Project finance is a financing arrangement for projects, and it is characterised by the creation of a legally independent project company financed with non- or limited recourse loans. It is observed that the popularity of project finance is increasing in the recent decades, despite of the impact of Asian financial crisis. Especially in emerging markets, project finance is very common among the public-private partnership projects. It is possible that project finance yields some benefits in project management that other forms of funding are not able to provide. This research aims to explore the impacts of project finance on the risk management of projects, as well as the mechanisms of the effects of various factors on project risk management. The research starts with a quantitative analysis which consists of project data from 32 projects in recent years. The regression analysis on these quantitative data reveals that factors such as the separation of legal entity and existence of third-party guarantees can effectively reduce the borrowing rates of the projects. The borrowing rates, expressed in terms of credit spreads over LIBOR, are regarded as a proxy for the overall risk level of the projects. The qualitative section which involves five structured interviews further explores the relationships of the attributes of project finance on project risk management. The interviewees largely agrees on the effects of the separation of legal entity, non- or limited recourse loans, and the existence of third-party guarantees in managing political and country risks, business risks, and principal-agency risks. The involvement of a larger number of stakeholders in the projects enable the project to enhance its risk management ability by gaining external expertise and knowledge, influences on government policies, and more importantly, closer supervisions on project activities. Apart from revealing the important features of project finance, and the potential benefits it may yield on project risk management, the effectiveness of these features are also discussed. The study also examines the relationships between these features and the common risk factors which may affect all projects. Some recommendations to enhance the benefits of project finance and reduce the associated transaction costs are made based on this study.

This article analyzes the trade name function as a distinctive sign of the economic agents, and the use of it, having in consideration the problems with the confusion between legal entity name, label or business sign, and service mark. Furthermore, it discusses the origin of the exclusive right to a trade name, the proof of its use, and the effects when use of the sign ceases. / Este artículo analiza la función del nombre comercial como signo distintivo del agente económico y su uso, teniendo en cuenta el marco regulatorio actual y los problemas generados por la confusión con el nombre de la persona jurídica, el rótulo de establecimiento o la marca de servicio. Además, se analiza el surgimiento del derecho sobre el referido signo, la acreditación del uso y los efectos de la falta del mismo.

Submitted by Sarah Mila Barbassa (sarahbarbassa@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-09-10T19:01:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Responsabilidade Tributária - Sarah Mila Barbassa.pdf: 830327 bytes, checksum: 1e9627d58698dca80925ec6db0a4b06e (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Sarah, boa noite A formatação de seu trabalho não está de acordo com as normas da ABNT. Será encaminhado por e-mail o que deverá ser alterado. Att. on 2015-09-10T21:19:23Z (GMT) / Submitted by Sarah Mila Barbassa (sarahbarbassa@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-09-10T22:40:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Responsabilidade Tributária - Sarah Mila Barbassa.pdf: 1049067 bytes, checksum: d63aef6d7ea8873029d90a3952e228e0 (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Sarah, bom dia Só mais um detalhe: na capa retire aquele traço que consta ao lado do nome da fundação. Acabei não notando e não sinalizei como erro no arquivo que te encaminhei. Desculpa. E no restante, está perfeito. Se você conseguir submeter o trabalho ainda hoje, logo já aprovo. Grata. Renata on 2015-09-11T13:34:20Z (GMT) / Submitted by Sarah Mila Barbassa (sarahbarbassa@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-09-11T17:43:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Responsabilidade Tributária - Sarah Mila Barbassa 11.09.pdf: 830287 bytes, checksum: a5017253e8f1d8f41af09dbc60304204 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-09-11T17:48:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Responsabilidade Tributária - Sarah Mila Barbassa 11.09.pdf: 830287 bytes, checksum: a5017253e8f1d8f41af09dbc60304204 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-11T18:10:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Responsabilidade Tributária - Sarah Mila Barbassa 11.09.pdf: 830287 bytes, checksum: a5017253e8f1d8f41af09dbc60304204 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar se o sistema jurídico brasileiro permite a atribuição de responsabilidade tributária a empresas integrantes de um mesmo grupo econômico. Para atingir o referido objetivo, foi realizada investigação baseada na análise de precedentes previamente selecionados na esfera administrativa e judicial. Também foram avaliadas a doutrina e a legislação específicas que tratam do assunto. Primeiramente, identificamos o conceito de grupo econômico adotado pelas autoridades fiscais e pela jurisprudência, assim como as bases legais que suportariam a tentativa de responsabilização nesses casos. Depois, analisamos a validade da legislação que poderia suportar a imposição da referida responsabilidade, confrontando-a com a doutrina e a jurisprudência. O resultado deste estudo demonstrou que o pertencimento a um grupo econômico não resulta na imposição de responsabilidade tributária às empresas que o compõem e que, a despeito de existirem, basicamente, três caminhos para responsabilizar empresas que integram um mesmo grupo econômico, apenas dois deles seriam juridicamente válidos. Referimo-nos aos casos em que duas ou mais empresas podem ser consideradas contribuintes solidárias por realizarem em conjunto o fato gerador do tributo e àqueles que decorrem da aplicação da teoria da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica. / The present study has the goal of evaluating whether the Brazilian legal system allows the imposition of tax liability to companies pertaining to the same economic group. To achieve said purpose, an investigation based on the analysis of precedents previously selected from the administrative and judicial jurisprudence was made. The specific doctrine and legislation on the matter were also evaluated. Firstly, we have identified the definition of economic group adopted by the tax authorities and the jurisprudence, as well as the legal bases that would support the attempt of allocating tax liability in such cases. After, we have analyzed the validity of the legislation that could support the attribution of responsibility, confronting it with the doctrine and the jurisprudence. The result of this study has shown that the mere pertaining to an economic group does not result in the imposition of tax liability and that although there are basically three ways to allocate tax liability to companies that belong to the same economic group; just two of them would be valid from a legal standpoint. We are referring to the cases involving two or more companies that can be deemed joint and several liable due the joint practice of the tax triggering event and to the ones that arise from the application of the disregard of legal entity doctrine

