The bilateral deficit can be described as when the sum of two unilateral movements exceeds the bilateral output. If the sum does not exceed the bilateral output, a bilateral facilitation is present. Little research has been done in males and females comparison of the bilateral deficit. The purpose of the current study was therefore to compare the bilateral deficit between sexes in a 1 repetition maximum (RM) leg press. Twenty participants, ten males and ten females, were recruited (23.4±2.1 years, 71.2±13.1 kg, 172.2±8.9 cm) and seventeen of them completed the study. The test consisted of two testing sessions (one unilateral with preferred leg, and one bilateral session) with seven days in between. The 1 RM was attained within six attempts, with a three minutes rest between every attempt. The current study showed a bilateral deficit of males (5.6±4.6%) and a bilateral facilitation of females (0.6±5.9%). There was a significant difference between sexes of p=0.031 (p<0.05). Previous studies have examined males and females separately, with different methods and protocols. This study used the same method and protocol in both sexes. Some suggestions of the mechanisms behind the deficit have been proposed and may explain the current findings, but further studies are needed. Future research needs to continue to explore and explain the sex difference in the bilateral strength deficit.

Two different weight training programs were compared to determine which was most effective in improving strength. The experiment was conducted with the bench press, leg press, and sitting press for a period of fifteen weeks.

No study has examined the effect of exercise modality (free weight vs. machine weight) on the acute hormonal response using similar multi-joint exercises. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of resistance exercise modality on acute hormonal responses by comparing the squat and leg press which are multi-joint, and similar in action and lower-body muscle involvement. Ten resistance trained men (21-31 y, 24.7 ± 2.9 y, 179 ± 7 cm, 84.2 ± 10.5 kg) participated in the study. Sessions 1 and 2 determined the participants’ 1-RM in the squat and leg press. During acute heavy resistance exercise testing visits (AHRET), sessions 3 and 4, participants completed 6 sets of 10 repetitions with an initial intensity of 80% of their 1-RM for the squat and leg press exercises. There was a 2 minute rest period between each set. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and 15 and 30 minutes after exercise via intravenous catheter during the AHRET visits and were analyzed for testosterone, cortisol, and growth hormone. Lactate, plasma volume change, heart rates and ratings of perceived exertion were also measured. Total work was calculated for external load only and for external load and the body mass used in the exercises. The 4 sessions were counterbalanced and randomized for exercise mode. Testosterone for the squat (Pre: 23.9 ± 8.7 nmol•L-1; IP: 31.4 ± 10.3 nmol•L) and leg press (Pre: 22.1 ± 9.4 nmol•L-1; IP: 26.9 ± 7.8 nmol•L) increased but more significantly after the squat. Growth hormone increased in both the squat (Pre: 0.2 ± 0.2 µg/L; IP: 9.5 ± 7.3 µg/L) and the leg press (Pre: 0.3 ± 0.5 µg/L; IP: 2.8 ± 3.2 µg/L). The increase was significantly higher after the squat compared to the leg press. Cortisol also increased after performing the squat (Pre: 471.9 ± 167.2 nmol•L-1; IP: 603.2 ± 277.6 nmol•L) and leg press (Pre: 463.5 ± 212.4 nmol•L-1; IP: 520.3 ± 270.3 nmol•L), but there was no significant difference between the two modes. The total work was significantly higher in the squat (60509 ± 10759 j) compared to the leg press (42875 ± 7010). The squat exercise is more effective at inducing an acute hormonal response. If the leg press exercise is used, the hormonal response may be reduced, which might lead to reduced training adaptations, especially when only a 90º knee angle ROM is used. To induce the maximal hormonal response to resistance exercise, free weight exercises should be used.