The aim of this diploma thesis is to find out which teaching / learning methods and forms teachers use in their biology lessons and its impact on attractiveness of biology for pupils. The adjoing aims are to find out which factors influence teacher's choice of teaching / learning methods and forms, which teaching / learning methods and forms are unused and the causes of their non-use. Another adjoing aim is to determinate if there is a difference in biology lessons between lower grammar schools and primary schools. Furhermore, the adjoing aims are to compare not only the attractiveness of biology but also the popularity of teaching methods and forms by pupils of lower grammar schools and primary schools. The thesis first contains the theoretical part. The research part contains the metodology of data collection and the metodology of evaluation of these data. Furthermore this thesis contains the results of the research. The results show that monology and autodidactic teaching methods and forms predominate in biology lessons. Teachers are limited by various obstacles such as lack of time, materiál equipment of the school, the approach of colleagues and school management, different approach of pupils, approach of the teacher. For primary school pupils biology is more popular than for lower grammar...

Syftet med detta självständiga arbetet är att utforska min förmåga till att lära mig spela utantill. De två forskningsfrågorna som bär upp syftet är: vilka övningsstrategier använder jag vid spel utan noter? Hur upplever jag övningen när jag spelar med och utan noter? Arbetet utgår från det fenomenologiska perspektivet och baseras på videoobservationer och loggboksanteckningar av mig själv. Resultatet presenteras genom filminspelning och loggbok baserat på mina kommentarer och olika teman som beskriver fokus, metoder i övning, spela med noter, utantillspel och uppspelning för andra människor. Till sist diskuteras resultatet i förhållande till tidigare forskning och perspektivet. I denna del diskuteras även fördelar med utantillspel, koncentration och närvaro. / The purpose of this study is to explore my ability to learn how to play music without support from any score in front of me, to play music by heart. The study is supported by the following research questions: what kind of practice- strategy can be used when learning the ability to play music by heart and how it feels and how I perceive the situation to make music when I play with and without notes? This study is based on phenomenological perspective based on a writing-log and video recordings of myself. The result is presented through video recording and logbook based on my comments and different themes that describe my focus, methods in exercise, play by heart and awareness in the present and playing for other people. Finally, the results are discussed in relation to previous research, where the phenomenological perspective is the basis. This section also discusses benefits to play music whitout notes, concentration and presence.

Background: To preserve valuable sources and cultural heritage, digitization of handwritten characters is crucial. For this, Optical Character Recognition (OCR) systems were introduced and most widely used to recognize digital characters. Incase of ancient or historical characters, automatic transcription is more challenging due to lack of data, high complexity and low quality of the resource. To solve these problems, multiple image based handwritten dataset were collected from historicaland modern document images. But these dataset also have some limitations. To overcome the limitations, we were inspired to create a new image-based historical handwritten character and word dataset and evaluate it’s performance using machine learning algorithms. Objectives: The main objective of this thesis is to create a first ever Swedish historical handwritten character and word dataset named CArDIS (Character Arkiv Digital Sweden) which will be publicly available for further research. In addition,verify the correctness of the dataset and perform a quantitative analysis using different machine learning methods. Methods: Initially we searched for existing character dataset to know how modern character dataset differs from the historical handwritten dataset. We have performed literature review to learn about most commonly used dataset for OCR. On the other hand, we have also studied different machine learning algorithms and their applica-tions. Finally, we have trained six different machine learning methods namely Support Vector Machine, k-Nearest Neighbor, Convolutional Neural Network, Recurrent Neural Network, Random Forest, SVM-HOG with existing dataset and newly created dataset to evaluate the performance and efficiency of recognizing ancient handwritten characters. Results: The performance/evaluation results show that the machine learning classifiers struggle to recognise the ancient handwritten characters with less recognition accuracy. Out of which CNN outperforms with highest recognition accuracy. Conclusions: The current thesis introduces first ever newly created historical hand-written character and word dataset in Swedish named CArDIS. The character dataset contains 1,01,500 Latin and Swedish character images belonging to 29 classes while the word dataset contains 10,000 word images containing ten popular Swedish names belonging to 10 classes in RGB color space. Also, the performance of six machine learning classifiers on CArDIS and existing datasets have been reported. The thesis concludes that classifiers when trained on existing dataset and tested on CArDIS dataset show low recognition accuracy proving that, the CArDIS dataset have unique characteristics and features over the existing handwritten datasets. Finally, this re-search provided a first Swedish character and word dataset, which is robust with a proven accuracy; also it is publicly available for further research.