O presente trabalho, a partir da revisão do conceito de personificação, pretende investigar como se desenvolve o processo de naturalização da pessoa jurídica e os eventuais prejuízos decorrentes para a tutela do ser humano nas organizações sociais e para a descrição do fenômeno empresarial. Sob o prisma da filosofia da linguagem, realiza-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a utilização do termo pessoa jurídica no discurso do Direito, destacando, principalmente, a desconstrução promovida pelo chamado nominalismo. São, ainda, propostos critérios para a identificação da naturalização, a partir de uma gradação que procura segregar os diversos grupos de casos que lhe são correlatos. A tese foi estruturada em três etapas: subjetividade, titularidade e atividade. Ao cotejar a pessoa natural com a pessoa jurídica, em cada um desses planos, espera-se revelar a assimetria de razões que separam a personificação do ser humano daquela presente nas sociedades, associações e fundações. Do questionamento do individualismo metodológico presente na noção de pessoa jurídica resulta a reconstrução do próprio sistema analítico de conceitos do discurso jurídico, com a revisão das ideias de imputação, relação jurídica, titularidade e autonomia patrimonial. / This work, from a review of the concept of incorporation, aims to investigate how the naturalization process of legal entity develops and any losses incurred for the protection of human being in organizations and for description the phenomenon of the Firm. From the perspective of philosophy of language, this thesis reviews the literature concerning to the use of the term legal person in the discourse of corporate law, especially highlighting the deconstruction promoted by so-called nominalism. They are also proposed criteria for the identification of naturalization, with a gradation that seeks to segregate the different groups of cases that are related to this process.The thesis was structured in three stages: subjectivity, legal capacity and activity. By confronting the human being with legal entity, in each of these plans, it expects to demonstrate the specificity of the process of incorporation, which prevents any comparison with real person. The revision of methodological individualism in this idea of legal personality results in the reconstruction of the concepts of imputation, legal relationship, legal capacity and limited liability.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo propor a adoção do instituto da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional como forma de aumentar a efetividade de seus requerimentos de cooperação aos Estados. Para isto, foram analisadas as intervenções humanitárias e a criação dos tribunais penais internacionais de Ruanda e da Ex-Iugoslávia. Esta análise concluiu que a falta de efetividade tem sido o maior problema enfrentado pelas ações voltadas à proteção internacional dos direitos humanos. Sob este aspecto foi estudada a criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional, sua estrutura, suas normas de cooperação e apontada a falta de um instituto que garanta a eficácia de seus atos jurídicos quando estes dependem da cooperação com Estados. Através do estudo da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica percebeu-se sua compatibilidade com o Direito Internacional, em relação aos Estados sob atuação da jurisdição complementar do Tribunal. Sendo assim, defende-se sua adoção como uma contra-medida tomada no contexto da responsabilidade de um Estado perante o Tribunal Penal Internacional por um ato de não cooperação, quando este for caracterizado por fraude ou abuso de competência. Assim, afirma-se a possibilidade e a conveniência da adoção do instituto da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica como um instrumento que garanta uma maior efetividade do Tribunal no exercício de suas funções. / This work has for objective to consider the adoption of the institute of the disregard of the legal entity for the International Criminal Court as form to increase the effectiveness of its cooperation requirements to the States. For this, the humanitarian interventions and the creation of international the criminal courts of Rwanda and of Former-Yugoslavia had been analyzed. This analysis concluded that the effectiveness lack has been the biggest problem faced for the actions directed to the international protection of the human rights. Under this aspect was studied the creation of the International Criminal Court, its structure, its norms of cooperation and pointed the lack of an institute that guaranties the effectiveness of its legal acts when these they depend on the cooperation with States. Through the study of the disregarding of the legal entity its compatibility with the International Law was perceived, in re1ation to the States under performance of the complementary jurisdiction of the Court. Being thus, its adoption is defended as a countermeasure taken in the context of the responsibility of a State before the International Criminal Court for an act of non-cooperation, when this will be characterized by fraud or abuse of power. Thus, it is affirmed possibility and the convenience of the adoption of the institute of the disregarding of legal entity as an instrument that guaranties a bigger effectiveness of the Court in the exercise of its functions.