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-26T13:42:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 yuridealmeidacostacampos.pdf: 1718174 bytes, checksum: 4293aa3afd0dd4921113bf0ce8d1eff6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-26T20:31:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 yuridealmeidacostacampos.pdf: 1718174 bytes, checksum: 4293aa3afd0dd4921113bf0ce8d1eff6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T20:31:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 yuridealmeidacostacampos.pdf: 1718174 bytes, checksum: 4293aa3afd0dd4921113bf0ce8d1eff6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / O limiar anaeróbio (LAn) tem sido considerado um índice fiável para mensurar os domínios de intensidade durante o exercício podendo ser identificado através das concentrações sanguíneas de lactato [Lac] e da eletromiografia de superfície (sEMG). Assim, os objetivos principais do presente estudo foram: (a) identificar e correlacionar o limiar eletromiográfico (LEMG) e limiar de lactato (LL) durante os protocolos incrementais realizados na esteira ergométrica (EE) e no exercício leg press 45° (LP 45°) e (b) correlacionar os valores das [Lac] no qual foi identificado LAn entre os protocolos incrementais realizados na EE e no LP 45°. Foram voluntários 12 corredores fundistas do sexo masculino moderadamente treinados (idade = 29,27 ± 3,24 anos; percentual de gordura = 10,33 ± 2,62 %; estatura = 1,77 ± 0,04 m; massa corporal = 73,44 ± 4,38 kg; tempo dos 5000 m = 20 min e 37,8 seg ± 2 min e 21 seg; tempo de treinamento = 4,26 ± 0,68 anos). Logo após as sessões de avaliação prévias, os voluntários foram randomizados para a realização de dois protocolos incrementais distintos executados na EE e no LP 45° onde foram coletados o sinal EMG e lactato sanguíneo durante o término de cada estágio em ambos os exercícios propostos. Foram realizados os testes estatísticos de normalidade e homogeneidade de variâncias, além dos testes Anova Two-Way com Post Hoc de Bonferroni, T para amostras independentes, correlação de Pearson e Bland Altman, adotando o valor de significância p ≤ 0,05. Os resultados não demonstraram diferenças significantes entre a velocidade de corrida e a intensidade de exercício em que foram identificados o LL e o LEMG em ambos os protocolos. Houve correlações e concordâncias entre o LL e o LEMG determinados tanto na EE, quanto no LP 45°. Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes entre as [Lac] em que foi identificado o LAn na EE e no LP 45°. Foi encontrada concordância entre ambos os protocolos incrementais. Nossos achados ressaltaram a aplicabilidade da sEMG como uma ferramenta não invasiva para determinar o LAn. Apesar de existir concordância entre as [Lac] onde foi determinado o LAn na EE e no LP 45°, ainda são necessários estudos com metodologias mais elaboradas que venham confirmar tal premissa. / The anaerobic threshold (AT) has been considered a reliable index to measure the intensity domains during exercising, and it can be identified through blood lactate concentrations [Lac] and through surface electromyography (sEMG). The main objectives of this study were: (a) to identify and to correlate the electromyographic threshold (EMGTH) and the lactate threshold (LT) during incremental protocols performed on a treadmill (IT) and on the leg press 45° (LP 45°) exercise; and (b) to correlate the values of [Lac] in which the AT was identified among the incremental protocols performed in IT and LP 45°. Twelve male long-distance runners, moderately trained, were volunteers (age = 29.27 ± 3.24 years; body fat percentage = 10.33 ± 2.62 %; height = 1.77 ± 0.04 m; body mass = 73.44 ± 4.38 kg; time of 5000 m = 20 min and 37.8 sec ± 2 min and 21 sec; training time = 4.26 ± 0.68 years). Shortly after the preliminary evaluation sessions, volunteers were randomized to perform two distinct incremental protocols running on IT and LP 45°, in which the EMG signal and blood lactate were collected during the end of each stage in both proposed exercises. Statistical tests of normality and homogeneity of variance were performed, in addition to two-way Anova test with Post Hoc Bonferroni, T for independent samples, Pearson correlation and Bland Altman, adopting the significance level p ≤ 0.05. The results showed no significant differences between the running speed and the exercise intensity in which LT and EMGTH were identified in both protocols. In the IT and in the LP 45º were observed correlations and agreements between LT and EMGTH. No significant differences were observed among the values of [Lac], in which the AT was identified in IT and LP 45°. The incremental protocols showed agreement. The results highlighted the applicability of sEMG as a non-invasive tool for determining the AT. Although there is agreement between the values of [Lac] where the AT was determined in EE and LP 45°, further studies are still needed with more elaborate methodologies that would confirm that premise.

