En les societats industrialitzades la desocupació és una contingència que tot govern pretén evitar, per la qual cosa, tradicionalment, s'han articulat diverses mesures per tal de reduir-lo. No obstant això, malgrat que l'aturés una situació indesitjable, l'ocupació no pot mantenir-se a qualsevol preu. Sota el títol "L'estabilitat en l'ocupació: la prevenció davant la contingència de l'atur- un estudi des de les perspectives de la dogmàtica jurídica i de l'anàlisi econòmica del dret", s'analitza com l'ordenació jurídica espanyola ha tractat de donar resposta a aquest conflicte.L'estabilitat en l'ocupacióés la projecció jurídica dels intents de la societat per fer front a aquest risc. Tanmateix, la doctrina laboral ve defensant que l'estabilitat en l'ocupacióés un concepte que està en decadència (afirmant, fins i tot, que es tracta d'un plantejament que "està mort"). L'objecte del treballd'investigació consisteix precisament en la voluntat de donar llum sobre aquesta qüestió, doncs, davant aquesta concepció generalitzada, la realitat normativa evidencia que les principals institucions que promouen la continuïtat del contracte de treball pràcticament han romàs inalterades durant dècades. De fet, en el present treballes pretén demostrar que l'estabilitat en l'ocupacióno solament no és un concepte en decadència, sinó que es troba en una fase expansiva.L'estudi, dividit en dues parts, analitza en primer lloc, l'estabilitat en l'ocupaciódes de la perspectiva de la dogmàtica jurídica. A partir de la distinció clàssica de la Teoria General de les normes, en una primera fase, es tracta de demostrar que en l'ordenació jurídica espanyola l'estabilitat en l'ocupacióopera com un principi jurídic, dedicant-se, a més, especial atenció a la determinació del seu contingut jurídic. En una segona fase, a partir de l'estudi de les normes jurídiques, es tracta de determinar la intensitat amb què el sistema jurídic promou la continuïtat del contracte de treball. Objectiu que, com a tasca prèvia, es desenvolupa mitjançant la configuració d'una matriu conceptual que permeti un estudi sistematitzat de totes les dimensions implicades.En la segona part de l'estudi, es pretén avaluar si el sistema jurídic en el seu conjunt (i, especialment, el relatiu a l'extinció del contracte - com a manifestació privilegiada de l'estabilitat en l'ocupació), assoleix satisfactòriament els seus objectius, és a dir, si s'aconsegueix influir adequadament en el comportament dels individus persuadint-los a actuar fins al nivell de risc que la societat està disposada a assumir. Davant les limitacions de la ciència jurídica per esbrinar aquesta incògnita, la metodologia analítica de l'economia s'erigeix (malgrat les seves limitacions) en un poderós instrument per avaluar si el conjunt de normes dirigides a prevenir la contingència de l'aturés eficient, si val el preu que costa i, sobretot, si es pot plantejar alternatives millors a les existents (manifestades en propostes de lege ferenda). / En las sociedades industrializadas el desempleo es una contingencia que todo gobierno pretende evitar, por lo que, tradicionalmente, se han articulado diversas medidas con el objeto de reducirlo. No obstante, a pesar de que el paro es una situación indeseable, el empleo no puede mantenerse a cualquier precio. Tras el título "La estabilidad en el empleo: la prevención frente a la contingencia del paro - un estudio desde las perspectivas de la dogmática jurídica y del análisis económico del derecho", se analiza cómo el ordenamiento jurídico español ha tratado de dar respuesta a este conflicto. La estabilidad en el empleo es la proyección jurídica de los intentos de la sociedad para hacer frente a este riesgo. Sin embargo, la doctrina jurídico-laboral viene defendiendo que la estabilidad en el empleo es un concepto que está en decadencia (afirmándose, incluso, que se trata de un planteamiento que "está muerto"). El objeto del trabajo de investigación consiste precisamente en la voluntad de dar luz sobre esta cuestión, pues, frente a esta concepción generalizada, la realidad jurídico-normativa evidencia que las principales instituciones que promueven la continuidad del contrato de trabajo prácticamente han permanecido inalteradas