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Development of creative skills of managers This graduation thesis deals with the creativity of managers as an essential condition to increase the productivity of a business. The first part of my thesis looks at the concept of creativity, including the concept of creativity as a process and complex of abilities. Apart from the above-stated, it contains a description of a biological-psychosocial model of creativity. The first part concludes that creativity development is possible. The second part of my thesis focuses on the issues of manager creativity and its importance. Attention is paid to internal and external barriers of creativity which can be removed to some degree by using the training methods of a lecturer and individual techniques of a manager. The end of my thesis shows a list of basic conditions of creativity development in an organisation. This knowledge can be used by lecturers training adults, managers or HR staff members.

This is a research study about children who develop learning difficulties during the early years of schooling, and how teachers can help them best learn. The focus will be on learning methods, which help students with learning disabilities, learn to read. I decided to make this an international study, by comparing a Swedish teachers observation, to teachers from five different English-speaking countries (USA; England; Canada; Australia; New Zealand). I made a lot of international contacts through my work as a volunteer for Karlstad University international office, host program. Through these contacts, I got in contact with different international participants for my research study. I conducted interviews with my participants on Skype. The end result of what I learned from these interviews was very interesting and educational, especially how the different school systems function and how the teachers work with children with learning disabilities in their elementary schools. For example, most of the teachers work a lot, with sounding out letters and personalized schedules. A few of the teachers work a lot with inclusion and specialized curriculums for the students with learning disabilities, which their department of education pressed a lot on, while other teachers department of education did not. / Det här är en undersökning om barn som utvecklar inlärningssvårigheter under de tidiga skolåren och hur lärare kan hjälpa dem att lära sig bäst. Fokus kommer att vara på inlärningsmetoder som hjälper studenter med inlärningssvårigheter att lära sig läsa. Jag bestämde mig för att göra detta till en internationell studie genom att jämföra en svensk lärare erfarenheter med olika lärare från fem engelsktalande länder (USA, England, Kanada, Australien, Nya Zeeland). Jag har många internationella kontakter genom mitt arbete som volontär för Karlstads universitets internationella kontors värdprogram. Genom dessa personer kom jag i kontakt med olika internationella deltagare för min forskningsstudie. Jag genomförde intervjuer med de flesta av mina respondenter via Skype. Slutresultatet av det jag lärde mig av dessa intervjuer var mycket intressant och pedagogiskt, särskilt hur de olika skolsystemen fungerar och hur lärarna arbetar med barn med inlärningssvårigheter. Det visade sig att det fanns flera likheter men även skillnader i hur de olika lärarna arbetade med elever som hade inlärningssvårigheter, till exempel arbetar de flesta lärarna mycket med ljudträning och personliga scheman. Några av lärarna arbetade dessutom med integrering och specialiserade läroplaner för elever med inlärningssvårigheter.

Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med kunskap om lärares syn på sitt arbete med läsundervisning i årskurs 1. Syftet besvaras genom frågeställningarna: Hur uppger lärarna att de genomför läsundervisning? Vilka läsinlärningsmetoder uppger lärarna att de använder i undervisningen? Hur beskriver lärarna sin betydelse för elevers läsinlärning? Studien har en sociokulturell ansats och speglar således Vygotskijs tankar om lärande och utveckling. Undersökningsmetoden är kvalitativ och bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra lärare för närvarande verksamma i årskurs 1. Resultatet visar att lärarna kombinerar flera metoder i läsundervisningen med syfte att eleverna ska få både fonologisk lästräning och helordsträning. Undervisningen har inslag av bokstavsgenomgångar, samtal, läsning, skrivning och på olika sätt arbete med utgångspunkt från en läsebok. Resultatet visar även att lärare behöver vara kunniga och positiva förebilder som motiverar eleverna till läsning. Lärare ska även kunna ge elever utmaningar efter var de befinner sig i sin läsutveckling för att ge alla elever rätt förutsättningar att utvecklas. / The aim of this study is to contribute with knowledge about teachers’ views on their work with literacy learning. The research questions are: How do the teachers describe that they conduct reading lessons? What literacy learning methods do these teachers use in class? How do the teachers describe their own importance as a teacher for the literacy learning of the pupils? This study is based on a socio-cultural perspective on learning and reflects the ideas of Vygotskij on learning and development. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with four teachers currently active in grade 1. The results show that the teachers combine several different methods in their literacy instruction with the purpose to give the pupils both phonological reading practice and whole words trainings. The instructions have elements such as learning the alphabet, conversations, reading, writing and, in various ways, work based on a textbook. The results show that the teachers need to be knowledgeable and positive role models in order to motivate their pupils to read. Furthermore, the teachers must be able to provide their pupils with challenges adapted to their reading competence in order to give all pupils the right conditions for development.