O treinamento físico resistido tem sido enfaticamente incentivado, proporcionando efeitos favoráveis na força e endurance muscular, na função cardiovascular, metabolismo e na redução do risco cardiovascular. No entanto, é escassa a literatura sobre os ajustes cardiovasculares, ventilatórios e metabólicos no exercício resistido na população idosa. Além disso, pouco é sabido sobre tais ajustes na carga crítica (CC), a qual demarcaria a transição do exercício moderado para o exercício intenso nesta modalidade de exercício. Dessa forma, os objetivos deste trabalho são: avaliar o comportamento das respostas cardiovasculares, respiratórias e metabólicas durante o exercício físico resistido (Leg Press 45º) em diferentes intensidades, bem como determinar a intensidade da CC e ainda nessa intensidade comparar as respostas da freqüência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), ventilação (VE), consumo de oxigênio (\'VO IND.2\'), produção de dióxido de carbono (\'VCO IND.2\'), quociente respiratório (QR), percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) e lactato sangüíneo ([Lac]) obtidas durante exercício entre dois grupos (jovens e idosos). Participaram deste estudo 28 indivíduos do sexo masculino, sendo 15 jovens e 13 idosos, aparentemente saudáveis, sendo que a média de idade dos jovens foi de 22,7 ± 2,5 anos, massa média de 77,6 ± 10,2 kg e estatura média de 180,0 ± 10,0 cm e nos idosos a média de idade foi de 68,6 ± 4,0 anos, massa média de 76,7 ± 7,5 kg e estatura média de 170,0 ± 1,0 cm, não etilistas, não tabagistas, e sem distúrbios cardiorrespiratórios, neurológicos, metabólicos e articulares. Durante todos os procedimentos foram monitoradas PA, FC e eletrocardiograma nas derivações MC5, DII e V2 modificadas, sendo que foram realizados: teste de 1RM em exercício resistido no Leg Press 45º; teste de esforço físico dinâmico resistido com diferentes percentuais de 1RM, testados de acordo para obtenção da carga crítica, pela regressão linear dos pontos apurados na construção do gráfico: carga X inverso do tempo (tempo = duração do exercício até a fadiga). Com relação ao tempo de execução e o número de repetições não houve diferenças entre os grupos (p = 0,25 e p = 0,49; respectivamente); para a FC e PAS, temos para o grupo jovem uma resposta exacerbada da FC comparada aos idosos durante exercício (p<0,0001), sendo que o comportamento da PAS revela-se de modo contrário, havendo assim uma resposta mais acentuado para o grupo idoso (p<0,0197). A [Lac] foi maior em jovens na intensidade da CC (p = 0,0014), bem como o valor de PSE (0,00021). Para os parâmetros ventilatórios (VE, \'VO IND.2\' e \'VCO IND.2\') temos maiores valores para o grupo jovem também na fase de exercício para diferentes intensidades, principalmente na CC (p<0,0001, para as três variáveis). Além disso, foi possível determinar a carga crítica para ambos os grupos, sendo que essa foi em torno de 38% 1RM (p = 0,22). Dessa forma, esse foi o primeiro estudo que avaliou e comparou as respostas fisiológicas entre jovens e idosos em diferentes intensidades da RM, no exercício de Leg Press 45º, assim como na CC. / The resistance training has been strongly encouraged, providing favorable effects on muscular strength and endurance, cardiovascular function, metabolism and cardiovascular risk reduction. However, there is little literature about the cardiovascular, ventilation and metabolic responses in resistance exercise in the elderly. Moreover, little is known about such adjustments in the critical load (CL), which indicates the transition of moderate to intense exercise in this type of exercise. Thus, the objectives of this study are: To evaluate the cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic changes during resistance exercise (leg press 45º) at different intensities and to determine the intensity of the CL and even that intensity to compare the responses of heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (\'VO IND.2\'), production of carbon dioxide (\'VCO IND.2\'), respiratory quotient (RQ), perceived exertion (PSE) and blood lactate ([Lac]) obtained during exercise between two groups (young and