durante décadas. De hecho, en el presente trabajo se pretende demostrar que la estabilidad en el empleo no sólo no es un concepto en decadencia, sino que se halla en una fase expansiva. El estudio, dividido en dos partes, analiza en primer lugar, la estabilidad en el empleo desde la perspectiva de la dogmática jurídica. A partir de la distinción clásica de la Teoría General de las normas, en una primera fase, se trata de demostrar que en el ordenamiento jurídico español la estabilidad en el empleo opera como un principio jurídico, dedicándose, además, especial atención a la determinación de su contenido jurídico. En una segunda fase, a partir del estudio de las normas jurídicas, se trata de determinar la intensidad con la que el sistema jurídico promueve la continuidad del contrato de trabajo. Labor que, como tarea previa, se desarrolla mediante al configuración de una matriz conceptual que permita una estudio sistematizado de todas las dimensiones implicadas. En la segunda parte del estudio, se pretende evaluar si el sistema jurídico en su conjunto (y, especialmente, el relativo a la extinción del contrato - como manifestación privilegiada de la estabilidad en el empleo), alcanza satisfactoriamente sus objetivos, es decir, si consigue influir adecuadamente en el comportamiento de los individuos persuadiéndolos a actuar dentro del nivel de riesgo que la sociedad está dispuesta a aceptar. Frente a las limitaciones de la ciencia jurídica para dar respuesta a esta incógnita, la metodología analítica de la economía se erige (pese a sus limitaciones) en un poderoso instrumento para evaluar si el conjunto de normas dirigidas a prevenir la contingencia del paro es eficiente, si vale el precio que cuesta y, sobretodo, si cabe plantear alternativas mejores a las existentes (manifestadas en propuestas de lege ferenda). / In the industrialized societies the unemployment is a contingency that any government tries to avoid, by what, traditionally, diverse measures have been articulated in order to reduce it. Nevertheless, in spite of the fact that the unemployment is an undesirable situation, the employment cannot be kept to any price. The study, titled "Job stability: prevention of the unemployment contingency - a study from the juridical dogmatist and the law and economics perspectives", focuses on how the juridical Spanish system has tried to give response to this conflict.Job stability is the juridical projection of the attempts of the society to face to this risk. Nevertheless, the juridical - labor doctrine defends that this concept is in decadence (even, some authors defend that it is a "dead concept"). On the other hand, opposite to this widespread conception, we can observe that the main normative institutions that promote the continuity of work contract practically have remained unaltered during decades. Taking into account this scenario, the research pretends demonstrate that job stability not only is not a concept in decadence, but it is in an expansive phase. The study divided in two parts, analyzes first, the stability in the employment from the legal perspective. From the classic distinction of the General Theory of Norms, the study, in a first phase, tries to demonstrate that in the juridical Spanish system job stability operates as a juridical principle, and, at the same time, tries to define its juridical content. In a second phase, considering the study of the legal institutions, the analysis tries to determine the intensity which the juridical system promotes the continuity of work contract. The second part of the study, evaluates if the juridical system (specially, the work of contract legal regulation - as privileged manifestation of the stability in the employment) achieve satisfactorily its goals (which inspired its creation), that is, if it influences adequately on the individuals behavior. Taking into account the juridical science limitations to reveal these aspects, the analytical methodology of the economy raised (in spite of its limitations) as a powerful instrument to evaluate if the legal framework created to protect the employment is efficient, if it cost its price and, overcoat, if it possible to identify better alternatives to the existing ones.