Context: The main purpose of this thesis is to build an automatic handwritten digit recognition method for the recognition of connected handwritten digit strings. To accomplish the recognition task, first, the digits were segmented into individual digits. Then, a digit recognition module is employed to classify each segmented digit completing the handwritten digit string recognition task. In this study, different machine learning methods, which are SVM, ANN and CNN architectures are used to achieve high performance on the digit string recognition problem. In these methods, images of digit strings are trained with the SVM, ANN and CNN model with HOG feature vectors and Deep learning methods structure by sliding a fixed size window through the images labeling each sub-image as a part of a digit or not. After the completion of the segmentation, to achieve the complete recognition of handwritten digits.Objective: The main purpose of this thesis is to find out the recognition performance of the methods. In order to analyze the performance of the methods, data is needed to be used for training using machine learning methods. Then digit data is tested on the desired machine learning technique. In this thesis, the following methods are performed: Implementation of HOG Feature extraction method with SVM Implementation of HOG Feature extraction method with ANN Implementation of Deep Learning methods with CNN Methods: This research will be carried out using two methods. The first research method is the ¨Literature Review¨ and the second ¨Experiment¨. Initially, a literature review is conducted to get a clear knowledge on the algorithms and techniques which will be used to answer the first research question i.e., to know which type of data is required for the machine learning methods and the data analysis is performed. Later on, with the knowledge of RQ1, Experimentation is conducted to answer the RQ2, RQ3, RQ4. Quantitative data is used to perform the experimentation because qualitative data which obtains from case-study and survey cannot be used for this experiment method as it contains non-numerical data. In this research, an experiment is conducted to find the best suitable machine learning method from the existing methods. As mentioned above in the objectives, an experiment is conducted using SVM, ANN, and CNN. By considering the results obtained from the experiment, a comparison is made on the metrics considered which results in CNN as the best method suitable for Documents Images. Results: Compare the results for SVM, ANN with HOG Feature extraction and the CNN method by using segmented results. Based on the Experiment results it is found that SVM and ANN have some drawbacks like low accuracy and low performance in the recognition of documented images. So, the other method i.e., CNN has greater performance with high accuracy. The following are the results of the recognition rates of each method. SVM performance - 39% ANN performance - 37% CNN performance - 71%. Conclusion: This research concentrates on providing an efficient method for recognition of automatic handwritten digits recognition. Here a sample training data is treated with existing machine learning and deep learning methods like SVM, ANN, and CNN. By the results obtained from the experimentation, it clearly is shown that the CNN method is much efficient with 71% performance when compared to ANN and SVM methods. Keywords: Handwritten Digit Recognition, Handwritten Digit Segmentation, Handwritten Digit Classification, Machine Learning Methods, Deep Learning, Image processing on document images, Support Vector Machine, Conventional Neural Networks, Artificial Neural Networks