old). Participated in this study 28 males, 15 young and 13 elderly, apparently healthy, with an average age of the young was 22.7 ± 2.5 years, mean weight 77.6 ± 10.2 kg and mean height of 180.0 ± 10.0 cm, and in the elderly the average age was 68.6 ± 4.0 years, mean weight 76.7 ± 7.5 kg and mean height of 170.0 ± 1.0 cm, non-alcoholic non-smoker, and without cardio-respiratory, neurological, metabolic and joints disorders. During all procedures were monitored BP, HR and ECG at MC5, DII and V2 modified, and were carried out: 1RM resistance exercise on the leg press at 45º; exercise stress test dynamic resistance with different percentages of 1RM tested agreement for obtaining the critical load, the linear regression of the points made during the construction of the graph: load X reverse of time (time = duration of exercise until fatigue). Regarding the execution time and number of repetitions no differences between the groups (p = 0.25 and p = 0.49, respectively) for the HR and SBP, we have exacerbated response of HR for a young group compared to elderly, during exercise (p < 0.0001), and the SBP appears to be so contrary, so there is more pronounced for the elderly group (p < 0.0197). The [Lac] was greater in young people in the CC intensity (p = 0.0014), as well as the value of PSE (0.00021). For the ventilatory parameters (VE, \'VO IND.2\' and \'VCO IND.2\') have higher values in the young group also during the exercise for different intensities, mainly in the CC (p < 0.0001 for the three variables). Furthermore, it was possible to determine the CL for both groups, and this was around 38% 1RM (p = 0.22). Thus, this was the first study that evaluated and compared the physiological responses between young and old in different intensities of 1RM in the exercise of Leg Press 45º, as in CL.

O treinamento físico resistido tem sido enfaticamente incentivado, proporcionando efeitos favoráveis na força e endurance muscular, na função cardiovascular, metabolismo e na redução do risco cardiovascular. No entanto, é escassa a literatura sobre os ajustes cardiovasculares, ventilatórios e metabólicos no exercício resistido na população idosa. Além disso, pouco é sabido sobre tais ajustes na carga crítica (CC), a qual demarcaria a transição do exercício moderado para o exercício intenso nesta modalidade de exercício. Dessa forma, os objetivos deste trabalho são: avaliar o comportamento das respostas cardiovasculares, respiratórias e metabólicas durante o exercício físico resistido (Leg Press 45º) em diferentes intensidades, bem como determinar a intensidade da CC e ainda nessa intensidade comparar as respostas da freqüência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), ventilação (VE), consumo de oxigênio (\'VO IND.2\'), produção de dióxido de carbono (\'VCO IND.2\'), quociente respiratório (QR), percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) e lactato sangüíneo ([Lac]) obtidas durante exercício entre dois grupos (jovens e idosos). Participaram deste estudo 28 indivíduos do sexo masculino, sendo 15 jovens e 13 idosos, aparentemente saudáveis, sendo que a média de idade dos jovens foi de 22,7 ± 2,5 anos, massa média de 77,6 ± 10,2 kg e estatura média de 180,0 ± 10,0 cm e nos idosos a média de idade foi de 68,6 ± 4,0 anos, massa média de 76,7 ± 7,5 kg e estatura média de 170,0 ± 1,0 cm, não etilistas, não tabagistas, e sem distúrbios cardiorrespiratórios, neurológicos, metabólicos e articulares. Durante todos os procedimentos foram monitoradas PA, FC e eletrocardiograma nas derivações MC5, DII e V2 modificadas, sendo que foram realizados: teste de 1RM em exercício resistido no Leg Press 45º; teste de esforço físico dinâmico resistido com diferentes percentuais de 1RM, testados de acordo para obtenção da carga crítica, pela regressão linear dos pontos apurados na construção do gráfico: carga X inverso do tempo (tempo = duração do exercício até a fadiga). Com relação ao tempo de execução e o número de repetições não houve diferenças entre os grupos (p = 0,25 e p = 0,49; respectivamente); para a FC e PAS, temos para o grupo jovem uma resposta exacerbada da FC comparada aos idosos durante