Submitted by Ricardo Nunes (rdutranunes@gmail.com) on 2016-03-10T18:17:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Ricardo Nunes Mestrado FGV Direito Rio FINAL assinada com ficha catalográfica.pdf: 2044789 bytes, checksum: dd21dcd2f8b074e2fd24e20844d7c0e9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by BRUNA BARROS (bruna.barros@fgv.br) on 2016-03-15T13:06:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Ricardo Nunes Mestrado FGV Direito Rio FINAL assinada com ficha catalográfica.pdf: 2044789 bytes, checksum: dd21dcd2f8b074e2fd24e20844d7c0e9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-03-18T12:38:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Ricardo Nunes Mestrado FGV Direito Rio FINAL assinada com ficha catalográfica.pdf: 2044789 bytes, checksum: dd21dcd2f8b074e2fd24e20844d7c0e9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-18T12:39:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Ricardo Nunes Mestrado FGV Direito Rio FINAL assinada com ficha catalográfica.pdf: 2044789 bytes, checksum: dd21dcd2f8b074e2fd24e20844d7c0e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / The patent system can be considered a mechanism for regulating innovation. Some law and economics studies analyzing the patent system indicate that the so called 'patent races' – when different individuals or businesses independently invest scarce resources to create and patent a solution to a certain technical problem – are an inefficiency of the patent system. This is because, according to their authors, only the first one to finish the development of a new technical solution and require patent protection to the appropriate authorities could obtain patent protection and explore the invention, so the other competitors would have wasted scarce resources with their researches. Our goal is to verify if these studies are correct, in other words, if 'patent races' are indeed an inefficiency of the patent system, especially considering the legal rules governing the system, the logic concerning the innovation process, game theory and the eventual benefits generated to the society through research and development of new technical solutions. / O sistema de patentes pode ser considerado um instrumento de regulação da inovação. Alguns autores que estudam o sistema de patentes pela ótica da análise econômica do direito indicam que as chamadas 'corridas por patentes' – quando diferentes indivíduos ou empresas, de forma independente, buscam desenvolver e patentear uma solução para determinado problema técnico – configurariam uma ineficiência do sistema de patentes. Isso porque, de acordo com esses autores, somente o primeiro a concluir o desenvolvimento de uma nova solução técnica e requerer proteção junto aos órgãos competentes é que poderia obter uma patente e explorar a invenção, de maneira que os outros competidores teriam simplesmente desperdiçado recursos escassos com suas pesquisas. O objetivo dessa dissertação é verificar se tais análises estão corretas, ou seja, se as 'corridas por patentes' de fato constituem uma ineficiência do sistema de patentes, em especial à luz da legislação pertinente ao tema, da lógica atinente ao processo de inovação, da teoria dos jogos e dos benefícios eventualmente gerados para a sociedade pela pesquisa e desenvolvimento de novas soluções técnicas.

A dissertação trata da responsabilidade especial prevista no art. 40 da Lei 6.024/74 para os administradores de instituições financeiras frente aos credores sociais na hipótese da quebra da instituição. É discutida a natureza dessa responsabilidade, se objetiva ou subjetiva, buscando seu exato conteúdo. O tratamento adotado é interdisciplinar, envolvendo diversas áreas do direito e da economia. O direito constitucional fornece a tábua de valores para o sistema, impondo limites, e a teoria geral do direito contribui com a análise do conteúdo e a finalidade das normas de responsabilidade, com o regramento prudencial do Banco Central servindo para o detalhamento das condutas. São então utilizadas as ferramentas de análise econômica do direito, particularmente a teoria dos jogos para a modelagem de um regime de responsabilidade subjetiva, e outro de responsabilidade objetiva, como jogos estratégicos, na forma normal e na extensiva, identificando os pontos de equilíbrio e de eficiência, O resultado aponta para uma ineficiência do modelo de responsabilidade objetiva para o administrador. O modelo de responsabilidade subjetiva revela-se mais eficiente, apontando como desejáveis as ferramentas de delação premiada e inversão do ônus de prova, para mitigar problemas de assimetria de informação entre depositante e instituição financeira. A dissertação conclui que a responsabilização objetiva do administrador seria inconstitucional e ineficiente, e que o regime jurídico atual é de responsabilidade subjetiva, mas que pode ser aprimorado, especialmente tornando mais claras as regras aplicáveis. / The dissertation analyzes financial institutions\' managers\' special liability to creditors in the event of bankruptcy, as established by Brazilian Law 6.204/74 article 40. Its discussed the nature of such a liability, whether a negligence standard or strict liability rule, seeking to clarify its full extent. The approach is interdisciplinary, using many fields of both law and economics. Constitutional Law provides the goals and values for the system, and General Theory of Law contributes to analyzing the content and purpose of liability rules, with the Central Bank\'s prudential supervision rules detailing actions. The tools of economic analysis of law are then used, particularly game theory to model a system based on a negligence standard, and another based in a strict liability standard, as strategic games in both normal form and extensive form, identifying the points of equilibrium and efficiency. The result points to an inefficient model of strict liability for the administrator. The model based on a negligence standard is shown to be more efficient, pointing as desirable tools that grant immunity to whistleblowers and reverse the burden of proof, to mitigate problems of asymmetric information between depositors and financial institutions. The dissertation concludes that the strict liability of the manager would be unconstitutional and inefficient, and that the current legal regime is that of negligence standard liability, but it can be improved, particularly by clarifying the rules.