A presente pesquisa tem como base a formação continuada de professores do Ensino Médio, que ministram as disciplinas pertencentes à área de Ciências da Natureza, tendo como objetivo aplicar uma metodologia didática que busca o desenvolvimento de habilidades dos alunos, denominada nessa pesquisa de \"Aula Operatória\", e analisar seu efeito na prática pedagógica de professores de Ciências da Natureza. Dessa forma, a partir do ajuste das metodologias utilizadas pelos professores, as aulas possam ser mais motivadoras, interessantes e envolventes, promovendo a melhoria do ensino. As bases teóricas utilizadas para essa pesquisa foram de Cleide do Amaral Terzi e Paulo Afonso Caruso Ronca - que fundamentam as bases do entendimento a respeito de Aula Operatória -, e Philippe Perrenoud, esclarecendo a respeito das competências dos professores, necessárias nos dias de hoje, e fundamentando a parametrização utilizada pelo pesquisador, no processo avaliativo que teve enfoque qualitativo. Buscando as raízes conceituais e práticas da Aula Operatória no decorrer da história, a pesquisa traz os fundamentos do trabalho didático com foco no desenvolvimento de habilidades dos discentes, apresentando John Dewey e as bases da operacionalização do conhecimento, dentro da sua visão instrumentalista; Jean William Fritz Piaget e a teoria desenvolvimentista; Lev Semenovitch Vygotsky e a concepção da aprendizagem mediada; Louis Raths e a importância do \"pensar\". Considerando o problema do baixo índice de aprendizagem e de interesse dos alunos, nas disciplinas pertencentes à área de Ciências da Natureza no cenário da educação no Brasil e no mundo, esta pesquisa propõe a Aula Operatória como prática na formação continuada de professores para a mudança no ensino, visando ao desenvolvimento das habilidades dos alunos. Os professores das disciplinas foram escolhidos de forma voluntária, e a formação para a Aula Operatória se deu nas seguintes etapas: análise diagnóstica realizada a partir de observações qualificadas individuais para planejamento das ações; encontros formativos para oportunizar aos professores a reflexão sobre a própria prática, e para repertoriálos teoricamente com as bases para o desenvolvimento de Aulas Operatórias; execução de Aula Compartilhada como estratégia formativa prática; avaliação final com entrevista e relatório da coordenadora pedagógica em cada caso. Os resultados, de modo geral, mostraram resistência inicial à aplicação da nova metodologia, eliminada com o apoio fornecido pelo pesquisador na elaboração e planejamento das atividades. Posteriormente, foi possível verificar mudança na abordagem dos temas em sala de aula, por parte dos professores, ao empregar os princípios da Aula Operatória, mas mantiveram o registro de planejamento sem mudanças significativas. Desta forma, conclui-se pela necessidade de acompanhamento contínuo para que não haja a retomada de hábitos antigos. / The present research is based on the continuing education of high school teachers, who teach the subjects belonging to the area of Natural Sciences, aiming to apply a teaching methodology which seeks the development of abilities of students, named in this research of \"Operative Classroom\" and analyze your effect on pedagogical practice of teachers of natural sciences. In this way, from the set of methodologies used by teachers, classes may become more motivating, engaging and interesting, promoting the improvement of education. The theoretical bases used for this research were Cleide do Amaral Terzi and Paulo Afonso Caruso Ronca - that underlie the basis of understanding regarding Operative Classroom -, and Philippe Perrenoud, clarifying the competences of teachers, needed these days, and basing the parameterization used by the researcher, in the evaluation process that had a qualitative approach. Seeking practical and conceptual roots of the Operative Classroom in the course of the story, the research brings the basics of didactic work with focus on developing skills of students, featuring John Dewey and the bases of the operationalization of the knowledge within its instrumentalist vision; Jean William Fritz Piaget and theory development; Lev Semenovitch Vygotsky and mediated learning design; Louis Raths and the importance of \"thinking. Considering the problem of the low content of learning and interest of students, in the subjects belonging to the area of natural sciences in education in Brazil and in the world, this research proposes the Operative Classroom practice on continuing education of teachers for change in education, aiming at the development of the skills of the students. Teachers of disciplines were chosen voluntarily, and training for the Operative Classroom took the following steps: diagnostic analysis undertaken from qualified individual observations for planning of actions; formative meetings to provide opportunities for teachers to reflect on their own practice, and for the repertoriár in theory with the bases for the development of Operative Classroom; executing Shared Lessons as formative strategy practice; final review with interview and report the pedagogical coordinator in each case. The results generally showed initial resistance to the application of the new methodology, eliminated with the support provided by the researcher in the development and planning activities. Later, it was possible to verify change in approach the topics in the classroom, on the part of teachers, to employ the principles of Operative Classroom, but they held the record of planning without significant changes. Thus, it is concluded by the need for ongoing monitoring to prevent the resumption of old habits.

The diploma thesis is focused on technical excursions in Sedlčany and their implementation in education at the first level of elementary schools. The theoretical part describes the learning and its life meaning, including the development of the child's thinking with the theory of learning process. It also deals with the technique in the life of contemporary person and his influence on the development of the personality of the child. It focuses on the place of work education at the first level and its aims. It deals with teaching methods, their classification and provides an overview of some activating teaching methods. It defines the excursion and analyzes it didactically. It deals with primary technical litteracy. It characterizes selected technical monuments and sites for excursion. The practical part consists of six suggestions of technical excursions, which can be realized in the teaching of pupils at the first level of elementary schools. The part is the evaluated questionnaire on the effectiveness of the excursions between the first grade teachers. In addition, more general recommendations for applying original excursions in the primary education.