exercício (p<0,0001), sendo que o comportamento da PAS revela-se de modo contrário, havendo assim uma resposta mais acentuado para o grupo idoso (p<0,0197). A [Lac] foi maior em jovens na intensidade da CC (p = 0,0014), bem como o valor de PSE (0,00021). Para os parâmetros ventilatórios (VE, \'VO IND.2\' e \'VCO IND.2\') temos maiores valores para o grupo jovem também na fase de exercício para diferentes intensidades, principalmente na CC (p<0,0001, para as três variáveis). Além disso, foi possível determinar a carga crítica para ambos os grupos, sendo que essa foi em torno de 38% 1RM (p = 0,22). Dessa forma, esse foi o primeiro estudo que avaliou e comparou as respostas fisiológicas entre jovens e idosos em diferentes intensidades da RM, no exercício de Leg Press 45º, assim como na CC. / The resistance training has been strongly encouraged, providing favorable effects on muscular strength and endurance, cardiovascular function, metabolism and cardiovascular risk reduction. However, there is little literature about the cardiovascular, ventilation and metabolic responses in resistance exercise in the elderly. Moreover, little is known about such adjustments in the critical load (CL), which indicates the transition of moderate to intense exercise in this type of exercise. Thus, the objectives of this study are: To evaluate the cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic changes during resistance exercise (leg press 45º) at different intensities and to determine the intensity of the CL and even that intensity to compare the responses of heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (\'VO IND.2\'), production of carbon dioxide (\'VCO IND.2\'), respiratory quotient (RQ), perceived exertion (PSE) and blood lactate ([Lac]) obtained during exercise between two groups (young and old). Participated in this study 28 males, 15 young and 13 elderly, apparently healthy, with an average age of the young was 22.7 ± 2.5 years, mean weight 77.6 ± 10.2 kg and mean height of 180.0 ± 10.0 cm, and in the elderly the average age was 68.6 ± 4.0 years, mean weight 76.7 ± 7.5 kg and mean height of 170.0 ± 1.0 cm, non-alcoholic non-smoker, and without cardio-respiratory, neurological, metabolic and joints disorders. During all procedures were monitored BP, HR and ECG at MC5, DII and V2 modified, and were carried out: 1RM resistance exercise on the leg press at 45º; exercise stress test dynamic resistance with different percentages of 1RM tested agreement for obtaining the critical load, the linear regression of the points made during the construction of the graph: load X reverse of time (time = duration of exercise until fatigue). Regarding the execution time and number of repetitions no differences between the groups (p = 0.25 and p = 0.49, respectively) for the HR and SBP, we have exacerbated response of HR for a young group compared to elderly, during exercise (p < 0.0001), and the SBP appears to be so contrary, so there is more pronounced for the elderly group (p < 0.0197). The [Lac] was greater in young people in the CC intensity (p = 0.0014), as well as the value of PSE (0.00021). For the ventilatory parameters (VE, \'VO IND.2\' and \'VCO IND.2\') have higher values in the young group also during the exercise for different intensities, mainly in the CC (p < 0.0001 for the three variables). Furthermore, it was possible to determine the CL for both groups, and this was around 38% 1RM (p = 0.22). Thus, this was the first study that evaluated and compared the physiological responses between young and old in different intensities of 1RM in the exercise of Leg Press 45º, as in CL.