Tudo começou em 2006, quando estagiário de um escritório de advocacia de São Paulo. Já havia passado algumas horas debruçado sobre centenas de Conhecimentos de Embarque e recebendo ligações de bancos estrangeiros que solicitavam o endosso daqueles documentos. Eu me questionava: que documento era aquele que exigia tanto cuidado quanto uma nota promissória original? Por que era tão importante para um banco que o endossássemos rapidamente? Eis que me surge um convite de viagem para conhecer um escritório de advocacia por algumas semanas em Londres. A experiência, por ora um tanto empolgante e aventureira para um jovem de 21 anos, possibilitou um contato frutífero com uma matéria muito específica do Direito Comercial: a natureza jurídica do Conhecimento de Embarque, nos países de língua inglesa chamado de Bill of Lading. Em muitos países, como no Brasil, é um tema pouco explorado, porém na Inglaterra, com seu rico passado de potência marítima durante séculos, é tema de bastante relevo e discussão nas altas cortes. Esta experiência e o contato com a matéria me trouxeram a vontade de poder aplicar em nosso país o aprendizado lá adquirido. Assim, uma dúvidasurgia: por que o Brasil, com o imenso território que tem banhado pelo mar, não é desenvolvido o bastante nesse tema? Por que não chegam aos nossos Tribunais as relevantes discussões sobre o Conhecimento de Embarque? Os próximos anos demandarão do Brasil uma grande mudança. A Copa do Mundo de 2014 e os Jogos Olímpicos de 2016 no Rio de Janeiro exigirão do Brasil quantias vultosas de investimento em infraestrutura e transportes. O comércio marítimo entre o Brasil e os demais países aumentará significativamente com estes eventos de ordem global. Até lá, teremos que estar preparados para esta demanda. E como toda exigência econômica demanda uma exigência jurídica, precisamos reformular os nossos conceitos de Direito Comercial e entender melhor a natureza jurídica do Conhecimento de Embarque, documento que ampara juridicamente as transações comerciais marítimas desde os tempos mais remotos. A conjunção do novo contexto econômico brasileiro com o interesse pela matéria relativa ao Conhecimento de Embarque, despertado desde a época de estudante de Direito, impulsionou o propósito deste trabalho, que tem por objetivo estudar a natureza jurídica do Conhecimento de Embarque sob a ótica da legislação pátria. A legislação brasileira é muito incipiente acerca do tema. Em comparação a diversas legislações estrangeiras, ainda engatinhamos sobre o assunto. Dentre as questões que se pretende ver elucidadas, enfatiza-se: (i) a característica contratual do Conhecimento de Embarque; (ii) a natureza de título de crédito do Conhecimento de Embarque e sua evolução para a versão eletrônica; (iii) o caráter de instrumento internacional que deve satisfazer às partes de diferente nacionalidades; (iv) a utilização em operações de financiamento como garantia real durante o percurso em que a mercadoria transita pelo mar; e, até mesmo (v) o caráter tributário que o Conhecimento de Embarque adquiriu em nosso país. Em suma, pretende-se com este trabalho tentar consolidar o conceito jurídico do Conhecimento de Embarque no Brasil, para que esse instrumento deixe de ser pouco discutido em nosso país e adquira a importância que lhe é devida e que há séculos em outros países já lhe é atribuída / It all began in 2006, when I was a trainee at a Law office in São Paulo. I have already spent hours and hours in front of hundreds of Bills of Lading and receiving calls from foreigner Banks which demanded the endorsement of that document. I used to question myself: What kind of document was that which needed me to be careful as if I was dealing with an original Promissory Note? Why it was so important to a Bank to endorse that document as fast as possible? An invitation to me was made to get to know a law office for some weeks in London. That experience, such exciting and adventurous for a young man of 21 years, made possible a fruitful contact with a very specific theme of Commercial Law: the legal