The topic of this master thesis is focused on the analysis of NGOs in the field of education in the Central Bohemia Region. The thesis points out relationship and development of the private, public and non-profit sector in education. The goal is to capture the development of NGOs active in the field of education in the Central Bohemia Region, to identify their status, analyse the effectiveness of their activities and compare the current non-profit organization with a historic non-profit organization. The first part focuses on the historical development of NGOs in the field of education from 17. century. More specifically, it monitors development and changes in their institutional arrangements, legal environment and financing. Particularly is monitored Piarist college in Slany. Within the second part of work the current state of NGOs in the field of education in the Central Bohemia Region is analysed. It focuses on church schools and publicly beneficial organizations. This analysis is related to the performance of non-profit organizations, economic results and their justification in education. The last part compares historical non-profit organization with current ones.

The Act on criminal liability of legal entities and proceedings against them became effective on 1 January 2012. Although it is a highly controversial law disrupting the established criminal law principles, the Czech Republic was one of the few European Union member states whose laws did not embed criminal liability of legal entities in its laws. An effort concerning solving this problem appeared as far back as 2004, the Chamber of Deputies, however, rejected the original bill. Perhaps due to the international pressure or due to the increase in crimes committed by legal entities, in 2011, the second bill was already approved. This thesis deals with the arguments and process of discourse, from which emerged the valid enactment, as well as an explanation of some of the principal provisions of the Act and also the international scheme of criminal liability of legal entities. It is difficult to anticipate the specific impact of the Act due to its short effect and therefore the thesis on criminal liability of legal entities is more of a theoretical than practical.

The diploma thesis focuses on the specification of suitability of legal entities to invest in securities "Exchange Traded Funds" in the current conditions of the Czech Republic. The results of the thesis serve to present alternative, modern ways to invest surplus money and get a new yield. Conclusions can be used by senior management of designated legal entities.

CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF LEGAL ENTITIES Abstract Although it has been more than seven years since the adoption of Act No. 418/2011 Coll., on the criminal liability of legal entities and proceedings against them, by criminal liability of legal entities which the Czech legislators introduced, it remains a controversial issue. Thus the aim of this thesis is not only to analyse this legislation and provide a comprehensive and clear interpretation, including a critical evaluation of selected institutes, but also to introduce the process leading to its adoption, including a comparison of the arguments in favour of adopting such a decision with the arguments presented by the opponents of the criminal liability of legal entities. An equally important aim of the thesis is an analytical evaluation of application knowledge and the presentation of potential de lege ferenda proposals. However, such considerations require a sufficient command of terminology, as well as of the basic principles of criminal law, which is the content of Chapter One of the thesis. Chapter Two is dedicated to the fundamental change in the concept of legal entities brought about by the new Civil Code, which leans towards the theory of fiction, thereby causing considerable tension. On a global scale, the institute of the liability of legal entities...

The graduation thesis is focused above analysis of Legal Entity Income Tax and include new trends aplicated in the Czech Tax Administration. First there is described tax audit general procedure, including operations that are necesarry to do before of initiation of tax audit. Next there is carried out of tax audit till its finishing. After I try to meet readers with implementation of new audit instruments used in tax audit. In the practical part of my thesis there are the most frequent tax frauds and mistakes, from those I aimed for analysis for the problem of the rectyfiing items to claims of course all this operations are carried out with e-audit instruments, especially with analytic software IDEA.