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1388.pdf: 1953339 bytes, checksum: 14b647b421ed18e30c83f687539d100f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-14 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Important researches had shown the benefits of resistance training programs for rehabilitation as well as prophylaxis of physical incapacity. However few studies had investigated the responses of the intermediate metabolism during the execution of resistance exercises if carried through steady state or during incremental tests. The purpose of this study was to investigate the viability of the use of non-invasive methods as trustworthy indicators in the analysis of the aerobic-anaerobic transition and to compare the physiological responses between male and female, submitted to discontinuous incremental test of resistance exercise for lower limb. Eighteen subjects volunteered to participate and provided a written consent (9 males, 24 ± 3 years, 176 ± 5 cm, 72 ± 10 kg and 9 females, 23 ± 2 years, 165 ± 6 cm, 59 ± 10 Kg) in two sessions, distinct days, of counterweighted isoinertial Leg Press 45º machine (LP), being the 1st session performed to identify the 1 repetition maximum load (1RM) and the 2nd to accomplish the discontinuous incremental test of the type step in LP (DIT). The loading gradual scheme was determined in relation to the percentage of 1RM (%1RM). Subjects were required to perform 20 ± 2 repetitions with a 2 minutes interval between each set when loads were changed and collection of blood and salivary samples were collected. The blood lactate concentration ([La-]) had been used as gold standard for the respective comparisons between the methods. As non-invasive methods the salivary lactate concentrations ([SL]) and index SD1 of the heart rate variability (HRV) were used, gotten by Poincaré Plotting (PP). The thresholds identified by [La-] and [SL] (LT and SLT, respectively) had been determined by Mader and Heck Method (1986). The threshold identified by index SD1 (SD1T) was determined by Tullpo et al. (1998) criterion. The criterion level for statistical significance was set at an alpha level of p< 0,05. Statistical differences had not been found in the comparisons between genders in each step of the DIT for the three variables studied. The thresholds when expressed in kg revealed significant differences between genders but not intra genders. When expressed in %1RM the thresholds had been placed in the average enter 29-40% and had not evidenced significant differences between the thresholds in the conditions intra genders and between genders. Correlations of 0.89 and 0.78 had been evidenced between the LT and SLT and SD1T, respectively. The variability of both non-invasive variables was shown inside of the limits of agreement evidenced by the analyses of Bland-Altman. Thus it is possible to conclude that as much the SL as index SD1 of HRV responses of similar form to the blood lactate. This allows the detention of the thresholds of lactate salivary and heart rate variability, independently of the gender. In this way, as much the SL as index SD1 of the HRV presents great potential as possible non invasive markers of effort intensity, that they can be used in the lapsing and the control of the load of work in the resistance exercises. Moreover, the differences in the metabolic responses between the genders, evidenced in the intensities of effort above of the threshold, must be considered in the lapsing of the resistance training. / Importantes trabalhos têm relatado os benefícios dos programas de treinamento resistido tanto para a reabilitação como para profilaxia de incapacidade física. Contudo poucos foram os estudos que investigaram as respostas do metabolismo energético intermediário durante a execução de exercícios resistidos, fossem eles realizados em estado estável ou durante testes incrementais. Assim o propósito deste estudo foi o de investigar a viabilidade da utilização de métodos não invasivos, como indicadores confiáveis na análise da transição do metabolismo aeróbio-anaeróbio, e comparar as respostas fisiológicas entre homens e mulheres, submetidos a teste incremental descontínuo do tipo degrau em exercício resistido de membros inferiores. Para isso dezoito jovens saudáveis (9 homens, 24,22 ± 2,77 anos, 175,89 ± 4,99 cm, 71,73 ± 9,81 kg e 9 mulheres, 22,64 ± 1,87 anos, 164,89 ± 5,30 cm, 58,61 ± 9,58 kg) foram voluntários em duas sessões de exercício resistido no Leg Press 45° isoinércio (LP), em dias distintos, sendo a 1ª sessão para a determinação da carga máxima dinâmica para uma repetição (CMD) e a 2ª para a realização de teste incremental descontínuo do tipo