nature of the Conhecimento de Embarque, in the countries of English law known as Bill of Lading. In many countries, such as in Brazil, it is not a theme so much explored, otherwise in England, with its rich history as a maritime power for centuries, it is a very important theme that is also discussed commonly in the High Courts. This experience and contact with this theme made me wonder how could I apply in Brazil the knowledge there acquired. Therefore, a doubt was in my mind: Why Brazil, with its big territory bathed by the sea, is not so developed enough in this subject? Why relevant discussions regarding the Bill of Lading do not arrive in our Courts? The next years will demand from Brazil a big change. The world cup in 2014 and the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro will require from Brazil huge amounts of investments in infra-structure and transportation. The maritime commerce between Brazil and other countries will raise significantly with this two events of global order. Until there, we must get prepared to this challenge. And as all economic requirement demands a law requirement, we need to reshape our concepts of Commercial Law and get to know better the legal nature of the Bill of Lading, the document that legally supports the maritime commercial transactions since the most ancient times. The combination of this new Brazilian economic context and the interest for the theme of the Bill of Lading awakened since when I was a law student boosted the purpose of this work, which aims to study the legal nature of the Bill of Lading in a perspective of Brazilian legislation. Brazil legislation is very weak in this subject. In comparison to other foreigner law, we still crawl about this theme. Among the questions that are intended to be elucidated, it must be highlighted: (i) the contractual characteristic of the Bill of Lading; (ii) the nature of negotiable instrument and its evolution to the electronic version; (iii) the characteristic of international instrument that need to satisfy the parties of different nationality; (iv) the use in financing transaction as a collateral for the route where the goods are being transported by the sea and, also; (v) the tax characteristic that the Bill of Lading acquired in our country. As a conclusion, the purpose of this work is to try to consolidate the legal concept of the Bill of Lading in Brazil, so that this instrument ceases to be little discussed in our country and get the importance that it already has for centuries in other countries.

Esta dissertação investiga a relação entre eficiência econômica e reclamações trabalhistas. Especificamente, neste trabalho desenvolvemos um modelo teórico baseado na Teoria dos Jogos que explica o funcionamento econômico dos casos de reclamações trabalhistas, com ênfase na escolha entre soluções negociadas ou litigiosas para as mesmas. O texto dá atenção especial ao sistema existente no Brasil das Câmaras de Conciliação Prévia. Também testamos empiricamente as conclusões teóricas do modelo, para obter apoio empírico às suas previsões. Com base nas evidências obtidas, sugerimos alguns aperfeiçoamentos para melhorar o funcionamento das regras de solução das reclamações trabalhistas para extrair maior eficiência econômica destes procedimentos. / This dissertation investigates the relationship between economic efficiency and labor complaints. Specifically, this work developed a theoretical model based on Games Theory which explains the economic functioning of labor complaints cases, with emphasis on the choice between negotiated or litigant solutions to them. The text gives special attention to the existing system in Brazil called Câmaras de Conciliação Prévia (Prior Conciliation Boards). Moreover, we also have tested empirically the conclusions of the theoretical model, aiming to find empirical support to its forecasts. Based on the evidence obtained, we suggest some improvements to the functioning of the labor complaints solution rules, in order to extract greater economic efficiency from these procedures.

