tributa??o, sobretudo as normas relativas ao direito de propriedade, ? liberdade, ? igualdade e ? seguran?a jur?dica. A rela??o entre a tributa??o e as falhas de mercado recebe papel de destaque, em particular devido ? import?ncia da mat?ria para o Direito e Economia, bem como devido ? fun??o que a tributa??o exerce na corre??o das referidas falhas. Para al?m de realizar um exame da tributa??o sob o enfoque da An?lise Econ?mica do Direito, a pesquisa tamb?m investiga a realidade tribut?ria brasileira, aplicando os conceitos desenvolvidos em casos e problem?ticas relevantes para o cen?rio nacional, tais como a rela??o entre tributa??o e desenvolvimento, os custos de conformidade na tributa??o e a sonega??o fiscal e o processo de execu??o fiscal. Diante do exposto, pretende-se, ent?o, lan?ar as bases para uma teoria geral da An?lise Econ?mica do Direito Tribut?rio, contextualizando-a com o sistema tribut?rio brasileiro

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-09-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:39:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 madureira_m_me_fran.pdf: 401908 bytes, checksum: 35b339b91c3f58e7cf3e57027cedc792 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho é uma análise sobre os impactos da crise econômico-financeira internacional na preservação das microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte. Graças a uma larga evolução, criou-se, no moderno direito falimentar, um ambiente que estimula a salvaguarda de empresas através da institucionalização da tão celebrada nova ideologia de preservação da empresa. A referida ideologia surge em função do significante papel social da empresa, instituição mais importante do mundo hodierno, na economia nacional, com destaque para as microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte, que somadas representam a incontestável maioria das empresas pátrias. A importância de tais empresas é irrefutável, de modo que elas desfrutam de um tratamento diferenciado, que inclui um Plano Especial de recuperação, bem mais simplificado e menos custoso, capaz de atender às suas peculiaridades. Acontece que com a crise econômico-financeira internacional de 2007/08, a cujos efeitos o Brasil não se manteve incólume, tais empresas foram fortemente impactadas, principalmente em razão da retração do crédito. Destarte, mister se faz conferir especial atenção a estas empresas em momento de crise, com destaque para adoção de políticas públicas que minimizem os impactos da crise sobre elas, visando à sua preservação. Outrossim, o trabalho busca examinar o tema sob o prisma da doutrina Direito e Economia, que compreende o Direito como uma fonte de regulamentação de atividades, e, consequentemente de efetivação de políticas públicas, contribuindo para elaboração de ações públicas mais eficientes no que se refere à conservação dos pequenos negócios nos períodos de instabilidade econômica / This study is an analysis of the impacts of international economic and financial crisis in the preservation of micro and small companies. Thanks to a long evolution, an environment that encourages the safeguarding of company through the institutionalization of the so celebrated new ideology of the firm's survival was created in the modern bankruptcy law. Such ideology arises due to the social role of the company, the most important institution nowadays, in the national economy, especially micro and small companies, which represent the undisputed most homelands companies. The importance of such companies is irrefutable so that they enjoy a differentiated treatment, which includes a special plan for recovery, much simplified, less expensive and also able to heed its peculiarities. However, with the international economic and financial crisis of 2007/08, whose effects reached Brazil, such companies have been heavily impacted, mainly due to the credit crunch. Thus, it is necessary to confer special attention to these companies in times of crisis, with emphasis on the adoption of public policies that seek to minimize the impacts of the crisis on them, aiming its preservation. Furthermore, this work also seeks to examine the issue under the Law and Economics legal school, which contributes to the development of more effective public policies regarding to the conservation of small business in periods of economy instability once that understands the Law as a source of regulation of private activities, and consequently of effectiveness of public policies