degrau no LP (TILP). O esquema progressivo das cargas foi determinado em relação ao percentual da CMD (%CMD) e conduzido até exaustão voluntária. Os sujeitos realizavam 20±2 repetições, com intervalo de 2 minutos entre cada série onde eram trocadas as cargas e efetuadas as coletas das amostras sangüíneas e salivares. As concentrações de lactato sangüíneo [La-] foram utilizadas como padrão ouro para as respectivas comparações entre os métodos. Como métodos não invasivos utilizaram-se as concentrações de lactato salivar [LS] e o índice SD1 da variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (VFC), obtido pela plotagem de Poincaré (PP). Os limiares identificados pelas [La-] e [LS] (LL e LLS, respectivamente) foram determinados pelo método propostos por Mader e Heck (1986). O limiar do índice SD1 (LSD1) foi determinado pelo critério proposto por Tullpo et al. (1998). O índice de significância adotado foi de 5% e o grau de confiabilidade de 95%. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas significantes nas comparações entre gênero em cada estágio do TILP para as três variáveis estudadas. Os limiares quando expressos em kg mostraram-se diferentes estatisticamente entre gêneros, mas não intra-gênero. Quando expressos em %CMD os limiares situaram-se na média entre 29% a 40% e não foram evidenciadas diferenças significantes entre os limiares nas condições intra gênero e entre gênero. Correlação de moderada a forte (0,89 e 0,78) foi encontrada entre os LL e os LLS e LSD1, sendo ambos concordantes, como ficou evidenciado pelas análises de Bland-Altman. Assim os resultados sugerem que tanto o LS como o índice SD1 respondem de forma semelhante ao La-, o que permite a identificação na mudança do padrão de resposta cinética de tais variáveis, independentemente do gênero. Desta maneira, tanto o LS como o índice SD1 da VFC apresentam grande potencial como métodos alternativos não invasivos de intensidade de esforço, que podem ser usados na prescrição e no controle da carga de trabalho nos exercícios resistidos. Além disso, há diferenças entre os gêneros nas respostas metabólicas nas intensidades de esforço acima do limiar que devem ser consideradas na prescrição do treinamento resistido.

In an attempt to improve aerobic and anaerobic performance, athletes and fitness enthusiasts consume a variety of supplements. Because of this, energy drinks are quickly becoming more and more popular every day. Despite its highly addictive nature, caffeine, which is the main active ingredient in energy drinks, is gaining recognition as an ergogenic aid. However, due to the many factors that affects the action of caffeine, and because the research on caffeine and anaerobic performance is limited, the potential for studying energy drinks and anaerobic performance is quite large. PURPOSE: To determine if a commercially available energy drink has any ergogenic effects on lower body and upper body resistance exercise performance. METHODS: In a block randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study thirteen recreationally trained male and female volunteers (mean ± SD age = 22.5 ± 3.4 years) performed 4 sets of the leg press and 4 sets of the bench press exercises (at 80% of 1 RM with all sets separated by 2 minutes). Acting as their own controls, participants were tested on each dependent variable (i.e., bench press total volume, leg press total volume and total workout volume) twice, after ingesting a Venom® Energy Drink and after ingesting a placebo drink. RESULTS: Data were tested via a dependent samples t-test with p value set at < 0.05. No significant differences were found for any of the three dependent variables. DISCUSSION: The major finding of this study is that consumption of a Venom® Energy Drink does not produce an ergogenic effect by improving anaerobic exercise performance when the exercises are performed forty-five minutes following ingestion. Future studies should focus more on examining the factors behind the actions of caffeine. More specifically, the exercise performed, the training status of the participants, individual differences of the participants, and the dose of caffeine.