Les questions de légitimité et de stabilité des systèmes politiques ont longtemps été étudiées séparément des problèmes de mise en oeuvre du droit en sciences économiques. L’objectif de cette thèse est concilier ces différentes approches afin de replacer la mise en oeuvre de la norme juridique au centre du débat institutionnel. Ce travail se décompose en cinq investigations empiriques ou expérimentales portant chacune sur une des étapes du processus politique et judiciaire.Le premier article s’intéresse à l’impact des droits constitutionnels sur les dépenses publiques. La seconde étude explore l’influence des biais d’auto-complaisance sur la demande et l’offre de redistribution. Le troisième travail analyse les décisions rendues par le Conseil Constitutionnel. La quatrième partie examine la réforme de la carte judiciaire des Conseils de Prud’hommes de 2008. Le dernier chapitre étudie la relation entre la composition syndicale des Conseils de Prud’hommes et les issues des litiges qui y sont portés.Nos analyses reposent sur les outils économétriques et expérimentaux. Elles font usage de méthodes d’estimations classiques (OLS, GLS, Probit, Logit, Within OLS), de modèles à sélection (Heckman, Triprobit), des outils destinés aux problèmes d’endogénéité (2SLS)et des techniques d’estimation de systèmes d’équation (3SLS). L’approche expérimentale contient également des tests statistiques communément appliqués (tests de permutation,tests de comparaison de moyenne, tests de proportion) ainsi que de récentes méthodes pour traiter l’hétérogénéité (wild clustering). / The legitimacy and the stability of political systems have very often been studied in economics separate from considerations about legal norms’ enforcement. My objective is to combine these different approaches, and to place the question of the legal enforcement at the heart of the debate about institutions. This work is made of cinq empirical and experimental investigations that deal with each of the stages of the political and legal process.This first paper analyzes the impact of constitutional rights on public expenditures. The second article explores the influence of self-serving biases on the demand and the supplyof redistribution. The third analysis focuses on the decisions of the French Constitutional Council. The fourth work deals with the recent reform of the judiciary map of Frenchlabor courts. The last study investigates the relationship between the composition of the elected jurors in French labor courts and the way cases are terminated.Our investigations rely on econometric and experimental techniques. They use standard estimation methods (OLS, GLS, Probit, Logit, Within OLS), selection models (Heckman,Triprotibt), techniques for endogeneity correction (2SLS), and methods to estimate systems of equations (3SLS). The experimental analysis makes use of standard statistical tests(permutation tests, proportion tests, two-group mean-comparison tests), and more recent methods to solve heterogeneity (wild clustering).

Après une introduction générale et un survey de littérature, l’apport de cette thèse est d’établir un lien entre le marché des biens et le marché de travail et de proposer un système légal optimal pour dissuader les comportements opportunistes au sein de l’entreprise. Tout au long de la thèse, le cadre d’analyse utilisé est le cas d’un monopole qui produit deux types de biens. Les consommateurs sont hétérogènes selon leurs préférences à la qualité. Le chapitre 2 analyse différentes structures d’agence afin de déterminer la meilleure structure qui permet à la fois de maximiser le profit de l’entreprise et de maximiser le bien-être des consommateurs et des employés. Le chapitre 3 examine la distorsion de la qualité des biens et du niveau d’effort des employés en asymétrie d’information avec sélection adverse sur le marché des biens et le marché de travail par rapport à l’information parfaite. Le chapitre 4 étend le chapitre 3 en étudiant la même problématique avec un problème d’aléa-moral sur le marché de travail en présence d’une collusion entre le superviseur et l’employé. Ce chapitre questionne le rôle du consommateur et du juge à dissuader cette forme de comportement opportuniste. / After a general introduction and a survey of literature, the contribution of this thesis is to establish a link between the goods market and the labor market and to propose optimal legal system to deter opportunistic behavior within the company. Throughout the thesis, we consider a monopoly that produces two types of good. Consumers are heterogeneous according to their preferences to quality. Chapter 2 analyzes different agency structures to determine the best structure that allows both to maximize the profit of the company and maximize the welfare of consumers and employees. Chapter 3 examines distortion of the quality of goods and the level of the workers’ effort with adverse selection on the goods market and the labor market compared with perfect information. This chapter examines the role of the consumer and the judge to discourage this kind of opportunistic behavior.Keywords: Quality of goods, quality of labor, optimal contract, portfolio of contract, opportunism, collusion, social welfare, optimal sanctions, firm design, law and economics.