Questa tesi ha lo scopo di verificare l’influenza che la teoria economica esercita sullo sviluppo del concetto di impresa giuridicamente e funzionalmente rilevanti per il diritto commerciale brasiliano contemporaneo. L’obiettivo è quello di individuare come le modalità di costruzione di rapporti tra diritto ed economia rendono difficile da un lato, per realizzare il compito di elaborare un concetto giuridico dell’impresa, e dall’altro, di individuare possibili alternative alle reimpostazione del problema per facilitare la stesura di um concetto di impresa giuridicamente rilevante fondati negli dati pertinenti il teorico economico. L’indagine è condotta dalla messa in discussione dei fini normativi svolte dall’impresa e il concetto economico di impresa per cui lavorano gli giuristi. Questi aspetti della teoria sono raccolti per verificare la coerenza tra la finalità normativa dell’impresa e il suo concetto economico dominante. Il test viene effettuato analizzando il concetto giuridico di impresa e il concetto economico di impresa. Nella seconda parte di questa tesi, si indaga le teorie economiche dell’impresa fornito dall'economia neoclassica e dalla Nuova Economia Istituzionale, per verificare le strutture e le funzioni dell’impresa. Poi, per intraprendere uno sforzo interdisciplinare di integrazione tra diritto ed economia, dai presupposti metodologici del Funzionalismo Giuridico. Sulla base del risultato dell’affermazione di dialogo interdisciplinare, si procede alla elaborazione di un concetto giuridico di impresa fondati nel dato teorico economico, per verificare l’ipotesi che la impresa è una situazione giuridica complessa. / Esta tese tem por objeto a influência que dado teórico econômico exerce na elaboração de um conceito de empresa juridicamente relevante e operacionalizável no direito comercial brasileiro contemporâneo. Seu objetivo consiste em identificar de que modo as formas de construção das relações entre direito e economia dificultam, por um lado, a consecução da tarefa de elaborar-se um conceito jurídico de empresa, e, de outro lado, identificar alternativas possíveis para a reimpostação do problema que auxiliem na elaboração de um conceito de empresa juridicamente relevante e operacionalizável a partir do dado teórico econômico. A pesquisa é conduzida a partir do questionamento das funções normativas desempenhadas pela empresa e o do conceito econômico de empresa com o qual trabalham os juristas. Estes aspectos da teoria são cotejados para verificar se há congruência entre a função normativa preponderante da empresa e o seu conceito econômico. Este teste é realizado mediante a análise do conceito jurídico de empresa e o conceito econômico de empresa. Na segunda parte desta tese, investiga-se as teorias econômicas da empresa fornecidas pela economia neoclássica e pela Nova Economia Institucional, para verificar-se as estruturas e funções da empresa. Em seguida, empreende-se esforço de integração interdisciplinar entre direito e economia, a partir das pressuposições metodológicas do Funcionalismo Jurídico. Com base no resultado da afirmação do diálogo interdisciplinar, parte-se para a elaboração de um conceito de empresa juridicamente relevante e operacionalizável a partir do dado teórico econômico, mediante o teste da hipótese segundo a qual a empresa constitui uma situação jurídica complexa. / This thesis aims at verifying the influence that the economic data has on the legal concept of firm in contemporary brazilian commercial law. Its goal is to identify how the distinct ways chosen to build the relationships between law and economics make it difficult to achieve the task of drawing up a legal concept of the firm and to identify possible alternatives to face the problem in a way that could lead to a relevant legal concept of the firm. The survey is conducted from the questioning of legal functions performed by the firm and how the lawyers build an economic concept of the firm. This test is performed by the analysis of the legal concept of enterpreneur and the economic concept of the firm. In the second part, this thesis investigates the economic theories of the firm provided by neoclassical economics and by New Institutional Economics, to check the economic structures and functions of the firm. Then, it undertakes an interdisciplinary effort between law and economics, from the theoretical assumptions provided by the Legal Functionalism. Based on the result of the interdisciplinary dialogue, it proceeds to the development of a legal concept of the firm starting from the economic theory, by testing the hypothesis that the legal meaning of the firm is a nexus of contracts relationship.