The purpose of this study was to compare high-resistance cycle training (HRCT) with resistance training (RT), and their effects on Wingate anaerobic test watt max (Wmax) and watt average (Wave), strength (improvement in 1 repetition max [RM]), and time-trial performance. Twenty-five healthy college-age untrained male subjects were randomly assigned to the HRCT (n=10), RT (n=10), or control (n=5) group. All subjects completed pre and posttesting for the leg press (LP), 30 s Wingate anaerobic test, and 15-min time-trial. Subjects also completed familiarization tests prior to pretesting in the Wingate anaerobic test and 15-min time-trial. HRCT and RT subjects trained 2x/wk for 8 weeks with at least 48 hrs between training sessions. During each training session HRCT completed 4 x 30 sec efforts increasing resistance when >65 rotations per minute (rpm) could be maintained for the full training session. RT completed 3 x 10 repetitions of leg press with weight increasing 5 -10 lbs when all repetitions were completed during a training session. ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc was used to determine if differences existed between the groups. Within group change was analyzed using paired T-test. Effect size was computed to determine meaningfulness of differences. HRCT and RT groups both showed statistical significance (p < 0.05) pre to posttesting in LP, Wingate anaerobic test Wmax and Wave, and 15-min time-trial. Control group also showed statistical significance (p < 0.05) pre to posttesting in LP and 15-min time-trial. Significant between group differences were noted between HRCT and control in Wingate anaerobic test Wmax (p=0.03) and Wave (p = 0.007) and 15-min time-trial (p = 0.003). There was a significant difference between RT and control on the 15-min time-trial (p = 0.008). When comparing HRCT and RT no statistical difference was seen in LP, Wingate anaerobic test Wmax and Wave, and 15-min time-trial. High-resistance cycle training and RT resulted in similar strength gains. However, HRCT showed greater improvements in cycling specific activities: 30 s Wingate anaerobic test Wmax and Wave, and 15-min time-trial. Results suggested that HRCT may increase performance on bike related assessments when compared to RT.

Nutrition and recovery go hand in hand. After a resistance training workout, it is extremely important for athletes to rebuild and refuel their bodies with the proper nourishment to obtain maximal results. In doing so, they consume different recovery aids or ergogenic aids for gains in muscle mass, an aid in hydration, and a speedy recovery. Ergogenic aids can include many things (i.e., improved equipment, training program), but one of the most popular types of ergogenic aids is nutritional supplements such as protein, carbohydrates, creatine, and vitamins. A nutritional supplement that has recently grown in popularity is chocolate milk. Currently, no studies exist comparing the effects of fat-free chocolate milk and 2% chocolate milk on muscular strength and body composition in collegiate softball players. The purpose of this study will be to determine the effects of fat-free and 2% chocolate milk ingestion on body composition and muscular strength following eight weeks of resistance training. In a randomized (matched according to strength and bodyweight), double blind experimental design, 18 female, collegiate softball players (18.5 +_ .7 yrs; 65.7 +_ 1.8 inches; 156.2 +_ 21.6 lbs) ingested either fat-free chocolate milk or 2% chocolate milk immediately after resistance exercise workouts for an 8-week period. Dependent variables included body fat percentage, lean muscle mass, bench press 1RM, and leg press 1RM. Data was analyzed via a paired samples t-test (to detect difference across both groups over the 8-week training period) and an independent samples t-test (to detect differences between the groups) using SPSS for Windows 15.0. No statistically significant differences were found in bench press strength, leg press strength, body fat %, and lean body mass between the fat-free group and the 2% chocolate milk group. The major finding of this study is that there is no difference between fat-free chocolate milk and 2% chocolate milk in regards to body fat percentage, lean body mass, bench press maximal strength, and leg press maximal strength following an eight week exercise program where the chocolate milk was ingested immediately after each workout. However, there was a significant difference in both groups combined after the eight week training program. Therefore, from a practical sense, consumption of either fat-free chocolate milk or 2% chocolate milk in conjunction with a periodized resistance training program does improve exercise performance in regards to maximal strength as well as improvements in body fat percentage and lean body mass.