Après les secteurs de la musique et de l’audiovisuel, c’est au tour du monde de l’édition de connaître sa révolution numérique. Le bon fonctionnement des industries culturelles repose notamment sur une législation ancienne en matière de propriété intellectuelle : le droit d’auteur. Celui-ci est appréhendé en économie comme le garant d’un équilibre subtil entre le maintien de l’incitation à la création des auteurs et la bonne diffusion de leurs œuvres. L’irruption du numérique bouleverse l’environnement économique dans lequel s’applique le droit d’auteur et en modifie donc les effets traditionnels. Cette thèse de doctorat en économie vise ainsi à saisir ces nouvelles conséquences sur le marché du livre afin d’évaluer la pertinence du droit d’auteur dans sa forme actuelle ainsi que celle de son éventuelle réforme. L’analyse des deux versants du droit d’auteur montre qu’il ne génère pas les mêmes effets dans l’univers du livre numérique que dans celui du papier : malgré l’abaissement des contraintes économiques, subsiste la rigidité du cadre juridique qui ne permet ni l’assurance du maintien de la rémunération des auteurs ni le saisissement des opportunités de diffusion du numérique. C’est pourquoi nous nous interrogeons sur l’avenir du droit d’auteur en proposant à la fois quelques principes généraux pour la forme future d’un droit d’auteur efficace et un exemple de disposition de droit d’auteur renouvelé qui permettrait de se saisir des opportunités ouvertes. / After the music and the audiovisual industries, it is the turn of the publishing world to start its digital revolution. The proper functioning of the cultural industries is based on a specific and old intellectual property law: the copyright. Economics usually identifies it as the guarantor of a subtle balance between the incentive for the creation of authors and good dissemination of their works. The emergence of digital technology modifies the economic environment in which copyright applies and therefore alters its traditional effects. This doctoral thesis in economics aims at seizing such new consequences on the book market in order to assess the relevance of copyright in its current form and its possible revision. The analysis of the two aspects of copyright shows that it does not produce the same effects in the market of digital books than in the traditional one: despite the decrease of economic constraints, the current legal framework remains rigid and challenges both the stability of author’s remuneration and the sound management of the dissemination opportunities on the digital book market. That is why we discuss some general principles applicable to an effective copyright and suggest some guidelines for the renewal of the copyright regulation allowing to seize opportunities offered by the digital technology both in terms of encouraging the creation and distribution of books.

La thèse propose de confronter, pour la première fois, les plus importantes théories du droit ayant pour objet l’économie afin de découvrir si l’une d’elles peut être érigée en paradigme des rapports du droit et de l’économie. L’analyse critique qui en est livrée fait ressortir tout d’abord que la Law and Economics, et plus spécialement l’Ecole de Chicago, en enfermant le droit dans une logique utilitariste, aboutit à nier les fondements mêmes de notre discipline : les règles juridiques, simples instruments au service de l’économie, sont envisagées par le juge en termes de prix avec lequel il faut jouer pour abaisser les coûts. A l’inverse, le droit économique, en imposant le juste en matière de concurrence par le biais de la régulation, conduit à mener une politique consumériste qui, parfois, contrevient aux objectifs économiques. Ces deux théories, bâties sur des idéologies (i.e. des systèmes de valeurs) différentes, ont cependant en commun de concevoir hiérarchiquement les rapports du droit et de l’économie. Les limites de cette conception expliquent que le droit et l’économie peuvent être ensuite placés dans un rapport d’égalité, ce qu’a tenté la théorie autopoïétique du droit à travers la notion de couplage. Toutefois, en écartant la dimension axiologique des deux matières, l’autopoïèse est un système contestable car elle met l’accent sur la communication au détriment de l’homme. La thèse montre que systématiser d’emblée les rapports du droit et de l’économie aujourd’hui n’est pas la voie à suivre : dans un contexte de mondialisation, il faut construire un droit commun qui doit s’appuyer sur le principe régulateur du raisonnable. Les rapports du droit et de l’économie ne doivent plus se penser de manière verticale mais horizontale, en réseaux, ce qui explique que la norme ne soit pas dégagée a priori mais se constitue progressivement dans le débat démocratique par une prise en compte des aspirations de la société civile et par un recours simultané du juge aux raisonnements économique et juridique. / This thesis’ purpose is to compare, for the first time, the most important theories of law regarding economy in order to find out if one of them can be built into a paradigm of the relationship between law and economics. Critical analysis reveals that the Law and Economics, especially the Chicago School, by enclosing the law in an utilitarian logic, leads to deny the very foundations of our discipline: the legal rules, simple instruments for the economy, are considered by the judge in terms of price which must be played on to obtain lower costs. In contrast, economic law, imposing fair competition through regulation, leads to conduct a consumer policy which sometimes contravenes economic objectives. Both theories built on different ideologies (ie value systems) and have a common will to hierarchically conceive values of law and the economy. Therefore, this concept’s limitations explain how the law and economics can be placed in an equal relationship, which was attempted by the autopoietic theory of law through the concept of coupling. However, discarding the axiological dimension of the two subjects, autopoiesis is a questionable system because it focuses on communication at the expense of man. This thesis shows that native systematization of the law and economy relationships is not the way to go: in a context of globalization, we must build a ius commune which must be based on the regulator principle of reasonable. Relationships between law and economy should no longer be thought vertically but horizontally, through networks, which is why the standard is not clear, but gradually composes in the democratic debate by taking into account the aspirations of civil society and a simultaneous use of the judge to economic and legal reasoning.

Dans le cadre de la Western Climate Iniative, le Québec a déployé en 2012, un système de plafonnement et d’échange de droits d’émission de gaz à effet de serre (SPEDE). Il s’agit de l’un des premiers régimes de ce type en Amérique du Nord et celui-ci pourrait à terme, constituer l'un des maillons d’un marché commun du carbone à l’échelle du continent. Toutefois, le SPEDE appartient à une catégorie d’instruments économiques de protection de l’environnement encore peu connue des juristes. Il s’inscrit en effet dans la régulation économique de l’environnement et repose sur des notions tirées de la théorie économique, dont la rareté, la propriété et le marché. La thèse s’insère donc dans le dialogue entre juristes et économistes autour de la conception et de la mise en œuvre de ce type d’instrument. Afin d’explorer son architecture et de révéler les enjeux juridiques qui le traversent, nous avons eu recours à la méthode de l’analyse économique du droit. Celle-ci permet notamment de montrer les dynamiques d'incitation et d’efficacité qui sont à l'œuvre dans les règles qui encadrent le SPEDE. Elle permet également à donner un aperçu du rôle décisif joué par la formulation des règles de droit dans l’opérationnalisation des hypothèses économiques sous-jacentes à cette catégorie d’instrument. L’exploration est menée par l’entremise d’une modélisation progressive de l’échange de droits d’émission qui prend en compte les coûts de transaction. Le modèle proposé dans la thèse met ainsi en lumière, de manière générale, les points de friction qui sont susceptibles de survenir aux différentes étapes de l'échange de droits d'émission et qui peuvent faire obstacle à son efficacité économique. L’application du modèle aux règles du SPEDE a permis de contribuer à l’avancement des connaissances en donnant aux juristes un outil permettant de donner une cohérence et une intelligibilité à l’analyse des règles de l’échange. Elle a ainsi fourni une nomenclature des règles encadrant l’échange de droits d’émission. Cette nomenclature fait ressortir les stratégies de diversification de l’échange, d’institutionnalisation de ses modalités ainsi que les enjeux de la surveillance des marchés, dont celui des instruments dérivés adossés aux droits d’émission, dans un contexte de fragmentation des autorités de tutelle. / As part of the launch of the Western Climate Initiative, the province of Québec has implemented on January 1st, 2012, one of the first carbon emissions trading system in North America (CETS). Such a system could in time become part of the emerging regulated market for carbon on the continent. However, it belongs to a category of economic instruments still timidly explored in legal literature. The CETS forms part of the economic regulation of the environment and is based on concepts drawn from the economic theory such as scarcity, property and the market. The thesis aims at contributing to the dialogue between jurists and economists around the design and implementation of this type of instrument. In order to explore its architecture and uncover the legal issues at play, we applied the teachings of law and economics in order to reveal the underlying dynamics of incitation and efficiency built in the CETS regulations and highlight the pivotal role played by the formulation of legal rules in their operationalization. The exploration is conducted through a progressive modelling of the exchange of emission rights, which takes into account transaction costs. The resulting model brings to light friction points that are likely to occur at different stages of the exchange of emission rights and might negatively impact its economic efficiency. The thesis contributes to the advancement of knowledge by offering jurists a coherent and intelligible legal analysis of the rules governing the exchange of emission rights in the CETS. Thus, it provides a systematic arrangement of these rules structured around the diversification strategies of the exchange and the institutionalization of its terms. It also raises market surveillance issues, particularly of the carbon derivatives market, in a context of fragmentation of market authorities.